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Chapter 19: The Worlds of North and South

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Chapter 19: The Worlds of North and South

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EQ: How was life in the North different from life in the South?
*PREVIEW*
(Jordyn)

Key Academic Vocab:
deforestation- the clearing away of forests
agrarian - a person who favors an agricultural way of life and government policies that support agricultural interests
plantation - a large area of privately owned land where crops were grown through the labor of workers who lived on the land
cotton (en)gin(e) - a hand-operated machine that cleans seeds and other unwanted material from cotton
Industrial Revolution - the dramatic change in economics and cultures brought about by the use of machines to do work formerly done by hand
industrialist - a person whose wealth comes from the ownership of industrial businesses and who favors government policies that support industry
immigrant - a person who moves from one country to another. Such a movement is called immigration
push factor - a negative aspect or condition that motivates one to leave
pull factor -  conditions that attract people to a new area

What to Expect: In this chapter, you will be learn how the North and South developed in their geography, economy, transportation and society. You will also learn how each area differed in these developments.

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(Tri-Duc)

The North had four distinctive seasons (Hot summers and cold winters), but most northerly states like Maine have colder winters and shorter summers. The North has been known to have some of the best soil in the world. The North had very thick forests which made the North very wealthy in the form of lumber, but it caused deforestation. New England had lots of bays and inlets, great for harbors.

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(Halie)

Climate
- Hot summers
- Mild winters
- Plentiful rain

Natural Features
- Damp lowlands: Ideal for rice and sugar cane to grow
- Extremely steep land
- Broad, flat rivers: The best place to build towns and farms

- There was long growing seasons
- Some were back country farmers: Normally worked on extremely steep land

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(Jason)
Cotton

Main source of economy is cotton

Cotton gin made cleaning cotton more efficient than 50 slaves

Cotton Gin(engine) can work as fast as 50 slaves working manually

Cotton is the South's most important crop

Cotton gin was invented in 1793

Slavery

500,000 slaves to 3,000,000 slaves from 1790-1850

Use of slaves started to decline

Europeans were unwilling to pay high prices for tobacco and rice.

People who experimented on cotton had a hard time making money.

Factories make ammunition, weapons, steam engines, rails and, locomotives.

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Steam Engine ^

(Dylan)

The North's economy was primarily based on manufacturing and farming, and following the Industrial Revolution, both were made more efficient.

Overview
The invention of the steam engine, the subsequent invention of the factory, and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution revolutionized (pun intended) manufacturing in the United States. Factories increased efficiency but put many craftspeople out of work as manufacturing became increasingly industrialized. However, this helped to make factory owner much more wealthy.

Industrialization and Francis Cabot Lowell
Francis Cabot Lowell was a Boston business owner who traveled to England during the Industrial Revolution. While there, he saw factories with steam engines. Memorizing the design of the engines, he returned stateside and started his own factory in Virginia.

Lowell hired young women to work in his factory, rare for the time. His textile factory was one of the first factories of any kind in the United States.

Agriculture, Cyrus McCormick, and John Deere
Industrialization increased efficacy in other areas as well. Following the introduction of factories, various inventors revolutionized farming in the United States forever.

Virginian farmer Cyrus McCormick created plans for a machine called a reaper. The reaper worked to harvest souls crops and made the process much more efficient. McCormick soon built a factory to mass-produce the reapers. The factory around produced about 1000 reapers a year.

Following the invention of the reaper, John Deere (founder of the John Deere company) invented the steel-tipped plow, which made plowing fields more efficient.

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Russel

Factory owners needed fast and inexpensive methods to deliver their goods and commodities to distant customers. As a solution to this, South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun proposed to “...bind the republic together, with a perfect system of roads and canals.” He referred to this project as internal improvements.

Building a Better Road System

In the early 1800s, most American roads were rugged and very uncomfortable to ride on. However, this changed when in 1806, when Congress funded the construction of a National Road across the Appalachian Mountains. The road connected the new western states with the East, making accessibility to both easier. The National Road, with its smooth gravel surface, made it a joy to travel on. As popular as the National Road was, in 1816 President James Monroe vetoed a bill that would have given states money to build more roads.

Technological Advances in Ships and Canals
Even with the new National Road, travel by water was still faster and easier. Moving upstream against a river's current was hard work, though. So to counter this, inventors in both the United States and Europe experimented with boats powered by steam engines. Robert Fulton exhibited the steamboat's dominance by overtaking other boats with ease.

Rivers weren't always located where people needed them, though. So in 1817, workers from the state of New York built a 363-mile canal from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. Its success influenced other states to build canals as well.

Rail Travel
Technological advances were made in rail travel, too. With the success of steamboats, inventors developed steam-powered locomotives. Since tracks could be laid anywhere, even mountains, so many railroad companies were laying tracks that, by the 1840s, railroads were one of the North's biggest businesses. Trains traveled faster than steamboats, so the future of transportation laid on rails.

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(Anastasiya)

The majority of rail lines in the United States ran through the North. In the South, trading took place over the rivers that ran through the southern region, creating a relatively cheap system. Cotton was the most important product that was loaded and shipped onto steamboats.

Steamboats traveled to port cities such as Savannah, Georgia or Mobile, Alabama. Steamboats even moved down the Mississippi River, the largest waterway, carrying cotton. The cotton trade established the success and growth of New Orleans.

Cotton also established the growth of southern towns along waterways. Southerners opposed bills in congress for the establishment of roads or canals to connect the settlements because they believed it would benefit the North more.

In 1860, the South only had 10,000 miles of rail compared to the 20,000 miles of rail in the North. The Southerners appreciated rail work done by Virginia's Tredegar Iron Works. The rails built in the South helped support some farmers to ship their products over to the North.

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(Shafaq)

In the South, people still measured wealth in the terms of status. Southerners got wealth based on their ownership of land or if they were slaves. Slavery had affected the lives of all Southerners since the South has little progress economically or culturally. Southern church leaders defended the practice of religion since it divided them from churches in the North.

White Southerners
A group of wealthy plantation owners dominated the economy and politics of the South. They had a lavish life and enjoyed a lot of leisure time. Activities that the plantation owners enjoyed were social visits and parties. Sons of plantation families got an education and went to colleges, while the daughters were brought up to be housewives. The majority of white families worked in fields and earned money through the comfort of their own homes. Ten percent of white families were too poor to own land, so they rented mountain or forest land to pay the rent through their own crops. Since the white families had a lack of money, many children were illiterate.

African Americans in the South
In the South, a small majority of African Americans were free. Free blacks had to wear special bandages, pay extra taxes, and live separately from the whites. Even though they were free, they were discriminated. Most of blacks in the city found jobs as skilled craftspeople, servants, or laborers. But at the same time, a great majority of blacks were slaves. They worked as cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, house servants, or nursemaids. Most of blacks worked in the field from dawn from past dusk.

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(Jordyn)

Society in the North
- not very wealthy or powerful
- most still lived on farms
- cities/town populations slowly grew
- cities were dirty
*No sewers or paving*
*Diseases spread*
African Americans in the North
- slavery ended after revolution
- were not treated equal to whites
- could not vote, hold office, serve jury, go to white church or school
- formed own churches & business
- laborers or servants (couldn't get skilled jobs)
Immigrants Arrive in North
- Ireland & Germany
- Big rush of immigrants
- push & pull factors
*potato famine*
*failed revolutions*
*jobs in mill or factories near city*
- some could buy farm land
- some hated immigrants
*Irish
*were Roman Catholic* (Most of US was protestant at time)
*accepted low wages* ("took" jobs away from locals)
*Germans were protestant and middle class so they didn't receive much hate

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(Anastasiya and Russel)

Geography: In the North, physical features such harbors contributed to the growth of shipbuilding, fishing, business. The climate of the land supported logging and supported the growth of crops such as corn and wheat. In the South, the climate supported crops like cotton, rice, and sugarcane.

Economy: The South's economy depended mainly on agriculture. Only a minority of Southerners owned slaves, much of the economy relied on slave labor. The North's economy was primarily based on manufacturing and farming, both becoming more efficient following the Industrial Revolution.

Transportation: In the South, people still continued to travel by river, and there were very few rail lines compared to the North. In the North, rail travel was prevalent, the National Road provided a much smoother traveling experience on land, and the invention of steam engines allowed faster water travel.

Society: The wealthy, though few, enjoyed great influence and power. Even then, the poorest whites had ranked higher than African Americans, whether they were free or enslaved. Workers believed that comfortable homes could be made for their families through hard work.