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Martin Luther was a german professor of theology, priest and monk. He was a part of contributing the start of the Reformation.

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It began when Luther was protesting about the church and the ideas of the people for the problem split from there.

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People were not happy that they were using the money for other things that were unimportant and even lied

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PreserveArticles.com: Preserving Your Articles for Eternity

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A variety of causes contributed to the reformation which can be conveniently studied under the following heads:

In the first place, on the eve of reformation the church suffered from numerous evil practices which greatly undermined the reputation of the church and the churchmen. The entire organization of the church right from Pope down to the priest were corrupt and vicious. They neglected their dioceses and took keen interest in politics. Some of the clergy men had amassed huge wealth and were living a luxurious life.

They often indulged in hunting expeditions and drinking parties and completely neglected their religious duties. In short the church consisted of 'unholy men in holy orders'. Often the churchmen used the church as a means of business. They had devised a number of practices for this purpose. Thus the church office were openly sold and quite often unsuitable men were appointed as priests.

These people tried to make as much money as possible and liberally issued indulgences or pardon certificates against payment. This practice of issue of indulgences invited severe criticism and was described as 'sale of licenses to commit sin'.

The common masses were also unhappy with the Pope and church. They were not only unhappy with the prevailing corrupt practices in church and the flimsy grounds on which the church collected funds from innocent people but also disliked its interference in the secular affairs.

No wonder they were eagerly looking for someone to provide them a lead for a revolt against the church. Even the rulers were quite unhappy with the Pope and strongly protested against Papal interference in the affairs of their states. Hence they were willing to provide support to any movement which was launched against the authority of the Pope.

The emergence of a strong middle classes also greatly contributed to the reformation. The middle classes protested against the dominance of the old church because it was largely controlled by the upper classes and administered largely for their benefit. They looked down upon the artisans, merchants, lawyers, doctors etc. who constituted the middle class and were not willing to associate with them.

Further, these middle classes greatly resented the practice of exempting the nobles from taxation, while they had to bear the brunt of taxation. In short the middle classes wanted to free the church from the control of wealthy aristocracy which looked down upon them and cared very little for their interests.

Further, even the princes of Europe were not quite happy with the Pope who claimed considerable amount of their revenue in the form of annates and other contributions. The common people were also quite unhappy with the clergy which made numerous vexatious demands and hardly gave anything in return for their money.

The rise of nation-states and new monarchy who were keen to establish their absolute rule, also greatly contributed to the Reformation. A number of monarchs like Henry VIII considered the presence of a powerful church as a serious check on their authority because it was in many ways outside the King's authority and the property of the church was exempted from royal taxation.

Further the Bishops still administered justice in church in accordance with the Canon Law. The flow of enormous amounts of money from the revenues of the country to the Papal treasury was also disliked by them. No wonder these kings fully exploited the opportunity offered by the teachings of Luther, Wycliffe etc. to challenge the authority of the church with a view to strengthen their own authority in the country.

They established Protestant churches in their country knowing it fully well that the new church would be dependent upon them and shall be willing to accept their political authority. Thus Protestant churches were established in many German principalities, in Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and England.

4. New Learning and Spirit of Enquiry:

The new spirit of learning and enquiry set in motion by the renaissance also greatly contributed to the Reformation. People began to assert themselves against blind faith and useless religious rituals and began to feel that they could reach God without the intermediary of a priest.

Their reason also made them highly critical of the prevailing practices of sale of indulgences (pardon certificates), non-enforcement of the code of morality among the clergy, and undue interference of Papacy in the secular affairs.

The Schism in church in the fifteenth century also greatly lowered its prestige. Instead of one Pope, two Popes began to be elected one by the French Cardinals and the other by the Italian Cardinals.

This undermined the prestige of Pope and people lost faith and reverence for the holy institution. How could people serve two masters? The things were further complicated in 1409 when the cardinals at a joint sitting elected a third Pope. This is known as the Great Western Schism.

No doubt this Schism was bridged when the Council at Constance deposed both the Popes and elected a new Pope. But these developments certainly undermined the powers and prestige of the church.

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What are the Causes of Reformation in Europe?

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ADVERTISEMENTS: A variety of causes contributed to the reformation which can be conveniently studied under the following heads: In the first place, on the eve of reformation the church suffered from numerous evil practices which greatly undermined the reputation of the church and the churchmen.

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Indulgences: release from punishment due for a sin

Reformation: Movement for religious reform

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Many factors can

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Queen  Elizabeth was like "dang these people could probably use a church that appeals to protestants and Catholics.

Melano

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Luther was a theology professor, composer, and monk. His most well known contribution is to reformation.

Melano

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The Catholic Church was racing to erase Luther's words. That just made everybody more mad and eventually, a war started. This resulted in the Peace of Augsburg.

Melano

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They started sharing the words of Martin Luther with the help of the printing press. They even founded their own church.

Melano

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Can you even believe that the church officials were selling indulgences? Can you handle the fact that the popes only wanted money and power? This is so messed up.

Melano

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Indulgence: reduce the punishment one has to endure for sins
Reformation: Movement for religious reform
Lutheran: A member of a church founded upon the teachings of Martin Luther
Protestant: A member of a church founded upon the principles of reformation
Peace of Augsburg: An agreement that the religion of every German state would be decided by its ruler
Annual: Cancel or put an end to
Anglican: Relating to the church of England

Melano

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Martin Luther protested against a
Church official who was using indulgence. his words were printed and spread throughout. there was revolts due to this. -cheyenne brown

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the church was conflicted and corrupt. they were confessing sins and being forgiven. which many saw as wrong. they would make the people go to church like paying for indulgences, for taxes and such.
cheyenne brown

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indulgences: release from punishment due to a sin. 

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indulgences: release from punishment due to a sin. 

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cheyenne brown

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The Reformation in England started when Henry VIII was looking for a new heir that had to be male since he couldn’t remarry because he was Catholic. Since Henry wanted to remarry, he had to get out of the Catholic church so that he didn’t have to listen to the Pope. When he got out, he remarried 5 times and had a daughter which became queen in 1558.

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He was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and the writer of the 95 Theses.

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Priest Johann Tetzel offered indulgences for whoever would contribute money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. The indulgence would “assure” that you’d go to heaven along with your dead relatives.

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The Protestant Reformation impacted religion, philosophy, politics and economics worldwide. The dramatic effects of the Reformation can still be felt today.

The Protestant Reformation was a long-term movement that challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's practices. Reformists ‰ÛÓ followers of the Reformation ‰ÛÓ had a belief that the Bible should guide spiritual authority. The start of the Reformation dates back to Germany when a monk, Martin Luther, published his "95 Theses" in 1517, according to History. The Reformation ended between 1555 and 1648 when the Peace of Westphalia treaties allowed Catholicism and Lutheranism to coexist in Germany. Reformation began to spread through Europe before and during this time.

Luther's paper, "95 Theses," was a list of questions challenging the Pope's alleged corrupt practices. These questions were meant to be debated to question the role of papal authority. Luther began the controversy when he nailed the paper to a church door. The document discussed the Roman Catholic Church's practice of absolving sin by selling "indulgences," which were actions people could perform to reduce the amount of sin that a punishable action could carry. Luther believed that salvation could only be reached through a person's faith and by divine grace, not via indulgences, notes History. The "95 Theses" spread throughout Germany and then into Italy. In 1518, the Pope condemned Luther, calling him a heretic. The doctrine sparked the movement that would change the course of religion in Western Europe.

The Religious and Philosophical Impact of Reformation

The Reformation‰Ûªs most direct impact was upon religious and philosophical thought. The movement came to prominence largely through dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church, which was a preeminent authority in Europe in the 1500s when the Reformation began. As a result, the Church was fractured in opinion about obtaining salvation. These disagreements ultimately led to the multitude of Christian denominations that are seen in modern times. Religions like Lutheranism are a direct result of the Reformation.

The Economic Impact of Reformation

The movement had an economic impact as well. John Calvin, another Reformation leader, taught a doctrine of predestination and hard work. He taught that financial success was a sign that a person was destined to salvation in the afterlife and that merchants who succeeded in business did so because God looked upon them favorably. This gave rise to what is known as the ‰ÛÏProtestant work ethic,‰Û which augmented the economic system of capitalism.

The Reformation fed a mood of anti-authoritarianism, which led to a backlash against the feudal system of land ownership. Democratic principles rose to prominence along with capitalist economics in the late 1500s. In the centuries following the Reformation, major movements like women‰Ûªs suffrage and the abolition of slavery grew out of the Reformation era's principles of challenging authority.

The Counter-Reformation

As a backlash to the Reformation, the Church began its Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Revival. This was sparked by Pope Paul III, who responded to the Protestants in 1545 by forming the Council of Trent, which lasted until 1563. The council reacted against the role of faith and God's grace. It instead focused on revitalizing and clarifying the Roman Catholic Church by strengthening and controlling doctrines while regulating the training of candidates for the priesthood.

The Lasting Impact of the Reformation

The Reformation's impact has reached into modern history. People have the freedom to choose religious beliefs or no beliefs at all. The Reformation also eliminated the pervasive way religion ruled and restrained people's lifestyles. Now, in many Western countries, individuals can live freely, however and wherever they want. This is because there isn't a dominant religion that is inflicting rules and regulations on every citizen's life, according to Brad. S. Gregory, author of Rebel in the Ranks, a book about Martin Luther and the Reformation.

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What Are Some Important Effects From the Reformation?

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The Protestant Reformation impacted religion, philosophy, politics and economics worldwide. The dramatic effects of the Reformation can still be felt today. The Protestant Reformation was a long-term movement that challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's practices. Reformists ‰ÛÓ followers of the Reformation ‰ÛÓ had a belief that the Bible should guide spiritual authority.

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In 1517, Martin Luther triggered the revolution against the Church. Martin Luther was a German monk and professor of theology. He was known for the 95 Theses which was about all the statements he had made of the Church’s malpractices.

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The church was criticized because instead of people confessing their sins to the pope, the pope would make them be forgiven for their sins which some people didn’t agree with. Also, poor people or people who didn’t have enough money to buy the Bible had to go to church to know what happens in the Bible. The main reason that the church was criticized is that they’d make the people who’d go to church pay taxes like indulgences and would even care more about the luxuries that the church would get instead of the spiritual matters they should have been focusing on.

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Indulgences: release from punishment due for a sin

Radical: extreme; calling for change

Doctrine: practice; teaching

Protestant Reformation: a religious movement in the 1500s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches.

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In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. The people of Englad were now obligated to choose between their allegiance to their ruler or their religion.It was a religion tug of way between the Catholics and Protestants for many years.

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the reformation in england - Google Search

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king henry viii protestant parliament alec ryrie king edward vi roman catholic church henry vii counter reformation henry v111 protestant reformation

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In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church.

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In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church.

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Martin Luther was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation.

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lucas cranach reformation luther king jr peace prize nobel peace 95 theses wikipedia protestant reformation 1483 1546 lutherhaus wittenberg

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The protest to fight for whats right

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The Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. Henry

feared a civil war would start if he had

no son.To remarry, Henry had to get out of

the Catholic church.Henry no longer had to

obey the pope. Henry remarried five

times.One of Henry’s daughters, Elizabeth,

became queen in 1558. She finished

creating a separate English church.

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The English Reformation (Henry VIII and the Church of England)

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After King Henry the 8th had gained power of the Church, Europe went into a state of tension. The faith of the people in England switched between Catholic and Protestant faith with King Edward the 6th, who was protestant, and Queen Mary Tudor, who was Catholic. When Queen Elizabeth rose to power, she managed to create the Elizabethan Settlements, which made compromises between Catholic and Protestant faith. Through this, Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth managed to reunite England.

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Now we're leaving the "bloody days" of 1536 and going back in time to 1533 when Anne Boleyn was queen consort and waiting to be crowned.

On 23rd May 1533, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declared that Henry VIII's marriage to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had been annulled:

"My lord of Canterbury gave sentence this day at 11 o'clock in the great cause of matrimony; has declared it to be against the law of God, and has divorced the King from the noble lady Katharine. He has used himself in this matter very honorably, and all who have been sent hither on the King's behalf have acted diligently and towardly. Sentence shall be given for the King's second contract of matrimony before the Feast of Pentecost. The process is partly devised. 23 May." ¹

Cranmer had been consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury on 30th March 1533 and his first duty as Archbishop had been to preside over the convocation meeting to discuss the validity of the Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, his brother's widow. On the 5th April 1533, Convocation determined "1, that the Pope has no power of dispensing in case of a marriage where the brother's widow has been cognita. The house consisted of 66 theologians. The proxies were 197; the negatives 19. The second question was, whether Katharine was cognita. The numbers present, 44; one holding the proxies of three bishops. Decided in the affirmative against five or six negatives." ²

On the 11th April, Cranmer wrote to the King, "Beseeching the King very humbly to allow him to determine his great cause of matrimony, as belongs to the Archbishop's spiritual office, as much bruit exists among the common people on the subject" ³ and the King replied the next day:

"Received on the 12th April his letters dated Lambeth, 11th April desiring leave to determine his great cause of matrimony. Cannot be displeased with Cranmer's zeal for justice and for the quieting of the kingdom; and although Henry is his King, and recognises no superior on earth, yet as Cranmer is the principal minister "of our spiritual jurisdiction," and is so in the fear of God, cannot refuse his request. Gives him licence accordingly by these letters under the sign manual, sealed with the King's seal." ⁴

This gave Cranmer the official permission he needed to open a special trial into the annulment proceedings, which he did at Dunstable Priory, Bedfordshire. ⁵ After hearing testimonies from people such as Dr John Bell, the King's proctor; the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk and Lady Jane Guildford (both ladies refused to travel to Dunstable but depositions were taken), the opinions of universities and Convocation, and examining the proceedings of the Legatine Court at Blackfriars, the court came to a decision and gave their sentence on 23rd May. Archbishop Cranmer sent the King notification of the sentence:

"Notification of the sentence of divorce between Hen. VIII. and Katharine of Arragon pronounced by archbishop Cranmer. Dated in the monastery of Dunstable, 23 May 1533. Present, Gervase prior of the said monastery, Simon Haynes, S.T.P., John Newman, M.A., and others.
The matrimony between the King and the lady Katharine being dissolved by sufficient authority, all pactions made for the same marriage are also dissolved and of none effect. That is, the jointure shall return again to the King's use, and the money paid to him by her friends shall be repaid to her.
The matrimony being dissolved, the lady Katharine shall return to the commodity and profits of the first matrimony, and the pactions of the same, made with prince Arthur, and shall enjoy the jointure assigned to her thereby, notwithstanding any quittance or renunciation made in the second pact. For as these renunciations were agreed unto for a sure trust and hope to enjoy the commodities and pactions of the second marriage, which now she cannot enjoy, unless without fault she should be deprived of both, equity and right restore her to the first. This, we think, by our poor learning, to be according both to canon and civil law, unless there are any other treaties and pactions which we have not seen.
For the more clear declaration hereof, we think that when a matrimony is dissolved, if there is no paction of a further bond, then by law the money paid by the woman or her friends shall be restored to her, and the jointure return to the man and his heirs. In this case there is an especial pact that she shall enjoy her jointure durante vita, so that the said jointure is due to her by the pact, and the money paid by her and her friends by the law." ⁶

On 28th May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn valid and on the 29th May the coronation pageantry began, culminating with the crowning of Anne Boleyn at Westminster Abbey on 1st June 1533.

Notes and Sources

1. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume VI. 525, Letter from John Tregonwell to Cromwell, 23rd May 1533.

2. Ibid., 311.

3. Ibid., 327.

4. Ibid., 332.

5. Ibid., 463.

6. Ibid., 529.

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23 May 1533 - The annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon - The Anne Boleyn Files

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Now we're leaving the "bloody days" of 1536 and going back in time to 1533 when Anne Boleyn was queen consort and waiting to be crowned. On 23rd May 1533, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declared that Henry VIII's marriage to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had been annulled: "My lord of Canterbury gave sentence this ...

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the Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church.

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Martin Luther, O.S.A. was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507.

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Martin Luther, O.S.A. was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507.

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Martin Luther Luther had come to believe that Christians are saved through faith and not through their own efforts. This turned him against many of the major teachings of the Catholic church and he protested.

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Martin Luther, Church History : Jesusman : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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Martin Luther, Church HistoryLuther and Antinomianism.flv43 MBLuther and Calvin on Predestination.flv67 MBLuther and Heidelberg.flv57 MBLuther and...

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Martin Luther, O.S.A. was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences.

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Martin Luther was labeled a criminal in the Catholic Church's eyes. Instead of stopping, his ideas became more radical, and he fought to change the Catholic Church. Many people stood for Martin Luther.

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Martin Luther | Biography, Reformation, Accomplishments, Quotes, & Facts

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Martin Luther, German theologian and religious reformer who initiated the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Through his words and actions, Luther precipitated a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief. Learn about his life, education, writings, excommunication, and legacy.

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Pope Leo X punished Luther for his views, but he refused to change them. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a strong Catholic, called Luther an outlaw. Luther’s books were burned. But it was too late. Many of his ideas were already being practiced. The Lutheran Church started around 1522

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Ultimately the Protestant Reformation led to modern democracy, skepticism, capitalism, individualism, civil rights, and many of the modern values we cherish today. The Protestant Reformation increased literacy throughout Europe and ignited a renewed passion for education.

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Ultimately the Protestant Reformation led to modern democracy, skepticism, capitalism, individualism, civil rights, and many of the modern values we cherish today. The Protestant Reformation increased literacy throughout Europe and ignited a renewed passion for education.

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Many people were demanding equal treatment from the Church or to let more churches stand.

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The Protestant Reformation: Crash Course European History #6

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The effects of the Reformation was that people were demanding equal teatment from the church. The Peasants' Revolt had started over the church

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the effects of reformation - Google Search

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renaissance cause reformation essay catholic reformation counter reformation roman catholic church 95 theses religious wars henry viii protestants

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Luther sparked the Reformation in 1517 by posting, at least according to tradition, his "95 Theses" on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany - these theses were a list of statements that expressed Luther's concerns about certain Church practices - largely the sale of indulgences, but they were based on Luther's deeper concerns with Church doctrine.

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Luther sparked the Reformation in 1517 by posting, at least according to tradition, his "95 Theses" on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany - these theses were a list of statements that expressed Luther's concerns about certain Church practices - largely the sale of indulgences, but they were based on Luther's deeper concerns with Church doctrine.

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The effects of the Reformation were incredible. A revolt had started over the church. The ideas of Martin Luther had spread throughout Europe. Many people were demanding equal treatment from the Church or to let more churches stand.

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Reformation, also called Protestant Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity.

The world of the late medieval Roman Catholic Church from which the 16th-century reformers emerged was a complex one. Over the centuries the church, particularly in the office of the papacy, had become deeply involved in the political life of western Europe. The resulting intrigues and political manipulations, combined with the church's increasing power and wealth, contributed to the bankrupting of the church as a spiritual force. Abuses such as the sale of indulgences (or spiritual privileges) by the clergy and other charges of corruption undermined the church's spiritual authority. These instances must be seen as exceptions, however, no matter how much they were played up by polemicists. For most people, the church continued to offer spiritual comfort. There is some evidence of anticlericalism, but the church at large enjoyed loyalty as it had before. One development is clear: the political authorities increasingly sought to curtail the public role of the church and thereby triggered tension.

The Reformation of the 16th century was not unprecedented. Reformers within the medieval church such as St. Francis of Assisi, Valdes (founder of the Waldensians), Jan Hus, and John Wycliffe addressed aspects in the life of the church in the centuries before 1517. In the 16th century Erasmus of Rotterdam, a great humanist scholar, was the chief proponent of liberal Catholic reform that attacked popular superstitions in the church and urged the imitation of Christ as the supreme moral teacher. These figures reveal an ongoing concern for renewal within the church in the years before Luther is said to have posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church, Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, the eve of All Saints' Day-the traditional date for the beginning of the Reformation. ( See Researcher's Note.)

Martin Luther claimed that what distinguished him from previous reformers was that while they attacked corruption in the life of the church, he went to the theological root of the problem-the perversion of the church's doctrine of redemption and grace. Luther, a pastor and professor at the University of Wittenberg, deplored the entanglement of God's free gift of grace in a complex system of indulgences and good works. In his Ninety-five Theses, he attacked the indulgence system, insisting that the pope had no authority over purgatory and that the doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the gospel. Here lay the key to Luther's concerns for the ethical and theological reform of the church: Scripture alone is authoritative ( sola scriptura) and justification is by faith ( sola fide), not by works. While he did not intend to break with the Catholic church, a confrontation with the papacy was not long in coming. In 1521 Luther was excommunicated; what began as an internal reform movement had become a fracture in western Christendom.

The Reformation movement within Germany diversified almost immediately, and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther. Huldrych Zwingli built a Christian theocracy in Zürich in which church and state joined for the service of God. Zwingli agreed with Luther in the centrality of the doctrine of justification by faith, but he espoused a different understanding of the Holy Communion. Luther had rejected the Catholic church's doctrine of transubstantiation, according to which the bread and wine in Holy Communion became the actual body and blood of Christ. According to Luther's notion, the body of Christ was physically present in the elements because Christ is present everywhere, while Zwingli claimed that entailed a spiritual presence of Christ and a declaration of faith by the recipients.

Another group of reformers, often though not altogether correctly referred to as "radical reformers," insisted that baptism be performed not on infants but on adults who had professed their faith in Jesus. Called Anabaptists, they remained a marginal phenomenon in the 16th century but survived-despite fierce persecution-as Mennonites and Hutterites into the 21st century. Opponents of the ancient Trinitarian dogma made their appearance as well. Known as Socinians, after the name of their founder, they established flourishing congregations, especially in Poland.

Another important form of Protestantism (as those protesting against their suppressions were designated by the Diet of Speyer in 1529) is Calvinism, named for John Calvin, a French lawyer who fled France after his conversion to the Protestant cause. In Basel, Switzerland, Calvin brought out the first edition of his Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536, the first systematic, theological treatise of the new reform movement. Calvin agreed with Luther's teaching on justification by faith. However, he found a more positive place for law within the Christian community than did Luther. In Geneva, Calvin was able to experiment with his ideal of a disciplined community of the elect. Calvin also stressed the doctrine of predestination and interpreted Holy Communion as a spiritual partaking of the body and blood of Christ. Calvin's tradition merged eventually with Zwingli's into the Reformed tradition, which was given theological expression by the (second) Helvetic Confession of 1561.

The Reformation spread to other European countries over the course of the 16th century. By mid century, Lutheranism dominated northern Europe. Eastern Europe offered a seedbed for even more radical varieties of Protestantism, because kings were weak, nobles strong, and cities few, and because religious pluralism had long existed. Spain and Italy were to be the great centres of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and Protestantism never gained a strong foothold there.

In England the Reformation's roots were both political and religious. Henry VIII, incensed by Pope Clement VII's refusal to grant him an annulment of his marriage, repudiated papal authority and in 1534 established the Anglican church with the king as the supreme head. In spite of its political implications, the reorganization of the church permitted the beginning of religious change in England, which included the preparation of a liturgy in English, the Book of Common Prayer. In Scotland, John Knox, who spent time in Geneva and was greatly influenced by John Calvin, led the establishment of Presbyterianism, which made possible the eventual union of Scotland with England. For further treatment of the Reformation, see Protestantism, history of. For a discussion of the religious doctrine, see Protestantism.

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Reformation | Definition, History, Summary, Reformers, & Facts

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Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century.

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Martin Luther protested against a

Church official who was selling

Indulgence. His words were printed and spread throughout Germany.

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luther challenges the church - Google Search

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martin reformation renaissance johann tetzel birmingham revolution 95 theses cartoon catholic roman catholic selling indulgences

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“Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than
with spiritual matters.”pg.2 They even paid taxes to the church to teach
them spiritual matters
A lot of people were upset because they can be using that money for other uses
but all the priests did was worry about money and if they had any or not.
Therefore people started to get mad because it&#39;s not fair to even become more
spiritual and humble.

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Martin Luther had strongly detested the Catholic Church for it's malpractices. He was known for the 95 Theses, which talked about the immoral practice of indulgences. The 95 Theses managed to spread all over Europe quickly through more printed books.

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Martin Luther and the Reformation – in 11 Minutes

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Martin Luther protested against a

Church official who was selling

Indulgences. Luther challenged this practice and

others. He posted a protest on the door

of a castle church. His words were

printed and spread throughout

Germany.

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History 101: The Protestant Reformation | National Geographic

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Others sharply criticized the Church for some of its practices. Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than with spiritual matters. The lower clergy had faults, too. Many local priests lacked education and were not able to teach people.

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Others sharply criticized the Church for some of its practices. Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than with spiritual matters. The lower clergy had faults, too. Many local priests lacked education and were not able to teach people.

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In 1517, a German monk named Martin Luther protested against a Church official who was selling indulgences. An indulgence was a kind of forgiveness. By paying money to the Church, people thought they could win salvation He posted a protest on the door of a castle church

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Some people resented paying taxes to

support the Church in Rome. Others

sharply criticized the Church for some

of its practices. Popes seemed more

concerned with luxury and political

power than with spiritual matters. Many

local priests lacked education and were

not able to teach people. Some lived

immoral lives.

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Causes of the Reformation (AP Euro Review)

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Protested against a church that was selling indulgence.

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The was the beginning ofthe Reformation was a movement for reform that led to the founding of new Christian churches.

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the beginning of the reformation - Google Search

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protestant last reformation castle church charles jobson craig j torben søndergaard ninety five theses lutherstadt wittenberg catholic church protestant reformation

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Indulgences: release from punishment due for a sin Reformation 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of new Christian churches

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Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Crash Course World History #218

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Many citizens were getting tired and angry at the Church. This was due to the financial corruption and immorality. Many people had revolted against the Church, but they were quickly silenced.

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The Protestant Reformation was a series of events that happened in the 16th century in the Christian Church. Because of corruption in the Catholic Church, some people saw that the way it worked needed to change. People like Erasmus, Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Luther and John Calvin saw the corruption and tried to stop it. This led to a split in the church, into Catholics and various Protestant churches. The Protestant reformation triggered the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Martin Luther's posting of The Ninety-Five theses at Wittenberg is seen as the start of the Protestant Reformation. This happened in the year 1517. John Knox brought Luther's ideas to Scotland and founded the Presbyterian Church. As various countries adopted Protestant ideas, wars broke out between Catholic and Protestant factions and countries. Many people died in these wars, which included the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. These wars were not just about religion. Since most countries has a recognized (state) religion, many of the disputes were political. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 recognized Protestants when the signers agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. This included their chosen religion.

The recent invention of the printing press helped spread awareness of the Church's abuses. A start was made in translating the Bible into various local languages. For example, John Wycliffe and William Tyndale worked on translating it into the English language. Much of Tyndale's translation was used in the King James version of the Bible. Luther translated the Bible into German.

The start of the 16th century, many events led to the Protestant reformation. Clergy abuse caused people to begin criticizing the Catholic Church. The greed and scandalous lives of the clergy had created a split between them and the peasants. Furthermore, the clergy did not respond to the population's needs, often because they did not speak the local language, or live in their own diocese. The papacy lost prestige.

However, the split was more over doctrine than corruption. The main points of criticism were:

The Bible was only printed in Latin, and not in the local language. And printing was controlled by the church by a system of censorship. Catholic Mass, the Church's chief religious service, was also in Latin. This meant the people could not check whether what the priest said was actually correct.

The church sold tickets of indulgences (forgiveness) from sins for money. This suggested that the rich could buy their way into Heaven while the poor could not - quite the opposite of what the Bible says. (See Gospel of Matthew 19:24)

Religious posts were often sold to whoever was willing to pay the most money for them, see Simony. This meant many priests did not know enough about Christianity. So they told the people many different things. Some of the things had little to do with what was written in the Bible.

In 1515, the Pope started a new indulgence campaign to raise money for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, a church in Rome. Preachers came to Germany to sell the indulgences, promising that money could release souls from purgatory. Martin Luther, a German Catholic monk thought this went too far. On October 31, 1517, he sent his 95 theses to the local archbishop in protest. It is said he nailed a copy to the door of a church in Wittenberg. These theses, written in Latin, were points that Luther wanted to debate. Most of them related to the problems caused by the sale of indulgences. Luther said that the idea the money could buy forgiveness prevented people from turning away from sins. He said that it also made people give less money to the poor. Luther did not attack the Pope. He blamed the abuses on others. Nevertheless, his ideas implied that the pope was corrupt also. Without Luther's permission, the 95 Theses were translated into German and sent to many places. Many people agreed with Luther. The Catholic Church tried to stop these new ideas, but without much result. Luther was considered an enemy of the Pope, and when he refused to change his ideas he was excommunicated (put out of the church). In the beginning, Luther had not planned to separate from the Catholic Church or to create a new religion; he wanted to reform the Catholic Church.

In many countries, Christians put the needed reforms listed by Luther into practice. People began to read the Bible in their own language, and many could see for themselves how the Catholic Church had let the Christian faith become corrupted. Many who stayed in the Catholic Church adopted some of Luther's ideas. The Pope reestablished the Inquisition to combat heresy. The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant reformation with the counter-reformation. Between 1545 and 1563 the Council of Trent met to decide what to do. Some of the worst abuses were eliminated but many of the old teachings were kept. The Inquisition tried to force people to keep those ideas. Finding force not very successful, the Pope created new religious orders like the Jesuits. These new religious orders were told to combat Protestantism by educating the population to Catholicism. The Pope made the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of banned books. It had a big influence in its first centuries and was not ended until the 1960s. The Catholic Church used baroque art to touch the religious feeling of the faithful and bring them to the Catholic religion.

In addition to the conflict in the churches, there were political consequences. Common people were made more open to questioning their leaders. In 1524-1525, millions of peasants rebelled against the nobles in the name of equality of humanity in front of God. Many countries in Europe choose Protestantism as the state religion and so Europe was divided by religion. This brought religious wars such as the French Wars of Religion. For a short time, Protestant and Catholic had managed to live with one another and with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. This Peace recognized the confessional division of the German states and gave the right to Protestants to practice their religion.

Catholic countries such as Spain and Italy for a long time didn't allow Protestants to live there, and Protestant countries kept out Catholics. With the American Revolution the idea of freedom of religion began to expand. Protestants are influential in the United States and the English Canada. Quebec was a (formerly French) Catholic province of Canada. After the Seven Years War the British imposed the Quebec Act granting freedom of religion in Quebec, while including in Quebec some of the present day United States, for example Ohio and Michigan. Catholics were granted religious freedom in those areas. Protestant colonists saw this as one of the Intolerable Acts. In later centuries, many Protestant churches were established in the province of Quebec. Many Catholic churches began in Ohio and Michigan. Eventually most Christian countries allowed some religious freedom.

Churches based on Reformation ideas have multiplied into different forms, especially in historically Protestant countries. Even in much of Latin America, which is historically Catholic, Evangelical churches, which follow many of the Protestant ideas have greatly expanded. In the 20th century, some countries still had state churches, but also allowed full freedom of religion. In these countries, conflict between Protestant and Catholic Christians have become less important. They have to work together to confront a more secular society. In 2016 Pope Francis praised Luther in a prayer service commerating the 500th anniversary of the Refomatiom. . In turn, some Protestant churches have embraced some Catholic worship traditions, , and others have praised them for their stand on social issues.

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The Protestant Reformation was a series of events that happened in the 16th century in the Christian Church. Because of corruption in the Catholic Church, some people saw that the way it worked needed to change. People like Erasmus, Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Luther and John Calvin saw the corruption and tried to stop it.

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Indulgences, Reformation, Lutheran/, Protestant/, Peace of Augsburg, annul, Anglican.

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the main causes of the reformation was that the church was making the people pay taxes then the  Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than with spiritual matters

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Papal: relating to the pope or the papacy.

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Indulgences: release from punishment due for a sin

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johann tetzel reformation plenary indulgence roman catholic church medieval church protestant reformation selling indulgences pope leo cartoon john tetzel

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Indulgences: release from punishment due for a sin