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Adobe Photoshop's powerful selection tool with advanced mask refinement options. It gives you complete control over your layer mask and allows you to precisely define the edges of your selection.

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focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar.

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is primarily used in Photoshop to create blur effect for pictures by manipulating the pixel values, contrast and sharpness, which helps refine an image at a final stage, rectifying minor imperfections and for creating a contrasting appearance to objects and it is evident that the blur.

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darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active.

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is used to lighten the area of the image without affecting hue or saturation. It can also be used to highlight some details from the image.

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The Gradient tool creates a gradual blend between multiple colors. You can choose from preset gradient fills or create your own. Note: You cannot use the Gradient tool with bitmap or indexed-color images. To fill part of the image, select the desired area.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images. Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool.

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The zoom tool is used for magnifying a selected part of the image. The first option is called Auto-resize window. By default it's disabled. By enabling it, it will resize the window according to the size of the magnified area.

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A brush tool is one of the basic tools found in graphic design and editing applications. It is a part of the painting tool set which may also include pencil tools, pen tools, fill color and many others. It allows the user to paint on a picture or photograph with the selected color.

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The sponge tool in Photoshop works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool, we can either increase the color intensity of some pixels or decrease the color intensity of some pixels.

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The Smudge tool is a Photoshop feature that allows you to mix or blend the content in an area of your image. It is included among the program's Focus tools and works a lot like painting in real life. Used correctly, this tool can help you create a variety of unique artistic effects.

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The Crop tool removes the part of an image surrounding the selection. Crop to remove distractive background elements and create a focus on your desired object in the image. When you crop an image, by default, the resolution remains the same as the original image.

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Click Straighten in the control bar and then using the Straighten tool, draw a reference line to straighten the photo.

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is used to fill an area with single specific color or hue. Position the cursor over the area to be filled and click with the Left mouse button to fill with the Primary color. Use the Right mouse button to fill the area with the Secondary color.

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The marquee tools let you select rectangles, ellipses, and 1‑pixel rows and columns. Makes a rectangular selection (or a square, when used with the Shift key). Makes an elliptical selection (or a circle, when used with the Shift key). Defines the border as a 1‑pixel‑wide row or column.

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Select the Quick Selection tool in the Tools panel. Add a checkmark to the Auto-Enhance option in the Options bar. Click and drag over an area you want to select. The tool automatically selects similar tones and stops when it finds image edges.

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used to select box shapes or flat edges, etc. This lasso tool creates a straight line in between each mouse click. So, just simply click on any edge of the area that you want to select and release your mouse pointer, this will create a starting point or anchor point.

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one of Photoshop's most powerful selection tools. Unlike other tools that make you manually select what you want, the Magic Wand tool does it automatically. Photoshop's Magic Wand is handy for selecting the background of a photo, or an object that's entirely one color

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By clicking on a starting point in your canvas, simply drag your cursor around your object to create a path. The Lasso Tool will follow your mouse's exact movements all the way back around to the starting point.

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Repair imperfections with the Healing Brush tool Select the Healing Brush tool (J) from the toolbar. If you can't find the Healing Brush tool, click and hold the Spot Healing Brush tool to show the other related tools, and then select the Healing Brush tool.

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In the Layers panel, select the layer that contains spots or small objects you want to remove. In the Tools panel, select the Spot Healing Brush tool. In the options bar, adjust the size and hardness of the Spot Healing Brush tool to fit the item you're trying to remove.

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click and hold the rubber stamp icon in the toolbox and select Clone Stamp Tool in the flyout menu. You can adjust the brush size and shape, opacity, flow, and blending modes in the tool options bar at the top of the workspace.

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part of the healing brush set of tools. These are the go-to tools for retouching and repairing your images. The Patch Tool is primarily used to repair larger areas of an image, or get rid of any distractions or blemishes.

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helps you position selected content or layers when customizing your work. Select the Move tool (V) .

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you can use the contrast slider to increase or reduce the look of the entire image. Modifying the pure black and white tones of your photo can also alter the contrasts of your photo. Making whites lighter and blacks deeper will add disparity.

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allows photographers to increase the intensity of muted colors while leaving saturated colors untouched. As a result, images appear much more natural and even.

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Hue is the aspect of color which is described as “red” or “yellow” etc. It is one of the three main attributes of perceived color. The other two are saturation and brightness. Saturation: purity or strength of color, due to the absence of black, white or gray.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors – correctly.

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describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated.

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Reflectors and diffusers manipulate the light in your image, and as such, can change the overall look considerably. They are essential tools for the close-up photographer.

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In photography and cinematography, a reflector is an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras, and so lenses used on APS-C format cameras have a correspondingly narrower field of view. For example, a 28 mm lens is a wide angle lens on a traditional 35 mm camera.

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a digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) with a 35mm image sensor format (36 mm × 24 mm). Historically, 35mm was considered a small film format compared with medium format, large format and even larger.

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the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame.

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a reversible way to hide part of a layer. This gives you more editing flexibility than permanently erasing or deleting part of a layer.

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the use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer.

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a smaller version of a much larger image that is used to help conserve screen space.

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represents data about data.

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digital single-lens reflex camera

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is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Using a VR NIKKOR lens can result in sharp images in low light, under windy conditions or when using a physically large NIKKOR lens, at up to four stops slower with a VR lens than a non-VR lens.

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is an extreme wide angle lens that produces a 180° degree field of view with the intent to create panoramic or hemispherical images.

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s a specific type of a long-focus lens in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length. ... The angle of view and other effects of long-focus lenses are the same for telephoto lenses of the same specified focal length.

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is a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2. 8 to f1. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system.

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a lens that specifically allows you to focus extremely close to a subject so that it appears large in the viewfinder (and in the final image)

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is the period of time just after the sunset, around dusk when the sky takes on inky, indigo hues and before it becomes impenetrably black. It's a unique time of day, and not something that can be recreated even using the the best photo editing apps.

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is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the sun is higher in the sky. The golden hour is also sometimes called the "magic hour," especially by cinematographers.

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uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. A triadic color scheme uses every fourth color, leaving three colors between each. You can use all three colors in a photo but also a combination of two will work. The difficult part is to find them when photographing.

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is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism.

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High Dynamic Range  in Camera helps you get great shots in high-contrast situations. iPhone takes several photos in rapid succession at different exposures and blends them together to bring more highlight and shadow detail to your photos.

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A raw file is a collection of unprocessed data. RAW files contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data, allowing photographers to capture practically every detail they see in their viewfinder

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Portable Network Graphics allows an object to be placed into software with a clear background or as a partially transparent image

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Photoshop Document it is used for photoshop and is capable of holding a huge file

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Joint Photographic Experts Group
stander format for all digital cameras and is uniform to everyone

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file formate is the file that what you are working on is such as photoshop uses psd

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abbreviation of the photography term "Straight Out Of Camera" simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor

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resolution is measured by the number of dots printed in a linear inch and the higher the resolution the larger the file size.

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select crop tool and set the crop preset to ration. next type the desired ratio values in the upper setting bar to change the ratio of the crop overlay. once positioned press the checkmark to crop and update the aspect ratio

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From the toolbar select the crop tool.

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The options bar appears below the menu bar at the top of the workspace. The options bar is context sensitive—it changes as you select different things

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A menu bar is a graphical control element which contains drop-down menus. The menu bar's purpose is to supply

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A palette is both the board on which an artist puts selected colors and also the set of colors themselves. On the Web, choosing the colors you use not only involves understanding which colors work well together

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A toolbar contains buttons for performing actions related to the screen, such as creating an item, filtering items, or marking up content.

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Press Super + Page Down or Ctrl + Alt + Down to move to the workspace shown below the current workspace in the workspace selector.

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is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.

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is used to alter exposure from the value selected by the camera, making photographs brighter or darker. Exposure is a matter of personal preference, and an exposure brighter or darker than that selected by the camera may sometimes better reflect the photographer's intent.

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It shows you what you have set in terms of exposure compensation and/or auto exposure bracketing. It is only shown in exposure modes that use exposure compensation or auto exposure bracketing. The scale on the side shows the measurement from the light meter based on the current exposure parameters.

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Bracketing is a technique where a photographer takes shots of the same image using different camera settings. The most common type of bracketing is exposure bracketing, where the same shot is captured with at least three different exposures.

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AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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Sepia photography is similar to black-and-white photography in that it's monochromatic, meaning one tone or one color. But it's more brown or tan

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is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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is the result of the relationship between the subject's location and the direction of the light source. With front light, the shadow falls behind the subject. The introduction of a shadow into the image immediately adds a dimension of creativity and makes the photo more graphic.

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are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama.

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A mid-tone is precisely that – all luminance values that are not dark or light are considered to be mid-tones. Most of the time our camera meter will attempt to expose for this average brightness when in 'Automatic Mode.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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Center-weighted average metering works on the assumption that the most important part of the image is probably in the center. It measures the whole scene but places extra emphasis on the light values in the middle.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful

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Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline.

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In photography middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras. In burst mode, the photographer captures several photos in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long exposure photograph

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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Camera shake is visible whenever your shutter speed is slow compared to the speed of unintended camera motion.

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monopod is a device for camera stabilization that has a single leg. a tripod is a portable device used to support, stabilize and elevate a camera,

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motion blur is the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect. It's a great technique for capturing movement in a still image, and is often used in both nature photography and sports photography.

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The Bulb setting on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time. 1⁄500 of a second will let half as much light in as 1⁄250.

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(the "P" on the mode dial of most DSLRs) means that the camera still sets the exposure for you. It chooses the correct aperture and shutter speed for the light available, so your shot is correctly exposed. Program mode also unlocks other functions that give you more creative control over your images.

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(usually denoted as S on the mode dial), also called time value (abbreviated as Tv), refers to a setting on some cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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often abbreviated A or Av on a camera mode dial, is a setting on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure based on the lighting conditions as measured by the camera's light meter.

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full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot. This can be good if you have no idea of what settings to choose and also when you need to shoot quickly.

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the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.” Simply put, bokeh is the pleasing or aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph.

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the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image. The depth of field can be calculated based on focal length, distance to subject, the acceptable circle of confusion size, and aperture.

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determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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In optics, the f-number of an optical system such as a camera lens is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil. It is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio, or f-stop, and is very important in photography.

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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit the ray bundles.