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After looking at New Zealand’s population pyramid for 2021, I would say that this country is in stage 4 of the DTM. Generally, in stage 4 of the DTM, the birth rate and death rate are both quite low. In fact, New Zealand has a birth rate of 12 and a death rate of 7. Both of these numbers are quite low. New Zealand is known to be one of the best places to live due to various reasons. These reasons include good education, job opportunities, healthcare, equality, and so much more. New Zealand holds factors that increase quality of life for its citizens. Since there isn’t a demand for labour work like there would be in underdeveloped countries, people value smaller families. Hence, the fertility rate remains low. In addition to this, adequate healthcare allows for New Zealand’s low infant mortality rate. In fact, New Zealand handled the pandemic very responsibly for its citizens. The government created strict rules for their citizens that they had no choice but to follow. For this reason, New Zealand was one of the first countries to be completely free of covid-19.

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After looking at India's population pyramid for 2021, I would say that this country is in stage 3 of the DTM. Generally, in stage 3 of the DTM, the birth rate begins to decline while the death rate stays low. In fact, India’s birth rate is 20 per 1000 people while its death rate is 6 per 1000 people. Thus, the death rate is relatively low and the birth rate is declining. Over the years, India has definitely experienced medical and technological advancements, allowing for a longer life expectancy. There is greater dependency on younger adults most likely for work. However, as the economy continues to grow and more workers are available, the fertility rate will continue to decrease. Consequently, the birth rate of India will also decrease.

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After looking at Niger’s population pyramid for 2021, I would say that this country is in stage 2 of the DTM. Generally, in stage 2 of the DTM, the birth rate stays high while the death rate declines. In fact, when looking specifically at Niger’s birth rate in contrast to its death rate, it’s clear to see that the birth rate is far greater than the death rate. Niger’s high birth rate also ties into dependency load. Due to the lack of medical resources and resources in general, families are having multiple babies.  However, the infant mortality rate is 69 per every 1000 births, which is quite high. Unfortunately, the lack of medical resources as well as workers, creates a higher dependency on younger children and younger adults. The issue is, since people in Niger get little to no education, it’s very difficult to find workers. Insufficient amount of workers won't allow the economy to grow. Additionally, when it comes to life expectancy, the chances of living through ages 60 and older are not very likely. Once again, due to lack of medical resources and poverty, the majority of the aging population may not be obtaining the proper nutrition and healthcare to live longer.

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Spatial patterns are important to understand as they show why certain countries have similar aspects. These patterns show the dynamics of living that specific regions and countries experience. Spatial patterns allow us to see what’s different about certain countries and their way of life compared to other countries. By comparing the different factors, it’s easier to understand the differences in birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, dependency load, and overall quality of life. Understanding the difference in quality of life in various countries can allow for implementation to change for a better future for those countries.

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By looking at the birth and death rate maps, I can see that lower developed countries have higher birth rates in contrast to more developed countries. Due to the lack of sufficient healthcare and resources, citizens of lower economically developed countries may feel the need to have more children. In other words, parents are more aware that it’s less likely for their children to survive when there is a lack of medical resources and resources in general. As for the death rates, most of the numbers are relatively lower compared to the birth rates. Surprisingly,  Niger’s death rates are 10 per 1000 people which is significantly lower than the 48 births per 1000 people. Due to Niger’s extremely low employment rates, more people may be needed for labour work. The lack of employment in Niger is most definitely linked to the lack of education. Without proper education, it’s very difficult to find a sustainable job or a job at all. This reduces the overall quality of life. Even asian countries such as Pakistan and India have lower death rates. By looking at these countries, it’s clear to see that medical and technological improvements were made overtime. This factor is what allowed for the correlation between high birth rates and lower death rates. Developed countries such as Canada have most of the positive factors that contribute to quality of life. Since Canada has good education, employment, health, safety, and more, their birth rate is only 10 per 1000 people.  The adequate education allows for citizens to have many job opportunities. This gives people freedom to choose what they want to do with their lives as well. Canada also respects human rights a lot more than countries within Asia and Africa. The acceptance of race, sex, and religion can play a huge role is limiting hateful behaviour towards others as well as accepting women into the work place. However, countries such as Germany, Hungary, Portugal, and Japan have higher death rates compared to birth rates. In addition to this, the number of both birth and death rates for these 4 countries ranges between 7-13. These countries do not fit the overall pattern.

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1. Spatial patterns and interrelationships between indicators: 

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1. Spatial patterns and interrelationships between indicators: 

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The spatial patterns I observed in the birth rates map was that the majority of births occur in Asian and African countries. For example, Niger has 48 births per 1000 people which is greater than all of the other 19 countries displayed on the map. Asian countries such as Pakistan and India have the second largest birth rates. The rest of the countries, which mostly consist of European countries, have significantly lower birth rates. As for the death rates, most of the numbers are relatively lower compared to the birth rates. Surprisingly,  Niger’s death rate is 10 per 1000 people which is significantly lower than the 48 births per 1000 people. Even Asian countries such as Pakistan and India have lower death rates compared to their birth rates. The relationship between higher birth rates compared to death rates is most likely due to medical and technological improvements. However, countries such as Germany, Hungary, Portugal, and Japan have higher death rates compared to birth rates. In addition to this, the number of both birth and death rates for these 4 countries ranges between 7-13. These countries do not fit the overall pattern displayed by the other countries.

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Death rates for selected countries, 2020

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Death rates for selected countries, 2020

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Birth rates for selected countries, 2020

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Birth rates for selected countries, 2020