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What are the seven characteristics that all living things share?

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Introduction to the Characteristics of life

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#1: Living things are made of cells (organized)

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#1: Living things are made of cells (organized)

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INFO:
All living things are made of at least one cell or many cells. It is the smallest living unit of any organism.  Cells can be organized into tissues.  These tissues form organs and organs form organ systems.

EXAMPLE:
Bacteria are unicellular.
Humans are multi-cellular.

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#2: Living things can maintain homeostasis

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#2: Living things can maintain homeostasis

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INFO:
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain an internal balance.

EXAMPLE:
All living things must maintain the proper balance of water within their cells. Too much water can cause the cell to swell and burst. Too little water can cause the cell to shrink. This could lead to dehydration or even death.

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Diffusion

-the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM

Concentration gradient - a difference between concentrations in a space.

Molecules will always move down the concentration gradient, toward areas of lesser concentration. Think of food coloring that spreads out in a glass of water, or air freshener sprayed in a room.

Selectively Permeable - membranes that allow some things through, the cell membrane is selectively permeable, water and oxygen move freely across the cell's membrane, by diffusion
Words You Should Know:
Diffusion

Osmosis

Gradient

Equilibrium

Selectively Permeable

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Contractile Vacuole

Carrier Protein

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis - the diffusion of water (across a membrane)

Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute (and hence a lower concentration of water.

A simple rule to remember is:

Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.

Type of Solutions

Isotonic Solutions

If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the water will move back in forth but it won't have any result on the overall amount of water on either side.

" ISO" means the same

Hypotonic Solutions

The word " HYPO" means less, in this case there are less solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt sucks, water will move into the cell.

The cell will gain water and grow larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid, the cell wall keeps the plant from bursting

In animal cells, the cell may be in danger of bursting, organelles called CONTRACTILE VACUOLES will pump water out of the cell to prevent this.

Hypertonic Solutions

The word " HYPER" means more, in this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which causes the water to be sucked in that direction.

In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the cells shrink, causing wilting.

In animal cells, the cells also shrink.

In both cases, the cell may die.

This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water - its a myth that drinking sea water will cause you to go insane, but people marooned at sea will speed up dehydration (and death) by drinking sea water.

This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus causing food shortages.

Diffusion and Osmosis are both types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT - that is, no energy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell.

Sometimes, large molecules cannot cross the plasma membrane, and are "helped" across by carrier proteins - this process is called facilitated diffusion.

Go to notes on ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM Concentration gradient - a difference between concentrations in a space. Molecules will always move down the concentration gradient, toward areas of lesser concentration.

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#3: Living things respond to the environment.

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#3: Living things respond to the environment.

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INFO:

EXAMPLE: