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People in their older age commonly develop mental disorder like dementia, these developments can occur from mental breaks from a younger age. Bopha, however, held a strong mental fortitude. This mental fortitude would be better defined as resolve, and this resolve can be seen in nearly any of Eriksons psychosocial stages. Due to the resolve she held throughout her life, Bopha was able to continue her strong moral judgment, kept her under Kohlbergs stage 4 of moral reasoning.
(Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp

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From Demandingness-control to acceptance-responsiveness.
(Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 469)

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Although it is not as much of a rarity as it was before, women working as doctors isn't very common. In the medical field, women usually work as nurses, which is a direct effect of Alice Eaglys social-role theory. Social-role theory states that men and women roles in society create and reinforces gender stereotypes. Bopha, due to her strong sense of identity from the Identity verses Role Confusion stage, refused to settle with the typical nurse profession, and ascended to the role of a doctor.
(Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 369)

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In relation to death and dying, George Bonanno and a group of other researchers work together to highlight the five stages of adjustment and how widows go through these stages. Bopah, becoming a widow due to the death of her husband, displays the characteristics of these stages as she works to move forward with her life. The stages are: Resilience, common grief, chronic grief, chronic depression, and depression in an improved state. Bopah, her children, and her nieces and nephews all suffer through emotional distress. Bopah knows that she has to be strong and continue to provide for her family even though she is going through the same pain as they are. She found comfort and healing in helping others and that is reflected in her hobbies and the things she participates in during her free time. (Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 458-463)

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Type: Extended
Bopha and her husband (Socheat) took in her brother's children and raised them as their own
The stages of Family life cycle, aside from consisting of father, mother, brother, and sister, it also including a niece and nephew (cousins) into the immediate dynamic.
Roles: Husband is the head of the household
(Sigelman, Rider 2018, pp. 469)

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Becker, G. & Beyene, Y. (1999). Narratives of age and uprootedness among older

Cambodian refugees. Journal of Aging Studies, 13(3), 295.

https://doi-org.proxygsu-gamc.galileo.usg.edu/10.1016/S0890-4065(99)80098-X

Fajula, C., Bonin-Guillaume, S., Jouve, E., & Blin, O. (2013). Emotional Reactivity  Assessment
of Healthy Elderly with an Emotion-Induction Procedure. Experimental Aging Research,
39(1), 109–124. https://doi-org.proxygsu
gamc.galileo.usg.edu/10.1080/0361073X.2013.741961

Mollica, R.F., Henderson, D. C., & Svang, T. (2002). Psychiatric effects of traumatic brain
injury events in cambodian survivors of mass violence. The British Journal of
Psychiatry, 181(4), 339-347. doi: https://doi-org.proxygsu-
gamc.galileo.usg.edu/10.1192/bjp.181.4.339
Sigelman & Rider, (2015), Life-Span: Human Development 9e, Cengage Learning.

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Culture shock:
Cambodian culture.                                American Culture
*Displays no emotion                              *Emotions
*No PDA                                                    * Mixed cultures
no touching
no hugging
no kissing
She had to figure out the American socializing
(Becker, G. & Beyene, Y., 1999)

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Cambodian
Asian
April 20, 1938
Phenm Phen, Cambodia.
Doctor
Married
Refugee from Killing Field
Children
1 son
1 daughter
Adopted
1 niece
1 nephew

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The culture Bopha grew up to know was to help your family and neighbors with what you can and to take care of the most fragile in the group, which were the elders and the babies, so Bopha became very proactive in her community helping the less fortunate and volunteering throughout the community. Even at the young-old age of 82, she is still active in her community and teaching the younger generation how to celebrate life and what it means to be a family. (Mollica, Henderson, Svang, 2002)

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After the fleeing from her home country, Bopha seek refuge in the United States and slowly and steadily adapted to her new home. Learning a new language
Refining her skills from her homeland to her new home
She lived in a small community in Boston, MA where there were several other Cambodian refugees who had fled the massacre and started to slowly develop their own little “Cambodian village” helping each other establish as best as they can their new life in a new world.
(Becker, G. & Beyene, Y., 1999)

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According to Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory (Sigelman, Rider, 2018), through Bopha’s dramatic experiences of the Cambodian genocide, reshaped her practical intelligence. Figuring out how to adapt to new environments.

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In her current stage of life, the majority of her senses have been weakened including Bopha’s hearing, touch, smell, sight and taste. Bophas attention has also severely decreased in quality, resulting in her multitasking abilities being much weaker.  (pg.190-197)

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage that Bopha experiences now is the integrity verses despair stage. This stage revolves around whether or not she feels like her life had meaning or not. Bopha’s stands on the integrity side, since she had saved countless people’s lives whether that from her career as a doctor or helping refugees scape om Cambodia.  (pg. 38-39)
(Sigelman, Rider, 2018.)

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"An important developmental task...Erikson's intimacy vs isolation...."(Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 458-463)
Commitment to husband, through all the ups and downs and trying to keep each other and the children safe during the escape from Cambodia, Bopha's intimacy towards her husband has grown in terms of communication, closeness, respect, and trust.

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Patient with children         Secured
Strong family bond            Low-anxiety
Family first                          Positive role model for others around
(Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 458-463)

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Taking a look at Dan McAdams' and Jennifer Pals' three aspects of personality. These include dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity. The characteristic adaptations, which is how well Bopha will react to changes in her environment and changes in the roles that she plays, shift completely when Bopha is thrown into a new situation. She goes from being a mother to two, a wife, and the secondary head of the house, to being the head, having to single handedly raise four children. Not only does her role change but she is also thrown into a really new environment where she must learn an entirely new language, social structure, and teach a group of young, influential people how to be successful in this extremely different place. These situations established a strong sense of leadership and responsibility in Bopha. Later on in her life and she retains this learned leadership role. It is expressed by the way that she helps out her community and believes in lifting others to create a stronger whole. (Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 334-361)

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At an early age, Bopha excelled in school. Even when times were hard for her in school, she always persevered, which would put Bopha on the side of autonomy in Erikson's psychosocial stage of autonomy verses doubt. This successful sense of self-worth would allow Bopha to excel in the field of medicine. However, when Bopha needed to leave for the U.S, she would have some difficulty adjusting to English. This is primarily because of the challenge of learning a new language at such an older age. This feat would be nearly impossible if it weren't for Bophas natural linguistic intelligence, which, according to Gardner, is the intelligence revolving around the spoken word.
(Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 327-339)

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According to Piaget, older adults tend to have issues displaying formal-operational skills. Bopha is older which has a negative effect on her cognition but as Ericsson explains, which age also comes expertise in some cognitive aspects. The implicit and episodic memories from Bopha's past still effect her in her everyday life. It is made clear, in Patricia Bauer's  explanation of what influences autobiographical memories, that the level of emotional intensity along with the uniqueness of the situation and the personal significance will play a large role in strengthening a memory. The loss of Bopha's husband and the fact that she had to evacuate her home and travel in horrid conditions was not only a unique experience but also a traumatizing experience which led to the formation of memories that Bopha will carry with her throughout her entire life.
(Sigelman, Rider,  2018, pp. 226-228)

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Despite her older age, Bopha has a fairly limited amount of negative side effects that correlate with her age. This is due to her medical knowledge, self-care and healthy life style. However it is unlikely for someone in their 80s to have no negative health conditions, which is true for Bopha since due to her age both her speed and reserve capacity have both declined.
According to Bronfenbrenner's System Theory, the development of an individual correlates with their change of character and environment. When Bopha reached America, this change in environment allowed her to flourish in the medical field and support her family.  (Sigelman, Rider, 2018, pp. 151-155)

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Because of a healthy pre-birth, Bopha would have no real health defects that would be detrimental to her in her later years. Also due to a healthy relationship with her parents at a young age, Bopha was able to connect to the trusting side of the trust verses mistrust portion in Bophas life.
This early stage of Bophas life is referred to as the Sensorimotor stage of development, according to Piaget. The stage in Bophas life revolves around using her limited motor skills and senses to explore her environment and develop her cognitive abilities.
(Sigelman, Rider, 2018. Pg.47)

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Bopha's postconvetional morality, as defined by Kolberg, "....the fifth and sixth stages of moral reasoning, in which moral judgements are based on a more abstract understanding of democratic social contracts or on universal principles of justice that have validity apart from the views of particular authority figures." (Rider, Sigelman, 2015, pp. 580) developed when she had to struggle between her morals of what was the right thing to do and what was wrong in order to feed her starving family during her escape from the Khmer Regime. She was met with the dilemma of either keeping all the food that was rationed out to all refugees in the camp evenly (regardless of the family size) or sharing her portion with the families who had grown in size due to taking in family members who had lost their loved ones during the genocide. (Mollica, Henderson, Svang, 2002).

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Right before Bopha’s escape from the Khmer Regime, she was unfortunately rounded up in camps with the rest of her fellow countrymen and was severely struck in the head near her ears and damaging the internal tissues in her eardrums at the age of 35. This caused some hearing loss for Bopha and tied loud noises to dramatic events in her life. The sense of smell because super sensitive in her adulthood years, due to the searing smells of her people during the violent war. (Mollica, Henderson, Svang, 2002).