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if we focused on regulation of the GI tract - would this have to be further focused on either hormonal/neural regulation  - and would this have to focused onto specific areas of the GI tract?

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can we talk about one organ of the GI tract, or can we focus on few examples of regulation in the Gi tract ?

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When you say you want evidence; do you want us to find research papers that shows what happens in a case when the feature we want to talk about it not functioning as it should? Or just examples of diseases the occur from the disfunction and the effect this has?

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Normal: The LES will contract to stop the stomach content to move up the oesophagus

Failure: Acid reflux – the sphincter fails to shut and so the acidic chyme will move up the oesophagus

How: the LES relaxes in the wrong time – it can happen because of disorders but other factors such as the type of the food or pregnancy or being overweight can also have an effect. Some medications such as muscle relaxants may also cause this.

Consequences: heartburn – bloating -

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Signing off now.  Will be back later this evening or overnight. Look at my answers to other questions for a steer as to what we are after.  Appreciate that some of you are struggling but we are trying to get you to apply knowledge to critical thinking/problem solving exercise. Hence why suggested you work in teams

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Signing off now.  Will be back later this evening or overnight. Look at my answers to other questions for a steer as to what we are after.  Appreciate that some of you are struggling but we are trying to get you to apply knowledge to critical thinking/problem solving exercise. Hence why suggested you work in teams

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Can you talk about the hormones released by the GI tract as part of regulation?

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Can you talk about the spleen as it has immune function but is vulnerable to damage due to its anatomical location, however it isn't directly involved in digestion.

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Can you talk about the spleen as it has immune function but is vulnerable to damage due to its anatomical location, however it isn't directly involved in digestion.

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Pyloric valve of the stomach is designed in a way that will allow small portion of chyme into the small intestine each time. This will allow enough time for the acidic chyme to mix with the alkaline juices in the duodenum. However sometimes (pyloric stenosis) the valve thickens -> so it will not allow the passage of chyme into the Small intestine. This may lead to vomiting.

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I am not sure i understand the question. Do you want us to talk about situation when its design fail and stops it from doing its normal function? Or do you want us to research on how it is appropriate or can be improved for its basic functions?

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appropriately designed as smooth muscle has multiple ways to be regulated (intrinsic and extrinsic neural and humoral), however not always appropriate as can cause problems e.g. IBS

I dont really understand how pharmacology is relevant to the question?

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the gut microbiota and how it has a lot of opportunistic pathogens that can cause disease if they get out of the GIT, but we need them for protection/digestion

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the gut microbiota and how it has a lot of opportunistic pathogens that can cause disease if they get out of the GIT, but we need them for protection/digestion

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please could you give an example of a feedforward -ve neural reflex and a feedback +ve neural reflex

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please could you give an example of a feedforward -ve neural reflex and a feedback +ve neural reflex

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strongly advise you work in teams on this to share workload, bounce ideas of each other & therefore really come up with evidence informed essay with lots of indepth critical analysis

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strongly advise you work in teams on this to share workload, bounce ideas of each other & therefore really come up with evidence informed essay with lots of indepth critical analysis

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small intestine is designed to have a large surface area for maximum absorption- villi and microvilli

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small intestine is designed to have a large surface area for maximum absorption- villi and microvilli

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failure of the gastroesophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow up the oesophagus which does not have the protective mucus of the stomach so is susceptible to damage 

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failure of the gastroesophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow up the oesophagus which does not have the protective mucus of the stomach so is susceptible to damage 

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would GIT disorders like coeliac disease/gallstones be relevant?

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would GIT disorders like coeliac disease/gallstones be relevant?

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I'm online now (3.15) & available to answer any questions
Dr Lewis