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https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/amazon/land-use

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31.15% of land area

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(total water sq km/total land area sq km) X 100% = % water
(55,460 sq km/8.51 million sq km) x 100% = about .65% of land area is water

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55.74% of land area

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8.45% of land area

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0.83% of land area

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26.26% of land area

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8.51 million sq km (slightly larger than the United States of America)

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bauxite

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https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Geography/Area/Comparative#2013

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gold

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iron ore

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manganese

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nickel

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phosphates

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platinum

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tin

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rare earth elements:
Rare earth elements like metallic “didymium” are extracted from the tailings of the niobium produced by the Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração – CBMM, the largest niobium producer in the world and the first mining company to be certified by ISO 14.001

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uranium

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petroleum

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hydropower

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timber

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- Sao Paulo
Location: Southeast
Population: 21.066 million
Population Density: 7,216.3 people/sq. km.
- Rio de Janeiro
L: Seaside
P: 12.902 million
PD: 5,377 people/sq. km.
- Belo Horizonte
L: Southeast
P: 5.716 million
PD: 7,580/km²
- Brasilia (capital)
L: Highlands, center-western
P: 4.155 million
PD: 521.0/km²
- Fortaleza
L: Northeast
P: 3.88 million
PD: 8,476/km²
- Recife
L: Northeast
P: 3.739 million
PD: 7,532/km²
(all populations are from 2015, densities are from various years)
Sources:
https://www.indexmundi.com/brazil/major_cities_population.html
http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/sao-paulo-population/
http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/rio-de-janeiro-population/
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/brazil-regiaosudeste-admin.php?adm2id=3106200
http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/brasilia-population/
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/brazil-ceara.php?adm2id=2304400
https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/regiaocentrooeste/admin/distrito_federal/5300108__bras%C3%ADlia/

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Sao Paulo: http://www.maplandia.com/brazil/sao-paulo/sao-paulo/sao-paulo/
Rio de Janeiro: http://www.maplandia.com/brazil/rio-de-janeiro/rio-de-janeiro/rio-de-janeiro/
Belo Horizonte: http://www.maplandia.com/brazil/minas-gerais/belo-horizonte/belo-horizonte/
Brasilia: http://www.maplandia.com/brazil/goias/brasilia/brasilia/
Fortaleza: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Fortaleza+-+State+of+Cear%C3%A1,+Brazil/@-3.7900894,-38.6590335,45482m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x7c74c3f464c783f:0x4661c60a0c6b37ca!8m2!3d-3.7327144!4d-38.5269981
Recife: http://www.maplandia.com/brazil/pernambuco/recife/recife/

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Video that displays the effects of urbanization

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Video that displays the effects of urbanization

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https://youtu.be/WHV6cq3fgLI
This video, a lesson plan developed by professors, specifically targets the effects of urbanization on the aquatic environment. Considering how Brazil hosts one of the most impressive and influential rivers in the world, the Amazon River, I chose this video with that ecosystem and its aquatic relatives in mind.

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Sao Paulo is the largest city in Brazil by population, so these factors influence a greater range of people than they would in the other cities listed in this Padlet.
Infrastructure: Roads, railways and the waterway system. Waterways are used for internal and external trade, while the general population relies greatly on roads, which are of high quality. Many railways that were heavily used for transporting coffee are still operational.
https://www.en.investe.sp.gov.br/why-sao-paulo/infrastructure/
http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/sao-paulo/economy.html
Transportation: There are three major airports connecting Sao Paulo to its neighbors and international locations. The most efficient ways to get around the city itself are by foot, bike, or the metro. Buses, taxis, and cars are also used. A bike-sharing system, Bike Sampa, operates more than 250 solar-powered stations in Sao Paulo.
https://travel.usnews.com/Sao_Paulo_Brazil/Getting_Around/
Housing: There is a lack of single-family homes in Sao Paulo. Cortiço houses are typically divided into small rooms that are rented and are quite popular along with apartments. Serviced apartments, or flats, are available for short-term rentals. Prédios are fully furnished 10-30 story buildings located in the center of the city. Upper and middle classes usually live in condomínios, which are fenced off housing blocks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corti%C3%A7o
https://onemoving.com.br/blog/housing-options-in-sao-paulo-worth-a-look/
Medical Quality: Sao Paulo has several high-quality healthcare facilities, including the Albert Einstein Israelites Hospital, which is ranked among the best in Latin America, and the Hospital das Clínicas, the largest in the region. The private health care sector is large. As of September 2009, the city of São Paulo had 32,553 ambulatory clinics, centers and professional offices (physicians, dentists and others); 217 hospitals, with 32,554 beds; and 137,745 health care professionals, including 28,316 physicians.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo#Health_care
Law Enforcement: In Sao Paulo, the Military Police has been involved in several controversial massacres of civilians on the streets and in prison facilities.  These massacres usually occur in poor neighborhoods where high-profile criminals tend to hide. Torture is still commonly used as means of questioning and punishing individuals. While Sao Paulo is making steps in the right direction with many of these other urbanization factors, the city still has a lot of improvements to make with law enforcement.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil
Education: Sao Paulo has public and private primary and secondary schools and vocational-technical schools. More than nine-tenths of the population are literate and roughly the same proportion of those age 7 to 14 are enrolled in school. There are 578 universities in the state of Sao Paulo.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo#Health_care
Utilities: Sao Paulo is the largest producer and consumer of energy in Brazil.
Almost 90% of the energy comes from hydroelectric plants and the remainder is imported  from other States and countries. The Department of Water and Sewage (DAE) of Americana in  will is deploying smart meters and management solutions to stem water losses from 80,000 water and sewage connections in order to reduce the 40% water loss the city is experiencing. Here are some MONTHLY utility costs (1 Brazilian Real (R$) = 1 USD
- Basic (Electricity, Heating, Cooling, Water, Garbage) for 915 sq ft Apartment = 250.03 R$
- 1 min. of Prepaid Mobile Tariff Local (No Discounts or Plans) = 1.57 R$
- Internet (60 Mbps or More, Unlimited Data, Cable/ADSL) = 109.53 R$
http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/sao-paulo/economy.html
https://enterpriseiotinsights.com/20191010/channels/news/sao-paulo-utility-seeks-to-stop-water-losses-with-itron
https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Sao-Paulo
Open Space:
- Serra da Bocaina – national park in São Paulo
- Mata de Santa Genebra – a piece of the Atlantic Forest in  São Paulo
São Paulo is working to plant trees and preserve forests.
The city has expanded its parks and protected areas to cover more than a fifth of its total land area. Over the last three years, Sao Paulo has planted an average of 59,000 trees each year.
https://www.brazil.org.za/brazil-protected-areas.html
https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/08/tale-two-cities-brazil-and-forest-connects-them
Retail: Sao Paulo offers a wide selection of shopping options, including luxury shopping. I could not access much information about the retail life of Sao Paulo. Huge shopping malls have sprung up near residential neighborhoods.
Industrial Areas: Sao Paulo plays a greater role in Brazilian commerce and industry than any one city in the United States. The value of its industrial production is by far the largest of any Brazilian city.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo

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https://www.alamy.com/a-woman-in-the-doorway-of-her-rented-cortico-housing-grand-old-houses-image3591908.html

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https://www.brazil.org.za/sao-paulo-city.html

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http://placestovisitbrazil.com/getting-around-sao-paulo-transport/

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Tree loss over time

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Deforestation Drivers
- Urbanization
- Commodity-Driven Deforestation
Both factors lead to permanent deforestation and are the cause of 66% of tree cover loss in Brazil between 2001 and 2015.

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Locations with most deforested land

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%s of different forest types and amounts of land cover
NO DATA ON DIFFERENT FOREST TYPES
38.9% = non-forest
.5% = plantations

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Biodiversity of tree species in Brazil
The Brazilian portion of the Amazon Basin has (or had) 11,210 tree species that reach sizes >10 cm DBH (stem diameter at breast height). Of these, 3,248 species have population sizes >1 million individuals.
Biodiversity is decreasing with deforestation and specific species are becoming more challenging to locate, as there is a lot of uncertainty surrounding the status of many species considering recent events such as the fires in the Amazon Rainforest.
Commercial Species

Commonly harvested tropical species for industrial roundwood (ITTO, 2011), in terms of volume:

Maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi)

Angelim (Dinizia excelsa)

Cupiúba (Goupia glabra)

Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril)

Cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum)

Other common native species:

Amapa (Brosimum utile)

Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata)

Faveira (Parkia spp.)

Garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa)

High value species:

Ipê-amarelo / Brazilian walnut (Handroanthus serratifolius; previously referred to as Tabebuia serratifolia)

Ipê-roxo / Brazilian walnut (Handroanthus impetiginosus; previously referred to as Tabebuia impetiginosa)

Cedro Vermelho / Cedar (Cedrela odorata). This species is listed on CITES Appendix III.

Itaúba (Mezilaurus itauba)

Principal plantation species:

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.)

Pines (Pinus spp.)

Other plantation species:

Acacia (Acacia spp.)

Teak (Tectona spp.)

Parica (Schizolobium amazonicum)

Rubber Wood (Hevea brasiliensis)

COULD NOT LOCATE MAP TO SHOW DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214876/
http://www.timbertradeportal.com/countries/brazil/

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Production value of trees
The forestry sector contributed USD 22.5 billion to the economy in 2011, which is approximately 1.1% of the GDP.
https://www.nepcon.org/sourcinghub/timber/brazil
http://www.timbertradeportal.com/countries/brazil/

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Species:

Maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi)

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Species:

Amapa (Brosimum utile)

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Species:

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.)

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Amount Protected:
There are 2,299 protected areas in Brazil and 353 of those have management effectiveness evaluations.
https://www.protectedplanet.net/country/BR

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Why these places are protected, with categories being national designations (part 1)

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Why these places are protected, with categories being national designations (part 2)

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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distribution-of-protected-areas-and-indigenous-lands-in-Brazil-Some-indigenous-lands_fig7_288493470

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- National Park in Rio Negro Basin in the Amazon biome in the Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests ecoregion
- Spans an area of 2,367,333 hectares (5,849,810 acres)
Protected Fauna:
margay (Leopardus wiedii), jaguar (Panthera onca), giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)
Protected Flora:
Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis)
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/brazil/attractions/parque-nacional-do-jau/a/poi-sig/1591839/363150

Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U28E7XZv0d8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4gGZagxjZk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhlbsAGBh6k
The last video is a record of the latest expedition by Jaú, the world's third largest rainforest park, with over 2.3 million hectares. It is an ecological sanctuary totally encompassing the 450 km Jaú River and having other great rivers like the Unini River, the Carabinani and the Negro River. The park was once a natural habitat of several species of porpoises and an active region of rubber extraction, but today resembles the ruins of Airão Velho.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%BA_National_Park

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https://www.inspirock.com/brazil/novo-airao/parque-nacional-do-jau-a3155117977

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Land in Brazil that has been conserved that is categorized under international designations

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- Brazil is the second largest aquaculture producer in the Latin American and Caribbean region.
- It is experiencing rapid growth in farmed fish production, up from 172,000 tons in 2000 to 629,300 tons in 2011.
- Freshwater aquaculture of tilapia, carps and some indigenous species accounted for 87 percent (545,300 tons) of total aquaculture production in 2011.
- Mariculture contributed 13 percent to the total farmed fish production, and was dominated by whiteleg shrimp, mussels and oysters.
- The contribution of aquaculture in total fish production in 2011 was 44 percent, up from 21 percent in 2000.
http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/BRA/en
Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyk6k1gGxMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_j5AAZt-UX8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPsdzgp4kg0
The last video explores a cage farm of tilapia in Brazil. Cage farms are one method of aquaculture. The cage units shown in the video belong to a private enterprise located in a small Amazonian river in Toledo (Sao Jose). The strain stocked in the cages are all-male fingerlings Thai Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as GIFT strain (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia). All-male fingerlings have been produced through hormonal treatment.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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http://www.akvarena.no/uploads/Ekstern%20informasjon/Aquaculture_%20Report%20Brazil15.pdf

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Aquaculture - Fish Farming System by Region 

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Aquaculture - Fish Farming System by Region 

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http://www.akvarena.no/uploads/Ekstern%20informasjon/Aquaculture_%20Report%20Brazil15.pdf

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- Brazil was the world's largest beef exporter in 2018, producing 9.9 million metric tons.
- 185,500,000 hectares (458,370,000 acres—more than one-fifth of the total national area) are open pasture.
- Cattle rearing locations: Hereford and polled angus are raised in the southern states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, and Dutch and Jersey cattle supply dairy products in the uplands of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Paraná. The humped zebu was first introduced in Minas Gerais, where intense crossbreeding produced the Hindu-Brazil breed that is now most common throughout Brazil because it resists tick fever and heat.
- The bulk of Brazil's 18.3 million sheep are in Rio Grande do Sul. Sheep rearing is not as popular as cattle because of the tropical climate.
https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-ANIMAL-HUSBANDRY.html#ixzz66OFAWRBE
https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2019/july/brazil-once-again-becomes-the-world-s-largest-beef-exporter/

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Livestock Rearing - Selected cows in the pastures of the Corixo farm

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Livestock Rearing - Selected cows in the pastures of the Corixo farm

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https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/10/the-million-dollar-cow-high-end-farming-in-brazil-photo-essay

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Argissolos
low natural fertility characteristics, low nutrient capacity, approximately 20% of Brazil's soils, noticeable clay content
Alissolos
acidic soils with poor drainage and low natural fertility because of high contents of extractable aluminum, well structured and distributed in subtropical areas of Brazil
Cambissolos
found in areas of high slopes,  also found in fluvial areas at the base of the mountainous areas
Chernossolos
soils with high clay activity that are very dark, well structured, rich in organic matter, high content of exchangeable cations; typically not deep (<100cm) and are mostly found in the south and east parts of Brazil
Espodossolos
sandy soils with accumulation of illuvial organic matter at depth in an illuvial horizon, associated with aluminum complexes, extractable aluminum is present and they have low natural fertility; found in forested areas near coastal plains.
Gleissolos
Found in wet areas. They are permanently or seasonally flooded. This is a gleyed order, gleying can start at 50 cm, can sometimes be green or blue too. Found in all humid areas of Brazil but predominantly in Amazon lowlands.
Latossolos
highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are very common. Nnaturally very infertile soils but because of Brazilian topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. Requires fertilizers to grow anything because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
Luvissolos
moderately acidic to alkaline with high natural fertility and no extractable aluminum found, dark red or dark yellow in color. Northeast Brazil is the most common area they are found in.
Neossolos
weakly developed, are not very thick and are highly dependant on parent material; irregular distribution of organic carbon
Nitossolos
clayey textured soils with no clay increase at depths, typically very deep (>200cm), usually red or brown in color with shiny peds, found mostly in Southern states.
Planossolos
poorly drained soils with sandy textured surface horizons and lower horizons that are compacted and hardened under dry conditions, main agricultural use is for irrigated rice in the South and cattle pastures in the North
Plintossolos
characterized by the presence of plinthite (kaolinite and iron oxides); high in iron and low in organic carbon, with possible sites of extractable aluminum,  low natural fertility, found mainly in the Amazon, usually on the lower back half of back slopes.
Organossolos
rich in organic matter and are characterized by an organic carbon level that is greater than 80 g/kg;  usually completely saturated for at least a month out of the year and/or have a large amount of organic matter accumulation
Vertissolos

highly dependent on water, presence of extremely deep cracks in dry periods,  built on wedge-shaped structures with slickensides present, clayey texture and high chemical fertility found in Northeast Brazil

https://sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation-maps-and-typescharacteristics/soil-types

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A horizonation of the typical organossolos series. The soil is so dark because of a large amount of organic matter accumulation, which is great for growing crops due to a high nutrient density.

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High clay accumulation that is present beginning around 55 cm. Low nutrient content because the Amazon rainforest, which constitutes a large part of Brazil, contains a plethora of flora and fauna that sucks almost all nutrients out of the soil.

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Top Three Agricultural Crops (combined accounted for 76% of the area planted in Brazil and 82% of the total volume of pesticides used in the country in 2015, indicating a trend of increased use in these crops):
1. Soybean
2. Corn
3. Sugar Cane
Pesticides Used: The 20 most frequently used active ingredients in the period 2012-2016 were Glyphosate (herbicide), Chlorpyrifos (insecticide), 2.4-D (herbicide), Atrazine (herbicide), mineral oil (adjuvant), Mancozeb (fungicide), Methoxyfenozide (Insecticide), Acephate (insecticide), Haloxyfop-P-methyl (herbicide), Lactofen (herbicide), Methomyl (insecticide), Diquat (herbicide), Picoxystrobin (fungicide), Flumetsulam (herbicide), Teflubenzuron (insecticide), Imidacloprid (insecticide), Lambda-cyhalothrin (insecticide), Imazethapyr (herbicide), Azoxystrobin (Fungicide) and Flutriafol (Fungicide). Of these 15% are extremely toxic, 25% highly toxic, 35% moderately toxic, and 25% are poorly toxic in the toxicological classification for humans.
Pros & Cons of Pesticide Use:
PROS:
- decreases crop death
- more cost efficient than safer ways of regulating crops
CONS:
- plantations and environmental matrices are contaminated, as well as workers, dwellers of the surroundings, and other animals
- as consumption of pesticides increases, the amount of acute, sub-acute (fetal malformation) and chronic (childhood cancer) poisoning also increases
- produces runoff that contaminates environment
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232017021003281&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en

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Effects of Pesticides for Three Main Crops 

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Effects of Pesticides for Three Main Crops 

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Glyphosate (herbicide)
- Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide, meaning it will kill most plants. It prevents the plants from making certain proteins that are needed for plant growth. Glyphosate stops a specific enzyme pathway, the shikimic acid pathway. The shikimic acid pathway is necessary for plants and some microorganisms.
- Products containing glyphosate may cause eye or skin irritation. People who breathed in spray mist from products containing glyphosate felt irritation in their nose and throat. Swallowing products with glyphosate can cause increased saliva, burns in the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Fatalities have been reported in cases of intentional ingestion. Pets may be at risk if they touch or eat plants that are still wet with spray from products containing glyphosate. Animals exposed to products with glyphosate may drool, vomit, have diarrhea, lose their appetite, or seem sleepy.

- Glyphosate binds tightly to soil. It can persist in soil for up to 6 months depending on the climate and the type of soil it is in. Glyphosate is broken down by bacteria in the soil. Glyphosate is not likely to get into groundwater because it binds tightly to soil. In one study, half the glyphosate in dead leaves broke down in 8 or 9 days. Another study found that some glyphosate was taken up by carrots and lettuce after the soil was treated with it.

http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/glyphogen.html
Chlorpyrifos (insecticide)
- Chlorpyrifos works by blocking an enzyme which controls messages that travel between nerve cells. When the enzyme is blocked, the nervous system can't send normal signals. This causes the nervous system to malfunction and this is how it eventually kills the pest.
- Exposure to small amounts of chlorpyrifos can cause runny nose, tears, and increased saliva or drooling. People may sweat, and develop headache, nausea, and dizziness. More serious exposures can cause vomiting, abdominal muscle cramps, muscle twitching, tremors and weakness, and loss of coordination. Sometimes people develop diarrhea or blurred or darkened vision. In severe poisoning cases, exposure can lead to unconsciousness, loss of bladder and bowel control, convulsions, difficulty in breathing, and paralysis.
- When chlorpyrifos gets into the soil, it can take weeks to years for all of the chlorpyrifos to break down. Chlorpyrifos in the soil may be broken down by ultraviolet light and chemicals in the soil. Soil temperature and pH level may also affect how long chlorpyrifos stays in the soil. Chlorpyrifos will break down more slowly in acidic soils than in basic soils. It sticks strongly to soil particles. Plant roots won't usually pick it up, and it won't easily get into groundwater. Chlorpyrifos may wash into rivers or streams if erosion moves the treated soil. One of the breakdown products of chlorpyrifos, called TCP, does not bind to soil and may get into groundwater. Most of the chlorpyrifos applied to plant leaves will evaporate, but some may remain for 10 to 14 days. Chlorpyrifos or the chemicals it breaks into may get into the atmosphere and travel long distances.
- Chlorpyrifos is very toxic to many bird species such as grackles and pigeons, and it is moderately toxic to others such as mallard ducks.
- Chlorpyrifos is also very toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. It may build up in the tissues of fish and other animals that eat smaller animals through bioaccumulation.
http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/chlorpgen.html

2.4-D (herbicide)
- 2,4-D kills broadleaf weeds but not most grasses. It kills plants by causing the cells in the tissues that carry water and nutrients to divide and grow without stopping.
- Pure 2,4-D is low in toxicity if eaten, inhaled, or if it contacts the skin, and some forms are low in toxicity to the eyes. People who drank products containing 2,4- D vomited, had diarrhea, headaches, and were confused or aggressive. Some people also had kidney failure and skeletal muscle damage. People who spilled 2,4-D on their skin developed skin irritation. Breathing 2,4-D vapors can cause coughing, a burning feeling in the airway, and dizziness.
- Some of the ester forms of 2,4-D can be very toxic to fish and other aquatic life. The salt forms may be only slightly toxic to aquatic animals. Aquatic animals are more sensitive to 2,4-D as water temperature rises. 2,4-D may be moderately toxic to practically non-toxic to birds if they eat it. Eggs sprayed with 2,4-D still hatched and the chicks were normal. 2,4-D is practically non-toxic to honeybees. It is not expected to be a hazard to other beneficial insects.
- 2,4-D breaks down in soil so that half of the original amount is gone in 1-14 days.
http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/24Dgen.html

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Cobalt
Location: Jacaré
Deposit Types: Ni-Co laterite within mixed sedimentary-volcanic terrane and middle Proterozoic rock
Human Uses: Rechargeable batteries, electronics, healthcare, catalysts, inks and pigments, alloys.
Tin
Locations: Rhodia-Espeng (in Para State) & Mocambo (in Para State)
Deposit Types: Placer/alluvial within mixed sedimentary-volcanic terrane and middle Proterozoic rock; Hydrothermal and placer/alluvial within mixed sedimentary-volcanic terrane and middle Proterozoic rock
Human Uses: Coatings for containers, alloys, window glass, dye, fire-retardant, anti-fouling paint for ships and boats.
https://mrdata.usgs.gov/pp1802/show-pp1802.php?id=464
https://mrdata.usgs.gov/pp1802/show-pp1802.php?id=1510
https://mrdata.usgs.gov/pp1802/show-pp1802.php?id=1509
https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/core-applications.html
https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/50/tin

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1QF06IHMAgpeaLCErZ4tBJrugEi5guOkn7j95akEE-Sg/edit?usp=sharing