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Simply put Ieyasu Tokugawa was the founder of the last shogunate in Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate.

Born in 1543 in Okazaki Japan Ieyasu was born into a minor military leader.

He started his military training with the Imagawa family.

Later on in his life he made two powerful allies, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Oba Nobunaga which, after an attack on the Hojo family in the east, resulted in Ieyasu gaining a large amount of land.

After Toyotomi's demise a power struggle among the Daimyo was present but Ieyasu showed victorious in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born in 1536 to a peasant farmer who was also a part-time soldier for the Oda Clan.

His father died in 1543 when Hideyoshi was seven years old and Hideyoshi's sister was ten years old. His mother remarried not too much after the death of her husband.

As a child Hideyoshi was a small and skinny boy so his parents sent him to a temple a get him a proper education but he ran away yearning to find adventure.

In the 1550s he joined Matsushita Yukitsuna who served the Imagawa family and this was strange as both Hideyoshi's father and stepfather served the Oda clan but later on he did offer his services to Oda Nobunaga.

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Oda Nobunaga was the son of Oda Nobuhide who was a minor daimyo who has "amassed wealth and a respectable force of military retainer". He died in the 1550s and Oda Nobunaga gained his father's wealth and soon he even overpowered his own relatives.

By 1560 he had proved his great strategic mind by bringing all of Owari under his control and in that same year he had also defeated huge forces of Imagawa Yoshito which surprised the whole of Japan as Imagawa was a major Daimyo.

In 1562 he allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu another daimyo of the neighboring provinince, Mikawa.

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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So how did he develop the political system in Japan? To start off after the victory in the Battle of Sekighara he instituted a change in Daimyo moving them around. He took enemies' land and placed allies strategically near the surviving enemies. He also secured control of most of central Japan for himself.

In the 1600s the imperial court, although powerless, appointed him shogun as they gave Ieyasu titles over the years that reflected his accomplishments and in 1605 (2 years after becoming shogun) he retired from his position and the title of shogun went to his son which started the Tokugawa bloodline Shogunate.

Even after being retired Ieyasu Tokugawa took care of external/foreign affairs and he did welcome trade in a certain time period although due to certain diplomatic issues Ieyasu believed that the missionaries in Japan was a threat to the political order in Japan and he took steps to stop these missionaries and this led to a trend for the next three decades until Christianity in Japan was almost eradicated.

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi invented many administrative measures which created distinct lines in the political structure and just changed things overall. For example he imposed something called katana kari (sword hunting)to prohibit the use of arms by people such as farmers and monks. He also destroyed many castles around Japan as to get rid of any strongholds that might have not been being used or just not needed.

To separate the social classes he moved farmers, artisans, warriors, and tradesmen to their own separate towns and villages. To improve trade and promote transportation he even abolished road checkpoints.

It was said that Hideyoshi's grand goal was to conquer China, India, and the Philippines but before he could do that he attempted to conquer Korea but it proved impossible as Japan's forces was not strong or big enough to invade a place of that magnitude and he failed his first attempt, but after a peace treaty with China broke down he he tried to invade Korea again in the late 1500s but once again failed and he died at the age of 62 with no viable sons.

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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Nobunaga was always quick to seize any invention that he believed would help him crush his enemies. For example he was the first daimyo who used units equipped with muskets. He was also a very autocratic and controlling man as he brought agricultural production to his control as well as controlling the whole of the merchant class.

Similar to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Nobunaga eliminated collection of tolls on roads which had been a source of income for the daimyo. After that he strengthened his military forces and destroyed the monasteries of Enryaku Temple.

There were many people who attempted to stop Nobunaga from unifying Japan but one of the most prominent was the religious Ikko sect who Nobunaga fought with both directly and indirectly for more than ten years.

In the spring of 1582 he had conquered central Japan however while Nobunaga was at the Hokko temple one of his vassals rebelled against him and he was wounded greatly and committed seppuku which is self-disembowelment.

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Petrarch was born into a financially stable family with his father being a lawyer who had been obliged to move to Arezzo where Petrarch was born.

As time went on Petrarch's love for classical authors increased and after his father's death he was free to abandon his studies and follow his own dreams and pursue his own interests. With that he moved back to Avignon and took the religious route.

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Who was Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)?:
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https://archive.org/details/readingsineurope005820mbp/page/n535/mode/2up?view=theater
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Petrarch
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How did Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) shape Political Institutions?:
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Petrarch
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https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Petrarch_influence_the_Renaissance%3F
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What was the Renaissance?:
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https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance
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How did the Renaissance shape Political Institutions?:
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https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance

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Who was Ieyasu Tokugawa?:
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https://www.history.com/topics/japan/tokugawa-ieyasu
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How did Ieyasu Tokugawa shape Political Institutions?:
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https://docs.google.com/document/d/13_44hoBvb9ewVg5tjO94z3weItJrnqE3_Ski5tyHXNU/edit?usp=sharing
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tokugawa-Ieyasu/Mastery-of-Japan
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Who was Toyotomi Hideyoshi?:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/toyotomi-hideyoshi-195660
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How did Toyotomi Hideyoshi shape Political Institutions?:
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toyotomi-Hideyoshi
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Who was Oda Nobunaga?:
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oda-Nobunaga
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How did Oda Nobunaga shape Political Institution?:
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oda-Nobunaga
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What was the Battle of Sekigahara?:
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https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Sekigahara
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How did the Battle of Sekigahara shape Political Instituions?:
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Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
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https://www.google.com/search?q=francesco+petrarch&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS907US907&sxsrf=ALeKk03Yi7YnWl6kokXMoZaFiHHufd7CxQ:1624027729325&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=11f83bScUI_OmM%252CSOjAtZZuoR6-LM%252C%252Fg%252F11bynttfn8&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kT-4v4wO6_8N5vE870f0cbpXTdhIA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwismKXftqHxAhVFcq0KHSbOBmIQ_B16BAgpEAE#imgrc=11f83bScUI_OmM
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The Renaissance
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https://www.google.com/search?q=the+renaissance&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS907US907&sxsrf=ALeKk03hdTcnyrGuAHqaKcoFxxF_G54ggQ:1624053045994&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiy6puHlaLxAhXPFVkFHYJSAz4Q_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1920&bih=969#imgrc=JZM-ucwAqAV-LM

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Ieyasu Tokugawa:
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https://www.google.com/search?q=ieyasu&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS907US907&sxsrf=ALeKk01ir7hMytF1VxFumbxBEe2ZKD4tfw:1623788736591&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHoda2vJrxAhVkTDABHUlvD9YQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1920&bih=969#imgrc=Oll_ULDAnQZpzM
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi:
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https://www.google.com/search?q=toyotomi+hideyoshi&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj5t5zuu5rxAhUGT98KHbh3ByEQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=toyotom&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgjECc6BQgAELEDUIeGBliwjgZgrpUGaABwAHgAgAFHiAHHA5IBATeYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=KAzJYPmDJ4ae_Qa4752IAg&bih=969&biw=1920&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS907US907&safe=strict#imgrc=rtQTu-RDW1YDeM
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Oda Nobunaga:
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https://www.google.com/search?q=oda+nobunaga&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS907US907&sxsrf=ALeKk0196IQnkqxBJ-egQIU1dKIRpU02CA:1623788581988&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN_fnsu5rxAhXtQzABHRfQDC8Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1920&bih=969#imgrc=K5nvz3H9rFYY_M
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Battle of Sekigahara:
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https://www.google.com/search?q=battle+of+sekigahara&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS907US907&sxsrf=ALeKk00wN6mP2ZrehQysKu3fZGiIrLB5mw:1624054475056&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5_NKwmqLxAhUnTt8KHZoOBu8Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1920&bih=969#imgrc=ab91edVbhqtONM

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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How did he shape Political Institutions?

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Petrarch was considered the Father of Humanism and the Father of the Renaissance as he popularized the classical world and literature study. He believed that learning about literature and the classical world could enhance a person's mind and way of thinking. Petrarch started the transition to the world's re-discovery after the Middle Ages and its emphasis on the life to come, which was a quality of the humanists. This, at last, prompted the world's rational point of view, which had sensational results in fields as assorted as science, governmental issues, and reasoning. In addition, in his writings, he was exceptionally intrigued by an individual's inner life and suggested that everybody had a rich internal life, a principle of humanism.

Why does this matter? Well since Petrarch was the person who spread these ideas he essentially started the Renaissance and the Renaissance was one of the major points in history where politics changed drastically (more on this in the historical event section). Petrarch also writing his own poem and opinions and even publishing them sent out the idea of free will and such and the fact that people could say what they think. Even his whole idea of looking at the world non-religiously changed politics as now people were more independent and relied more on science than God.

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The Renaissance was an intense time of European social, imaginative, political, and financial "rebirth" following the Middle Ages. Usually portrayed as occurring from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth century, the Renaissance advanced the rediscovery of the traditional way of thinking, writing, and workmanship. The absolute most noteworthy masterminds, creators, legislators, researchers, and craftsmen in mankind's set of experiences flourished during this time, while worldwide investigation opened up new grounds and societies to European business. The Renaissance is credited with overcoming any barrier between the Middle Ages and the modern day.

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Among the troopers forming ranks at the front line of Sekigahara during the 1600s, there were very few people who could question that an unequivocal fight here would stamp the finish of many years of common hardship and that, toward the day's end, another shogun with power all through all Japan would arise. It was a little more than a long time since Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a man with the force and solidarity to unify Japan yet without the authority to turn into a shogun, had died. From that point forward, the most remarkable daimyo in the land, men of respectable birth and officials to the heir of Hideyoshi, had proceeded with the fighting for outright force. Groups among the five officials had formed so that, on this day, the two most impressive competitors for the shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu and Ishida Mitsunari confronted each other for the final standoff.

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How did this event shape Political Institutions?

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How did this event shape Political Institutions?

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The Renaissance had a huge impact on the political system in Europe as people stopped caring about others and started to care only about themselves which led to a more independent society. Another way the Renaissance impacted the political system was that the Renaissance shifted the previously existing feudal system and more and more jobs started to open up which led to less people needing to work on land to survive. The point of view also shifted as before the Renaissance people relied in god but after the Black Plague people lost faith in god and instead focused on science and they focused on studies.

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How did this event shape Political Institutions?

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How did this event shape Political Institutions?

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The main effect of this battle was that Ieyasu Tokugawa could consolidate his power and effectively do what he wanted (strip all the profitable lands from the Daimyo and essentially confirm his rule and him becoming a shogun in the first place.