# data[].attributes.body
-During the late 1800’s, professional teacher organizations began to have a great influence on the development of schools in America

-The National Education Association (NEA), founded in 1857, and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), founded in 1916, labored to professionalize teaching and to license teachers’ salaries and benefits

-The NEA appointed its Committee of Ten in 1892 and its Committee of Fifteen in 1893 to make recommendations for secondary and elementary curricula, respectively

- In 1913, the NEA appointed the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education to reexamine the secondary curriculum in regard to students’ individual differences

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-The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute of Virginia was one of the country’s first institutions of higher education for African Americans

-Booker T. Washington recalls how he walked part of the 500 miles from his home in West Virginia to attend Hampton

-Four years after graduating from Hampton, Washington returned to be the school’s first African American instructor

- Washington believed that education could improve the lives of African Americans just as it had white people

- in 1880 Washington helped to find the Tuskegee Institute, an industrial school for African Americans in rural Alabama

- The institute would play a key role in bringing about equality

- The idea of Tuskegee was that correct education begins at the bottom and expands naturally as the necessities of the people expand

- Not all African Americans shared Washington’s philosophy and goals; William E. Burghardt DuBois (the first African American to be awarded a Ph.D. and one of the founders of the NAACP) challenged Washington’s views on education.

- DuBois criticized educational programs that seemed to imply that African Americans should accept inferior status and develop manual skills.

-DuBois called for the education of the most talented tenth of the African American population to equip them for leadership positions in society as a whole

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-After the civil war and emancipation, schools for former slaves opened by African American communities throughout the South

-About 500 of the schools operated in the South shortly after the war ended

- In 1865 African American leaders in Georgia formed an education association to raise money and supervise their own schools

- In addition, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau to provide the foundations for education for former slaves. It operated a network of reading, writing, and industrial schools

-By 1869 more than 9,500 teachers taught at Freedmen’s schools and in when the bureau ended in 1870, 4,329 freedmen’s schools had been established with a total enrollment of 247,000 students

# data[].attributes.body
-During the late 1800’s, professional teacher organizations began to have a great influence on the development of schools in America
-The National Education Association (NEA), founded in 1857, and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), founded in 1916, labored to professionalize teaching and to license teachers’ salaries and benefits
-The NEA appointed its Committee of Ten in 1892 and its Committee of Fifteen in 1893 to make recommendations for secondary and elementary curricula, respectively
- In 1913, the NEA appointed the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education to reexamine the secondary curriculum in regard to students’ individual differences

# data[].attributes.headline
Higher
Education for African Americans

# data[].attributes.subject
Higher
Education for African Americans

# data[].attributes.body
-The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute of Virginia was one of the country’s first institutions of higher education for African Americans
-Booker T. Washington recalls how he walked part of the 500 miles from his home in West Virginia to attend Hampton
-Four years after graduating from Hampton, Washington returned to be the school’s first African American instructor
- Washington believed that education could improve the lives of African Americans just as it had white people
- in 1880 Washington helped to find the Tuskegee Institute, an industrial school for African Americans in rural Alabama
- The institute would play a key role in bringing about equality
- The idea of Tuskegee was that correct education begins at the bottom and expands naturally as the necessities of the people expand
- Not all African Americans shared Washington’s philosophy and goals; William E. Burghardt DuBois (the first African American to be awarded a Ph.D. and one of the founders of the NAACP) challenged Washington’s views on education.
- DuBois criticized educational programs that seemed to imply that African Americans should accept inferior status and develop manual skills.
-DuBois called for the education of the most talented tenth of the African American population to equip them for leadership positions in society as a whole

# data[].attributes.body
-After the civil war and emancipation, schools for former slaves opened by African American communities throughout the South
-About 500 of the schools operated in the South shortly after the war ended
- In 1865 African American leaders in Georgia formed an education association to raise money and supervise their own schools
- In addition, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau to provide the foundations for education for former slaves. It operated a network of reading, writing, and industrial schools
-By 1869 more than 9,500 teachers taught at Freedmen’s schools and in when the bureau ended in 1870, 4,329 freedmen’s schools had been established with a total enrollment of 247,000 students

# data[].attributes.body
More and more women were becoming teachers. Women became influential in changing education partly from the women's suffrage movement that led to the right to vote.

# data[].attributes.body
The Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education was appointed to design high school curriculum to accommodate students with different abilities.

# data[].attributes.body
The Committee of Fifteen was appointed to examine the elementary curriculum. They called to introduce Latin, modern languages, and algebra into the elementary curriculum it was to be organized around five basic subjects: grammar, literature, math, geography, and history.

# data[].attributes.body
The Committee of Ten was given money to hold nine conferences that focused on subjects in the high school curriculum. They decided that the primary function of high schools was to prepare students for life.