# data[].attributes.body
Your resting heart rate is measured by counting the number of beats per minute of your heart while you’re resting. A normal resting heart rate range is between 60 and 100 bpm.

You can accurately measure your resting heart rate by checking your pulse after you have been resting for at least five minutes.

https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/how-a-healthy-heart-works/your-heart-rate

RHR changes with age. Fitbit has tracked more than 108 billion (yes, billion!) hours of heart rate data from 4 million active users. So with one of the most extensive, longitudinal databases on heart rate metrics in the world, Fitbit data provides interesting insights, including this: male and female users’ RHR increased with age from 20s to the 40s, then decreased after age 40.

Resting heart rate data analysis by age and gender (Graphic: Business Wire)

Women typically have higher RHRs. The same Fitbit data analysis also shows the differences in resting heart rate by gender. Women have a higher average RHR than men by about 3 beats per minute (BPM). Women ages 40-49 have the highest average RHR of all users at 67.4 BPM, while men ages 40-49 have the highest average RHR among males at 64.6 BPM.
https://healthsolutions.fitbit.com/blog/resting-heart-rate/

# data[].attributes.headline
Original songs for survey testing that didn't work. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Original songs for survey testing that didn't work. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The introduction is the first chapter of your dissertation, and it's essential to draw the reader in with a strong beginning. Set the stage for your research with a clear focus and direction.

The overall purpose of a dissertation introduction is to tell your reader what you're writing about, why it matters, and how you approach it. To write your introduction, you can break it down into five steps:

1. Topic and context: what does the reader need to know to understand the dissertation?

2. Focus and scope: what specific aspect of the topic will you address?

3. Relevance: why is this research worth doing?

4. Aims and objectives: what did you aim to find out and how did you approach it?

5. Overview of the structure: what will you cover in each chapter?

Starting your introduction

Although the introduction comes at the start of your dissertation, it doesn't have to be the first thing you write - in fact, it's often the very last part to be completed (along with the abstract).

It's a good idea, though, to write a rough draft of your introduction at the beginning. If you wrote a dissertation proposal, you can use this as a template, as it contains many of the same elements.

However, you should revise your introduction throughout the writing process and return to it at the end, making sure it matches the content of your dissertation.

Step 1: Introduce the topic and context

Begin by leading into your broad topic and giving any necessary background information. Aim to spark interest and show why this is a timely or important topic for a dissertation (for example, by mentioning a relevant news item, debate, or practical problem).

Example topic

Young people's attitudes to climate change.

Example context

Recent news stories about the children's climate strike, and the increasing importance of youth engagement with climate politics.

Step 2: Narrow down your focus

After a brief introduction to your general area of interest, zoom in on the specific focus of your research. For example:

What geographical area are you investigating?

What time period does your research cover?

What demographics or communities are you researching?

What specific themes or aspects of the topic does your dissertation address?

Example focus

British teenagers' engagement with UK climate policy.

You should also clearly define the scope of your research: that is, the boundaries of what you will and won't cover.

Step 3: Show the relevance of the research

You need to explain your rationale for doing this research, how it relates to existing work on the topic, and what new insights it will contribute. What is the relevance of this dissertation to your academic field? Does it have broader social or practical relevance? In short, why does it matter?

Here you can give a brief overview of the current state of research on the topic, citing the most relevant literature and indicating how your work fits in. You will conduct a more in-depth survey of sources in the literature review section or chapter.

Depending on your field, your research might have practical relevance (e.g. in policy or management), but it might mainly be relevant to other researchers (e.g. by developing theories or contributing new empirical data).

To make the relevance clear, explain how your dissertation:

Helps solve a practical or theoretical problem

Addresses a gap in the literature

Builds on existing research

Proposes a new understanding of the topic

Example relevance

Young people will determine the future of climate policy, so it is important to gain an in-depth understanding of their engagement with this issue. While there has been previous research on British youth attitudes to climate change, none has focused specifically on how they engage with current UK climate policy. Furthermore, as the youth politics of climate change has been particularly prominent in the past year, it is important to build on previous work and expand scholarly knowledge of this contemporary phenomenon.

Step 4: State your aims and objectives

Next, you have to answer two questions:

The overall aim: What did you want to find out?

The specific objectives: How did you go about finding it out?

The overall aim is often formulated as a research question.

Example research question

How do secondary school students in London engage with the UK government's policies on climate change?

The objectives are more specific: they tell the reader how you went about answering the question.

The objectives should give an initial insight into your research methods, giving a preview of the type of data and analysis the dissertation deals with. However, you don't need to outline your methods in detail here if you're including a separate methodology chapter.

Example objectives

Gather and analyse quantitative data on students' levels of knowledge, concern, and positive/negative perceptions of government policy

Determine whether levels of concern are associated with age, gender and social class

Conduct qualitative research to gain in-depth insight into students' attitudes, perceptions, and modes of engagement with the issue

Step 5: Give an overview of the dissertation's structure

To help guide your reader through the dissertation, end with an overview of its structure, summarising each chapter to clearly show how it contributes to your central aim.

It's best to keep the overview concise. A few sentences should usually be enough to describe the content of each chapter. However, if your research is more complicated or does not follow a conventional structure, you might need to elaborate a full paragraph for each chapter.

For example, a humanities dissertation might develop an argument thematically rather than dividing the research into methods/results/discussion. Especially if your structure is unconventional, make it clear how everything fits together.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Writing the Dissertation Introduction | A Step-by-Step Guide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The introduction is the first chapter of your dissertation, and it's essential to draw the reader in with a strong beginning. Set the stage for your research with a clear focus and direction. The overall purpose of a dissertation introduction is to tell your reader what you're writing about, why it matters, and how you approach it.

# data[].attributes.headline
Progress song 1 what i will be working with

# data[].attributes.subject
Progress song 1 what i will be working with

# data[].attributes.body
Disclaimer - Before you start please read the following information. if you wish to participate please click ok to begin

Questions to aid my dissertation research.

These responses will be used as part of my primary research findings for my dissertation. I am looking at how different instrumental features can alter people's emotional response to a song and if it can change a person's perception of lyrics.

The responses are 100% anonymous.

Some responses will be used as examples in my dissertation. If you do not wish for your responses to be used then please refrain from taking part in this survey.

Q1) What age are you?
18 - 25
26 - 35
36 - 50
Over 50

Q2) please specify your gender
Female
Male
Non-binary
Prefer not to say

Q3) what is your favourite music genre?
Please specify

Q4) do you listen to music to relax/sleep?
Yes
No

if yes what do you look for to relax to?
Piano
drums
guitar
vocals
nature sound (eg. waves, bird songs)

Q5) Out of these examples, what sound is the most pleasant to you?
waves on a beach
Wind through the trees
Birdsongs on a quiet morning

Q7) Out of these examples, what sound is the most unpleasant to you?
Fireworks (loud sounds)
Dentist drills
Scratch on a chalkboard

Next, you will listen to small sections of two songs with 3 variations of each song. please follow the survey and answer the questions below.

Q9) Song 1 - Example 1
Listen to this piece of music, on a rating of 1 to 10 rate how relaxing it is to you?

How did it make you feel?

Q10)  Song 1 - Example 2
Listen to this piece of music, on a rating of 1 to 10 rate how relaxing it is to you?

How did it make you feel?

Q11)  Song 1 - Example 3
Listen to this piece of music, on a rating of 1 to 10 rate how relaxing it is to you?

How did it make you feel?

Q12)  Song 2 - Example 1
Listen to this piece of music, on a rating of 1 to 10 rate how relaxing it is to you?

How did it make you feel?

Q13)  Song 2 - Example 2
Listen to this piece of music, on a rating of 1 to 10 rate how relaxing it is to you?

How did it make you feel?

Q14)  Song 2 - Example 3
Listen to this piece of music, on a rating of 1 to 10 rate how relaxing it is to you?

How did it make you feel?

# data[].attributes.body
The compositions for the survey plan.

The songs will be restricted to 16 to 32 bars so people don’t get assessed for too long

1ST composition - Chord pattern of a pad synthesiser/ SIMPLE MELODY

2ND composition - STRAIGHT FORWARD RHYTHM

3RD composition - MORE OF A COMPLICATED BEAT

4TH composition - QUITE JARRING

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What should your heart rate be when working out, and how can you keep track of it? Our simple chart will help keep you in the target training zone, whether you want to lose weight or just maximize your workout. Find out what normal resting and maximum heart rates are for your age and how exercise intensity and other factors affect heart rate.

How do I get my heart rate in the target zone?

When you work out, are you doing too much or not enough? There's a simple way to know: Your target heart rate helps you hit the bullseye so you can get max benefit from every step, swing and squat. Even if you're not a gym rat or elite athlete, knowing your heart rate (or pulse) can help you track your health and fitness level.

What is a resting heart rate?

Your resting heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute when you're at rest. A good time to check it is in the morning after you've had a good night's sleep, before you get out of bed or grab that first cup of java!

Is resting heart rate different by age?

For most of us (adults), between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm) is normal. The rate can be affected by factors like stress, anxiety, hormones, medication, and how physically active you are. An athlete or more active person may have a resting heart rate as low as 40 beats per minute. Now that's chill!

When it comes to resting heart rate, lower is better. It usually means your heart muscle is in better condition and doesn't have to work as hard to maintain a steady beat. Studies have found that a higher resting heart rate is linked with lower physical fitness and higher blood pressure and body weight.

Know Your Numbers: Maximum and Target Heart Rate by Age

This table shows target heart rate zones for different ages. Your maximum heart rate is about 220 minus your age.

In the age category closest to yours, read across to find your target heart rates. Target heart rate during moderate intensity activities is about 50-70% of maximum heart rate, while during vigorous physical activity it's about 70-85% of maximum.

The figures are averages, so use them as a general guide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Track your normal resting, maximum or target heart rate with our simple chart and learn how exercise intensity can affect heart rate, losing weight and overall health.

# data[].attributes.body
cover page
title
table of contents

introduction
litrature review
Methoology
Pratical methodology
Theoretical methodology
Ethnical Methodology
IP methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Citation and reference list

# data[].attributes.body
2 sets of three tempo/ rhythm treatments

Song 1 - Daydream
(Slow and relaxed feel)

Example 1 - original
Example 2 - slow
Example 3 - fast

Song 2 - Pressure
(fast and rough)

Example 1 - original
Example 2 - slow
Example 3 - fast

# data[].attributes.body
the fit bit
How accurate is fitbit heart rate monitor?

The Fitbit Charge performed the best at rest, measuring within 5 beats per minute of the ECG reading 95% of the time. The Basis Peak activity tracker was shown to be within 22.6 bpm of the ECG reading during the 10-minute resting test.

the camera
on face and body language

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A Randomized Controlled Study on the Effect of Compositions by W. A. Mozart, J. Strauss, and ABBA

Abstract

Background

The effect of different musical styles on serum cortisol levels, blood pressure, and heart rate is currently unknown.

Methods

60 subjects were randomly assigned to three groups that listened to various compositions by W. A. Mozart, J. Strauss Jr., or ABBA for 25 minutes. Their serum cortisol concentrations, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured before and after the listening session. The same variables were measured in a control group of 60 subjects who did not listen to music but rested in silence.

Results

Music by Mozart and Strauss markedly lowered the subjects' blood pressure (systolic: -4.7 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval [-6.9; -2.5] and -3.7 mm Hg [-6.1; -1.4]; diastolic: -2.1 mm Hg [-3.8; -0.4] and -2.9 mm Hg [-4.9; -0.9], p<0.001), while music by ABBA did not (systolic: -1.7 mm Hg [-3.9; 0.6]; diastolic: -0.1 mm Hg [-2.0; 1.8]). Similar findings were made with respect to heart rate. There were no such changes in the control group. Serum cortisol levels decreased in all groups (Mozart: -4.56 µ/dL [-5.72; -3.39], Strauss: -4.76 µg/dL [-5.94; -3.58], ABBA: -3.00 µg/dL [-5.28; -2.69], silence: -2.39 µg/dL [-3.26; -1.52], p<0.001). The observed effects were not correlated with the style of music individually preferred by the subjects.

Conclusion

Music by Mozart and Strauss lowered the subjects' blood pressure and heart rate, while music by ABBA did not. Mozart's music had the strongest effect; the piece used was his Symphony No. 40 in g minor (KV 550).

It has been known for centuries that music has an effect on human beings ( 1, 2). In antiquity, music was used to improve performance in athletes during the Olympic Games, and narrative anecdotes also contain indications of its effects ( 3). Studies have investigated the influence of music in the setting of different clinical symptoms/conditions, surgical procedures, or in pain management and palliative medicine ( 4- 6). In 2009, Bernardi et al. published a study that met with much attention, which had analyzed the effect of music on cardiocirculatory parameters in 24 volunteers ( 7). Systematic prospective randomized studies that investigated different musical genres (music from the era of Viennese Classicism, music from the Romantic period, or contemporary classical music) with a view to their influence on different cardiocirculatory parameters in larger cohorts are lacking.

Study design

All subjects were examined according to a strictly defined study protocol ( eTable 1 , eBox).

eTable 1

Time

Phase

MUS Day 1

MUS Day 2

MUS Day 3

SIL

09:45

Silence (15 min)

√

√

√

√

09:55

Blood sample

√

√

10:40

Post-processing and survey

√

√

√

√

eBox

No sports activity nor stimulating drinks on the study day

Approved by Ruhr University Bochum's ethics committee (register no: 4221-12)

Registration in German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) (DRKS00009792)

Demographic data collected, medical history taken, clinical examination

12-lead surface electrocardiogram recorded

9:30 am: Application of long-term ECG and long-term blood pressure monitors

9:45 am on each study day: sampling of venous blood for the purpose of measuring serum cortisol concentrations

10:00 am: Subjects start listening to music, randomized to each sound scenario

Exposure to music to the end of the respective sound scenario (10.29-10.37 am)

Once listening has finished: sampling of venous blood for the purpose of measuring serum cortisol concentrations

1:00 pm: Long-term ECG and long-term blood pressure monitors removed

Recording of blood pressure and heart rate during the entire study period (10.00 am-1.00 pm) at 5-minute intervals

Baseline measurements: T ₀

Final measurement after exposure to music: T ₇

Measurements and comparison: systolic RR blood pressure, diastolic RR blood pressure, heart rate before and after exposure to music

Long-term ECG recording devices: PhysioQuant (Envitec)

Long-term blood pressure recording devices: Lifecard CF-System (DelMar Reynolds GmbH)

Listening to music and exposure to music: stereo headphones (Philips), mp3-Player, Odays S-8 2 GB, S-15, Odays)

Sound level measurement ahead of listening: phonometer SLM 5, Optac

Participants

A total of 120 participants were included in our prospective randomized controlled study, of whom 60 were allocated to the study group ("listening to music") and 60 to a control group without music ("silence"). The following inclusion criteria were applied: the male or female participants aged between 25 and 75 years had to be cardiologically healthy (normal cardiological history, normal clinical findings, ECG and blood pressure in the normal range) and had to be medication-free. Normal blood pressure values were defined as measurements below 140/90 mm Hg ( 8). Subjects with known labile or stable arterial hypertension were excluded from the study.

Interventions using music: Mozart, Strauss, or ABBA

Our study compared a group listening to instrumental music from the Classical and Romantic periods and pop music with a control group not listening to music. The selected music consisted of highly popular and well known pieces and songs: Symphony No 40 in g minor (KV 550) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), dances by Johann Strauss Jr. (1825-1899), and songs by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The total duration of the musical pieces played came to roughly 25 minutes in each intervention group ( eTable 2 ). The sequence in which subjects listened to the three sonic scenarios was set according to a randomization plan. For each intervention with music and for the control group, we defined clear entry points (normal cardiological findings, normal blood pressure [RR]) and end points (running the complete study protocol), which remained unchanged during the course of the study ( 8). All investigations took place in a study room, where subjects were lying on a lounger, in a relaxing environment with a room temperature of 23 degrees Celsius, listening to music through headphones or spending the time in silence (control group).

eTable 2

Musical genre

Composer

Piece

Instrumental music from the Classical period

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

Symphony No 40 in g minor KV550: 1st movement: Molto Allegro

2nd movement: Andante

3rd movement: Menuetto, Allegretto

4th movement: Finale: Allegro assai

Instrumental music from the Romantic period

Johann Strauss (1825-1899)

Wiener Blut op. 354

Annen-Polka op. 117

Morgenblätter op. 279

Eljen a Magyar op. 332

An der schönen blauen Donau [at the beautiful blue Danube] op. 314

20th century pop music

ABBA

Thank You For The Music

The Winner Takes It All

Fernando

One Of Us

Angel Eyes

The Day Before You Came

So Long

Randomization and block randomization

The study participants were recruited by means of notices put up in Marienhospital Herne and in the MA building at the Medical Faculty at Ruhr University Bochum. We targeted healthy volunteers, not patients. All subjects were examined according to a strictly defined study protocol consisting of six phases ( eTable 1 ). The music sequences were randomized before the start of the study by means of computerized random number generation. 60 subjects (30 men and 30 women) were included in the intervention group, of whom half were younger than 50 and the other half older than 50 years of age. The age and sex distribution of the control group was identical. Random allocation was undertaken before the start of the study by the principal investigator (HJT); the study doctor (GV) admitted participants into the study and, on the study day, allocated them to the respective interventions (musical genres).

Statistical methods

The statistical analyses were done using the programs SAS 9.2 and Stata/IC 11.2. In order to compare the distribution of a metric variable in two independent samples, the Shapiro-Wilk test was initially used. If the assumption of a normal distribution was not refuted, the comparison was done by using the t test for linked samples. Where the population could not be assumed to be normally distributed, the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used.

Results

Clinical characteristics

We screened 139 subjects, of whom 19 had to be excluded because of previous cardiac conditions, medication use, or high blood pressure measurements ( eFigure ). Altogether, 60 subjects were allocated to the intervention using music and 60 were included in the control group. The study started on 1 May 2012 and ended on 25 March 2013. It was conducted without any problems in all subjects and did not have to be interrupted or terminated early. No differences existed between the intervention and control groups regarding age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) ( Table 1 ).

Table 1

Intervention group

Control group

Men

Women

Systolic blood pressure

Music by Mozart and Strauss resulted in lower systolic blood pressure ( Table 2 ). In participants listening to Mozart, systolic blood pressure fell by an average of 4.7 ± 8.6 mm Hg, in those listening to Strauss by 3.7 ± 9.2 mm Hg (p<0.001 and p = 0.003). In participants listening to ABBA, no relevant changes in systolic blood pressure were observed; it fell by only 1.7 ± 8.8 mm Hg. Under conditions of silence (control group), blood pressure also fell, at a mean of 2.1 ± 7.5 mm Hg (p = 0.038), but much less so than with Mozart or Strauss.

When comparing the different musical genres, it is obvious that the effects of Mozart and Strauss are similar, whereas the music of ABBA resulted in a notably smaller fall in blood pressure (Mozart versus Strauss: 0.93 ± 11,13 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval: [-1.94 to 3.81], p = 0.519; Mozart versus ABBA: -3.02 ± 10.69 mm Hg [-5.78 to -0.25], p = 0.010; Strauss versus ABBA: -2.08 ± 10.96 mm Hg [-4.92 to 0.75], p = 0.146).

No crucial differences were observed between men and women or between younger and older participants, neither for systolic nor for diastolic blood pressure measurements, heart rate, or cortisol concentrations. The values for systolic blood pressure in the "silence" group fell by 2.1 ± 7.5 mm Hg (p = 0.038).

Diastolic blood pressure

The mean diastolic blood pressure at baseline relative to all subjects was 77.5 ± 8.9 mm Hg ( Table 3 ). The music of Strauss and the symphony by Mozart lowered diastolic blood pressure by 2.1 ± 6.5 mm Hg and 2.9 ± 7.8 mm Hg (p = 0.004). Exposure to ABBA's music did not have any notable effects. Diastolic blood pressure fell by 0.1 ± 7.3 mm Hg (p = 0.888). Diastolic blood pressure in the control group fell by 2.6 ± 7.7 mm Hg (p = 0.013). Compared with ABBA, diastolic RR values for Mozart and Strauss were lower (-1.97 ± 8.24 mm Hg [-4.10 to 0.16] (p = 0.07 and -2.75 ± 8.99 mm Hg [-5.07 to -0.43] (p = 0.07), respectively). For Strauss, the effect was slightly less pronounced than for Mozart (-0.78 ± 8.78 mm Hg [-3.05 to 1.48], p = 0.49).

Heart rate

The present study found that music had a positive influence on heart rate ( Table 4 ). At baseline, before listening to music, subjects had a mean heart rate of 70.9 ± 12.3 beats per minute (bpm). All three types of music notably lowered subjects' heart rate compared with baseline (baseline value versus Mozart p<0.001; baseline versus Strauss p<0.001; baseline versus ABBA p = 0.003). The greatest effect on heart rate lowering was observed for Mozart's music: the mean fall in heart rate was 5.6 ± 9.8 bpm. Listening to Strauss's dances lowered subjects' heart rate by a mean of 4.7 ± 9.3 bpm. The songs of ABBA also lowered the heart rate, but to a less pronounced degree: 3.0 ± 7.4 bpm ( Table 4 ). In the control group, the heart rate fell to 5.4 ± 8.1 bpm (p<0.001).

Compared with ABBA, the music of Mozart lowered the heart rate to a greater degree (-2.62 ± 10.87 bpm [-5.42; 0.19], p = 0,18); the same was true for Strauss's music (-1.67 ± 11.18 bpm [-4.55; 1.22], p = 0.61). For the music of Mozart compared with that of Strauss, heart rates were almost identical (0.95 ± 12.11 bpm [-2.18; 4.08], p = 0.478).

Serum cortisol concentrations

The baseline value for the calculations in the intervention group was the serum cortisol concentration measured on the first day before any exposure to music. In the study cohort the mean value was 15.3 ± 5.8 µg/dL and the median value was 15.0 ± 6.0 µg/dL. The baseline measurement in the control group was taken at exactly the same time; the mean value was 14.68 ± 5.35 µg/dL and the median value, 14.1 µg/dL. The baseline cortisol measurements in both groups did not differ from one another (p = 0.243).

For all musical genres, a clear drop in cortisol concentrations was observed (p<0.001). The largest difference was seen for the music of Strauss (mean fall of 4.76 ± 4.52 µg/dL) and Mozart (mean fall 4.56 ± 4.51 µg/dL) and the lowest for ABBA (3.99 ± 5.02 µg/dL) ( Table 5 ). The difference between measurements was not substantial (Mozart versus Strauss [-1.15; 0.70], p = 0.633; ABBA versus Strauss [-1.74; 0.11], p = 0.083; ABBA versus Mozart [-1.53; 0.38], p = 0.236).

Notable differences were seen, however, in the comparison of cortisol concentrations between the intervention (music) and control (silence) groups. This comparison is important in order to rule out that the drop in cortisol concentrations over the study period is of a purely physiological nature. Time spent resting in silence resulted in a fall in cortisol concentrations of 2.39 ± 3.36 µg/dL. When comparing the effects of music of different genres with those of the silence period it is obvious that the influence of music is much greater than that of silence (Mann-Whitney U test: silence versus ABBA p = 0,037; silence versus Mozart p = 0.005; silence versus Strauss p = 0.003).

Sex mattered in the effect on cortisol concentrations: men reacted to all three musical genres with a larger fall in cortisol concentrations than women; the difference between sexes was most pronounced for the music of Strauss and Mozart (Mozart: men: -5.41 ± 4.12 µg/dL, women: -3.71 ± 4.79 µg/dL, p = 0.065; Strauss: men: -5.87 ± 4.21 µg/dL, women: -3.61 ± 4.758 µg/dL, p =0.053; ABBA: men: -4.44 ± 4.05 µg/dL, women: -3.53 ± 5.88 µg/dL, p = 0.56).

Listening habits and musical sensibilities

All subjects were asked what their listening habits and musical sensibilities were ( eTable 3 , eTable 4 ). Any association of musical genres (Mozart, Strauss, ABBA), listening habits (never, rarely, occasionally, often, regularly, daily), and measured values did not show statistically significant effects.

eTable 3

Musical genre

Listening frequency

Number

%*

Musical genre

Listening frequency

Number

%*

Classical music
Never

24

40.0
Electronic music
Never

23

38.3

Instrumental music
Never

13

21.7

Rarely

14

23.3

* The percentages relate to the complete study cohort (n = 60)

eTable 4

Musical scenario Variable Assessment Number %*1 Number %*1 Number %*1 Number %*2

Discussion

The question of whether and how music affects human beings has long been a topic of interest for academic studies ( 1, 9). Individual studies have been presented that showed measurable effects in people. But these studies were based on individual observations that made comparisons of the identified effect directions between studies impossible. The focus was not on the musical genres and the associated immediate effects. The literature contains very little on such effects-be they the effect of specific compositional schemes, the use of language, or the influence of specific listening habits.

The results of our prospective study enable us to answer some of the questions and have shown that the music of Mozart and Strauss prompted falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but the music of ABBA did not. In this setting it is obviously the musical genre that is of relevance to the observed effects, and the composer is of only secondary relevance.

Music and cardiovascular parameters

In 2009, Bernardi et al. reported a small randomized controlled study, which showed measurable effects on the vascular system and blood pressure for classical music ( 7). However, subjects' exposure to music was very brief and the number of subjects was small. The authors showed vascular dilatation and a drop in blood pressure in subjects listening to classical music. The most beneficial effects were observed for the music of J. S. Bach, whereas the music of Beethoven died not have such positive effects. The authors explained these phenomena with different changes in tempi, sound volumes, and the musical dynamics of Beethoven ( 7).

Blood pressure, heart rate, and different musical genres

In our study, listening to classical music resulted in lowered blood pressure and heart rate. These drops in blood pressure were clearly expressed for the music of Mozart and Strauss; no notable effect was seen for the music of ABBA. In the control group, lying down in a resting position also prompted a fall in blood pressure. The study of Bernardi et al. made mention of the compositional form as a crucial factor of influence and found the music of J. S. Bach especially beneficial ( 7). However, no specific characteristics exist for the effects of Bach's music ( 10). Indications that rhythms using six cycles per minute were beneficial were described, as were positive effects for uniform music ( 11, 12). Quiet music of a slow tempo, long legato phrases, and unchanging dynamics are regarded as beneficial for the cardiocirculatory system ( 13).

The music of Mozart and cardiovascular parameters

In recent years, many studies have investigated the music of Mozart ( 14- 16). It was described how neonates whose mothers had been listening to the music of Mozart during their pregnancies were calmer and less aggressive after the birth ( 17, 18). Mozart's music has also been recommended as relaxation music ( 19- 21). Hughes et al. undertook a computer analysis of compositional characteristics and found that the music of Mozart has an above-average degree of periodicity ( 22). Analyses of the musical scenarios of this study also hint at notable periodicity, repetitions, and effects of recognition. According to these insights, the symphony in g minor is particularly beneficial for the cardiocirculatory system because of the special arrangement of its compositional elements.

Strauss, blood pressure, and heart rate

In the present study, the music of Strauss prompted notable falls in blood pressure, heart rate, and the comparatively greatest fall in cortisol concentrations. In the case of Strauss, this effect can also be explained with compositional form. Strauss's dances are based on simple structures, catchy melodies, and periodically recurring forms. The dances were written for entertainment purposes, with catchy harmonic sequences and without any distinctive dissonances ( 23). Strauss adds graceful elegance to his works by means of rhythm and instrumentation ( 24, 25). Through his compositions he speaks to human emotions that have a crucial role inprocessing music ( 26, 27). It is therefore plausible that the dance element of Strauss's music may affect cardiocirculatory parameters.

What's different for ABBA?

The music of ABBA did not show any or only very small effects on blood pressure and heart rate. This may be due to emotional factors, but on the other hand the use of spoken words may have a negative role ( 28). Studies have shown that adding vocals to instrumental music activates different regions in the brain and may lead to different sensations. Adding vocals to sad music intensifies its emotional impact; cheerful music has a greater emotional impact without words ( 9, 10). Independently of the qualitative effect, increased neurological activation should be considered, which is triggered by the processing of the vocals/lyrics. The compositional idea, linearity, and melodic characteristic can be affected-and even disrupted-by the distribution of the vocals/lyrics ( 27). It is conceivable that the artificial generation of the ABBA sounds has a role, and that this is potentially crucial for the observed phenomena ( 28).

Conclusions

Music affects human beings and influences them in very different ways. Although several studies have shown the effect of music on cardiovascular parameters, no musical influencing variable with a direct effect on the cardiocirculatory system is known.

Interesting research objectives include studies of the question of which musical genres or even which concrete piece of music has optimal characteristics in terms of a relaxing effect, also with a view to long-term effects. Studies on influencing and changing cortisol concentrations are also important. The following factors seem to be relevant for the positive effect of a piece of music:

A high degree of periodicity

A key that is experienced as pleasant

Few changes in volume or rhythm

Harmony sequences that are not rousing

The absence of sung words

A certain degree of prominence/fame and popularity of the musical genre.

​

Key Messages

Listening to music has an effect on blood pressure and pulse rate.

The music of Mozart and Strauss resulted in lowered blood pressure and heart rate, whereas the music of ABBA did not have such an effect.

Listening to music resulted in a notable lowering of serum cortisol concentrations, rest alone (control group) had only a small effect on cortisol levels.

The drop in cortisol concentrations was more pronounced in men than in women, especially for the music of Mozart and Strauss.

No association was found between musical genres, changes to blood pressure and heart rate, and subjects' listening habits.

Acknowledgments

Translated from the original German by Birte Twisselmann, PhD.

We thank Dr. rer. medic. Silke Lange, statistician (graduate diploma), for her help with the statistical calculations.

Registration

Our study was approved by the ethics committee at Ruhr University Bochum according to national legal requirements and the ICH-GCP guidelines, and it was registered under the register number 4221-12.

The study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) (DRKS00009792).

We used the following sound recordings:

Vienna Master Series: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Symphonies No 40 and 41. Pilz Media Group KG München, CD 160 103.

Vienna Master Series: Johann Strauss. Unvergessene Melodien [unforgettable tunes] Vol 1. Pilz Media Group KG München, CD 160 303

Classic ABBA. 2009 Spectrum Music, Universal Music Group Company, LC05064

Footnotes

Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.

References

13. Hodges DA. Juslin PN, Sloboda JA, editors. Psychophysiological responses to music. Handbook of music and emotion: theory, research, applications. Oxford University Press, 2010:279-311. [ Google Scholar]

Articles from Deutsches Ärzteblatt International are provided here courtesy of Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Cardiovascular Effect of Musical Genres: A Randomized Controlled Study on the Effect of Compositions by W. A. Mozart, J. Strauss, and ABBA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The effect of different musical styles on serum cortisol levels, blood pressure, and heart rate is currently unknown.60 subjects were randomly assigned to three groups that listened to various compositions by W. A. Mozart, J. Strauss Jr., or ABBA for ...

# data[].attributes.headline
Research - Does rhythm and tempo influence our mood? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Research - Does rhythm and tempo influence our mood? 

# data[].attributes.body
After reviewing past research, authors found that music is associated with a number of markers of heart health. First, studies suggest that compared to silence, music tends to increase heart rate and speed up breathing. Faster music also speeds up heart rate and breathing more than slower music. One study found that unpleasant music is associated with a decrease in heart rate compared to pleasant music.

Research suggests that music may also improve the health of patients living with heart disease. Past studies have found that not only can music reduce pain and anxiety, it may help lower blood pressure and heart rate. Since depression is common among patients with heart disease, it’s possible that music could help relieve symptoms and improve overall mood.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
× Removed from My Toolbox

× Removed from My Toolbox

Music's effect on heart activity, blood pressure and breathing bodes well for health.

Music has a small yet positive impact on heart health, according to a review of recent studies analyzing the relationship between music and changes in the body.

Published in the European Heart Journal, this paper reviewed existing evidence related to music and cardiovascular health. As authors explain, music can have a powerful impact on emotions and mood. Depending on the type of song, music can help energize or calm you, or even provoke memories from the past. It's no surprise that many studies have explored the effects of music on the heart and overall health.

After reviewing past research, authors found that music is associated with a number of markers of heart health. First, studies suggest that compared to silence, music tends to increase heart rate and speed up breathing. Faster music also speeds up heart rate and breathing more than slower music. One study found that unpleasant music is associated with a decrease in heart rate compared to pleasant music.

Research suggests that music may also improve the health of patients living with heart disease. Past studies have found that not only can music reduce pain and anxiety, it may help lower blood pressure and heart rate. Since depression is common among patients with heart disease, it's possible that music could help relieve symptoms and improve overall mood.

However, as authors explain, the effects of music on the heart are minor. Compared to well-established factors that impact heart health-like diet and exercise -it's likely that music doesn't have a major impact. Still, authors encourage future research on the issue. If music can improve mood or heart function, it may offer yet another way for patients to improve both mental and physical health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
× Removed from My Toolbox × Removed from My Toolbox Music has a small yet positive impact on heart health, according to a review of recent studies analyzing the relationship between music and changes in the body. Published in the European Heart Journal, this paper reviewed existing evidence related to music and cardiovascular health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Song 6 daydream - more complex slow tempo 90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.title
Song 6 daydream - more complex slow tempo 90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Song 2 : daydream - simple drum tempo 90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.title
Song 2 : daydream - simple drum tempo 90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Song 5 : daydream - heavy 16th beat with drum fills (more complex)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.title
Song 5 : daydream - heavy 16th beat with drum fills (more complex)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Song 1 : daydream - Just Piano Bird song tempo90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.title
Song 1 : daydream - Just Piano Bird song tempo90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Song 4 : daydream - fast tempo 110 with 8th swing beat

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.title
Song 4 : daydream - fast tempo 110 with 8th swing beat

# data[].attributes.headline
My main goal is to combine both melody and rhythm to see if there is a more of a dramatical impact towards the listener. My primary research will include a survey discussing peoples emotional opinions between my compositional work. This will include one original composition written by myself, however, the rhythm and percussion will be played the second time around. in regards to this method, i will expect a dramatic impact towards the listener with will hopefully meet my requirements of this research.

# data[].attributes.subject
My main goal is to combine both melody and rhythm to see if there is a more of a dramatical impact towards the listener. My primary research will include a survey discussing peoples emotional opinions between my compositional work. This will include one original composition written by myself, however, the rhythm and percussion will be played the second time around. in regards to this method, i will expect a dramatic impact towards the listener with will hopefully meet my requirements of this research.

# data[].attributes.body
DRAFT LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY

         Project Title: Does rhythm and tempo influence our emotional response?

 Introduction

(200 words)

what will you be researching?
Why have you chosen that area of study?
The basis of you argument and what you are aiming to prove/ disprove

Project Description: Does the combination of rhythm and other instrumental aspects and what emotional impact can it have for the listener. Throughout my journey of becoming a musician, I have been fascinated by the human connection between music and the mind. As individuals, we all have various responses during our day to day life. But when it comes to music we all can share the same emotional experience. Throughout this course, I am investigating why and how rhythm and melody can impact our emotion. My question Does rhythm and tempo influence our emotional response? understand the reasoning behind the music I will be researching tests and experiments that have been previously been done and compare them with my own experimental music survey.

My main goal is to identify whether music can influence our emotional response. I'm going to conduct practice-based research that will be focusing on the instrumental aspect such as rhythm, tempo and melody. My investigation is to combine both melody and rhythm to see if there is a dramatical impact on the listener. My primary research will include a survey discussing peoples emotional opinions between my compositional work. This will include one original composition involving just a simple melody and chord progression, that will be altered by various drum patterns and styles and tempos.

My intention for this research is to identify peoples’ reactions to my music. Does this music relive or intensify discomfort within different rhythm and tempos? I believe this will be useful for students and working individuals that struggle to relax without music. Will some research and individual assessments I want to understand and test if people can relax and be productive with our without rhythm and tempo. There is little knowledge on this topic in various studies, books and articles, however, most are down to the individual interpretation. Meaning that there isn’t always a consistent study identifying emotional and physical impact towards the listener based on rhythm and tempo alone. With this in mind, I will be producing my survey with all types of people, gender, race and age. As in many cases, music has no boundaries so why would I limit myself during my survey results. In hopes of this, I will get a wider result that can be useful in determining if there are any similar or different outcomes.

In regards to this research, I believe this would be useful in terms of helping out people especially students who struggle to relax without music.

The whole project has been inspired by a book written by Daniel Levitin called ‘This is your brain on music” it goes in-depth on how our brains identify, listen and use music in day to day life. Ranging from various rhythmic and tempo content. I'm wanting to read more into this book as well as other references that will help construct the psychological research that can back up my project. Most of my secondary research has been done before and I will be will be assessing various books articles specifying the physical and emotional impact on music. I will be also fining videos to support my findings. (Levitin, 2016)

My investigation on this project will be based on my original musical assessment followed by a survey. Regarding the practical activity, I will include four different rhythm and tempos original compositions, all with the same main melody, accompanied by a simple chord progression which will have a synth that has no indication of rhythm. This will make it a more reliable result as the listener will be only focusing on the rhythm and tempos. I will be present at the individuals listening and survey. And will take no longer than 8 minutes long. I'm hoping to get a small focus group in the ages of 18 to 28. And will be located in one of the metronome studio suites. All were assessed in the same room, room temperature, lighting and sound. This is to endure that it will be a fair of a result as possible.

The bullet points below are targets which are stated in an article I’ve been referencing (Anon, 2016) this is an inspirational goal for composing the listening survey. I've done this to give a wider experimental reading. Which hopefully will give alternative outcomes.

·       “Tension”: from Relaxing to Stressing

·       “Expressiveness”: from Expressionless to Expressive

·       “Amusement”: from Boring to Amusing

·       “Attractiveness”: from Pleasant to Unpleasant

(Anon, 2016)

three songs were written in order to assess

Practical based research
The Compositions for the survey plan (Current plan)

The songs will be 16 to 32 seconds long this is to make sure the participants are not bored or distracted.

Song 1 - Daydream - Example 1 - original

- Example 2 - slow
- Example 3 - fast
(+ bird songs added in the background to add a relaxing feel) + research of nature sounds helps for relaxation
+ popular reference song   https://youtu.be/nI0ocFuea_s

Song 2 - Powers - Example 1 - original
- Example 2 - slow
- Example 3 - fast

(+ Dentist drill = tension and uncomforting) + research of sounds that cause our fears
+ popular reference song = Billie Eilish - bury a friend   https://youtu.be/HUHC9tYz8ik

Survey Style

Instead of letting the participant type or write down their answers. I will be using rating scales and matrix questions for them to fill out. This will be done through Surveymonkey.com. I'm constructing the survey so it's designed in a simpler structure, so they can prioritise and remember their answers easier.  In recent studies regarding surveys, I have found out that the majority of people who fill out surveys lose interest and get distracted on their initial views mainly due to focusing on how to construct a sentence. All they have to do to my survey is to tick boxes and scale the compositional work. Followed by an overall write up.

Examples of survey screenshots from Surveymonkey.com

The Rating scale

The Matrix questions

My expected outcome is to prove that rhythm and tempo have a dramatic impact on peoples emotional responses. At the end of this researched-based project, I will have the results to release the most popular composition and release it as part of my end of year album. I'm doing this on behalf of the contributors so that they can have the song to listen to as a way of relaxation/ concentration.

  Theoretical Framework: The basis of your argument and what you are aiming to prove/disprove.

  Methodological Approach: How you will undertake your research, how you will use established frameworks of intellectual property, consumer

demographics, consumer law and labour market data for your chosen area of study.

  Literature Review: A basic overview of the research sources that you will be using.

  Outcomes: Potential outcomes of your research project – e.g. audience response, development of specialism and techniques, industry standards.

(Anon, 2016)

Discussion

Topic 1: BPM vs Tempo do they sync and can it affect our emotinal state?

https://sonicscoop.com/2014/06/19/the-resonant-human-the-science-of-how-tempo-affects-us/

Paragraph 1 - (200 words)

Claim
in many aspects of music, you'll find yourself either tapping along to your favourite music without even realising. Have you ever been in a situation where you wall along the street walking along with the beat? For some time our interaction with music has always been physical, but how is it affecting us emotionally?  between Tempo and BPM has

Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Paragraph 2 - (200 words)

Claim
Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Topic 2: Song 1 - "Daydream"

Paragraph 3 - (200 words)

Claim
Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Paragraph 4  - (200 words)

Claim
Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Bird songs...

"People find birdsong relaxing and reassuring because over thousands of years they have learnt when the birds sing they are safe, it's when birds stop singing that people need to worry. Birdsong is also nature's alarm clock, with the dawn chorus signalling the start of the day, so it stimulates us cognitively."

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22298779

Topic 3: Song 2 - "Powers"

Paragraph 5 - (200 words)

Claim
Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Paragraph 6 - (200 words)

Claim
Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Dentist drills...

Topic 4: Emotional vs physical resmonce to music

Paragraph 7 - (200 words)

Claim
Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Paragraph 8 - (200 words)

Claim
Evidence
Analysis
Limitations
Strengths

Conclusion

(200 words)

references

"What are rhythm and, pitch and timbre - are they merely ways of describing different mechanical aspects of a song

# data[].attributes.headline
What music do you require? What are the music variables?

# data[].attributes.subject
What music do you require? What are the music variables?

# data[].attributes.body
(Verse to a chorus)

swing
tempo
time signature
legato

slow down/speed up
Two songs with a simple chord progression
- light use of a melody line
- light use of rhythm/no identification of rhythm

Four rhythmic variations
- swing
- simple  4/4
- light/harsh drum styles
- unexpected rhythm pattern

real drum/ synth sounds/ midi inputs

take two strip back to midi
alternate the tempo

“Tension”: from Relaxing to Stressing

“Expressiveness”: from Expressionless to Expressive

“Amusement”: from Boring to Amusing

“Attractiveness”: from Pleasant to Unpleasant

# data[].attributes.body
https://healthsolutions.fitbit.com/blog/resting-heart-rate/FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2 – DRAFT LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY

Project Title: Do rhythm and tempo influence our emotional response?

Ip issues - Referencing - having the copyright open (ie what you do through you Marty songs)
copyright research that you've done

WIPO WEBSITE
- understanding of all areas of IP
- just about protecting
- if someone uses your work you'll be able to get credit

- copyright - option to register - prove/disprove
- commercial use/ some gain
- pattern
- trademark

Methodology
- covers physical and theoretical aspects of your

literature - referencing
- things that already exist
other research that backs that up
grouping your referencing  pros/cons

Practical methodology
- how you're getting the research

changing elements - but why are they different and why it contracts with the theoretical methodology

- survey
-  testing the songs
- the songs

theoretical methodology
describing why your using the chosen elemnt

Ethical
- just talk about the participants
- consent/ identity will not be relevant
- the participants should be aware that they can leave the assessment at any time
- I will be keeping them confidential - Participant no 1....
- if they no longer want to participate with the assessment their will be scraped

see if the bpm matches with the heart rate

Your resting heart rate

For most healthy women, resting heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute. ... If your resting heart rate is consistently above 80 beats per minute, you might want to talk to your doctor about how your heart rate and other personal factors influence your risk for cardiovascular disease.

https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-your-heart-rate-is-telling-you

-

References

Levitin, D. (2016). This is your brain on music. New York: Dutton an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC.

Levitin, D. (n.d.). The world in six songs.

Thaut, M. (2008). Rhythm, music, and the brain [electronic resource] : scientific foundations and clinical applications. New York : Routledge.

Anon, (2016). Influence of Tempo and Rhythmic Unit in Musical Emotion Regulation. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971092/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

Video References

Collins, P. (2010). YouTube. [online] Youtu.be. Available at: https://youtu.be/YkADj0TPrJA [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

Jackson, M. (2018). YouTube. [online] Youtu.be. Available at: https://youtu.be/K_lGnSauan8 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

Importance of tempo. (2016). [online] Available at: https://youtu.be/PG98u8q-VSE [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

Youtu.be. (2017). YouTube. [online] Available at: https://youtu.be/s19Fr-_WaXo [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

Youtu.be. (2013). YouTube. [online] Available at: https://youtu.be/N5VDXcmRiaU [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

Youtu.be. (2019). YouTube. [online] Available at: https://youtu.be/nT3O93-nxDc [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019].

https://open.spotify.com/track/5C8szoUrtmYOizu1ykbK0C?si=JY0FFcTISjGp27wRTSUqJQ

# data[].attributes.headline
Week 2 - Are drummers really are the backbone of music?

# data[].attributes.subject
Week 2 - Are drummers really are the backbone of music?

# data[].attributes.body
https://ntu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/t2nhs7/NTU_LMS_DS001131131

https://www-bloomsburyfashioncentral-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/products/berg-fashion-library/book/fashion-and-music/branding-fashion-and-music

Why drummers really are the backbone of the band
https://www.musicradar.com/news/drums/why-drummers-really-are-the-backbone-of-the-band-580362

https://marshall.com/live-for-music/arming-the-artists/the-role-of-the-drummer-in-modern-music

# data[].attributes.body
Practice-based research

Microsoft Teams

What is practice-based research?
practical research
research by doing physically
primary research
investigating and experiencing

- your brain on music
- music and moving image
- music and sex
- which is the sexiest instruments
- Human behaviour on music
- mental health and music
- Music is an obsession at the heart of human nature
- You Are the Music: How Music Reveals What it Means to be Human
concentration with music
- BENEFITS OF LEARNING AND PLAYING MUSIC FOR ADULTS
https://www.nammfoundation.org/articles/2014-06-01/benefits-learning-and-playing-music-adults?gclid=CjwKCAjw5_DsBRBPEiwAIEDRWzdbA_pOpuPL4J1PswJsBTQ-BY4slSZoUiU3WhmcXM6xQa2gGkkcSRoC8C8QAvD_BwE

- MUSIC AND MOOD
https://effectsofmusicinquiry.weebly.com/music-and-mood.html

- Music and Painting, A Harmonious Relationship
https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-inspiration/music-painting-harmonious-relationship/

- Music, Sound, and the Moving Image

- How Film Music Shapes the Storyline

- Real instruments and sampled instruments which are better and can you tell the difference

- food and music

- sad and happy chords you decide

more of a singer-songwriter = research on performing/ writing music
testing out different techniques and whether it works for you
take your practice and formalise that
which mean to log your findings
the art creation and the documentation regarding those tasks

require to track your projects
from that you can write your journal
creatively and musically
need to be about your musical perspective

The process of research
-  this is a long process
- first coming up with your idea of research and concluding with your write up
- plan out what it is you would like to research
- final goal but chop it down to smaller achievable goals
- set regular and internal deadlines with the tutor
- do your groundwork
- be realistic about your idea

meet your supervisor and understand requirements

plan your project, schedule and scope
- don't overreach your idea

Refine your research question
- the more you know about your project the better
- lock in the question before you start your research

Understand ethics and intellectual property

read take notes and write up
- read a variety of materials relating to your subject

Conduct a literature search
- NTU library or online books
- you don't have to read the whole material just the areas that apply to you
- DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA

Conduct a literature review
- after you've found your literature you will need to review it

Chose your research tools
- How are you going to research it?
- survey monkey??

Conduct your research, collect your data
- write your notes and reference pages as you read?

Compile, analyse and interpret your research
- against and with arguments

Write your first draft of your report

Submit your research project (on time)

How do repeated listening effect and audiences enjoyments?

5 potential ideas for research
- mental health
- social media
- different genres
- genres of music and media
- The history of music and how it had affected mainstream music today?
The 80s
- How the music industry coincides with the fashion industry?
- music and fashion visual when a companied with music?

How Music Influences Fashion?
How music has influenced the fashion industry?

- HOW POPULAR MUSIC HAS CHANGED THE FASHION INDUSTRY (AND VICE VERSA)?

how music affects peoples fashion
mood and psychology
emotions and how it affects people

https://theidleman.com/blogs/life/how-music-influences-fashion
https://imonation.com/how-music-has-influenced-the-fashion-industry/
https://vocal.media/beat/music-and-fashion-intertwined-throughout-the-ages
https://www.couturesquemag.com/single-post/2017/07/17/HOW-MUSIC-HAS-CHANGED-THE-FASHION-INDUSTRY-AND-VICE-VERSA

- history of fashion
- fashion influenced by music
- Marty Fashion (ie colours, fabrics and suites)
- Fashion brands collaborating with pop artists
- artist in the industry that reinvents themselves
Michael Jackson
Madonna
Beyoncé
David Bowie
Prince
Marty
The Beatles
The Bangles

specify your music and variables

compare original music to similar acts at a time

how to compare sound production on this and that time

can the music you identify this modern

an amped-up version of it with modern elements

make a survey comparing the old and the new(does this fit the scene like Breakfast club old 80s to modern 80s)

Can 20th-century popular music be replicated today in a way that seems authentic?

Old 80S song                                                                  New song

Michael Jackson - The way you make me feel          Lemonade - Chris Bourne
Madona - Lucky star

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Module Guide - Creative Investigation (VEPT30033)