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Stonehenge is thought to be the most prehistoric astronomical observatory. Construction of it started in 2800 B.C and it was left unfinished. Although the purpose of it remains a history, if you sit at a spot in the center you can see the sun rise almost perfectly through a couple of pillars.
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/history/

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Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer that was born in 190 b.C. He was one of the first to correctly theorize that the earth orbits the sun instead of the sun orbiting the earth. He also discovered the precession of equinoxes and made an early for of trigonometry.
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/history/

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Ptolemy was also a Greek astronomer who was born in 100 A.D and found the Ptolemaic model of our solar system. He was also one who tried to explain planetary motion.  He also believed that he earth was the center of the universe. He also found that earth, stars, ad other planes travel along a path.

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Copernicus was a Polish astronomer born in 1473 who was the founder of the heliocentric model of our solar system and was the most accurate model before technology. Also explained retrograde motion and how earth spins on its axis.
https://www.biography.com/video/nicolaus-copernicus-beyond-the-big-bang-18188867655

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Brahe was a Danish astronomer born in 1546. He also supported the heliocentric theory and made the Tychonian quadrant which is used to determine the length of astronomical objects in the sky. He also kept detailed records of stars, planets, and even a supernova. His observations were also accurate with the celestial bodies which helped him figure out the laws of planetary motion.

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Galileo is one of the most famous Italian astronomers that was born in 1564. He discovered the massive moons of Jupiter and also supported Copernicus and his theory. He also built his own telescope and tried to inform everyone on his beliefs and his discoveries, but once it got out of hand, the christian community at the time decided to imprison him and kill him by burning him at the stake.
https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/galileo.html

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Kepler was a German Astronomer who was born in 1571. He contributed to the laws of planetary motion. He used Brahe's records to record more data of planetary motion. He had to abandon the circular orbits in the heliocentric theory and stuck to figuring out the 3 laws of planetary motion.

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The invention of the telescope was extraordinary for people who wanted to study the sky, stars, and planets. The telescope let those people follow up on their studies and gave them a better chance to find something new and helpful.  The earliest known telescope that was made was manufactured in 1608.
https://interestingengineering.com/a-brief-history-of-the-telescope-from-1608-to-gamma-rays

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Newton was a famous English physicist and astronomer that was born in 1643.  He discovered plenty of laws on motion, solved the mysteries of lights and optics, and one of the inventors of calculus. He also discovered the laws of gravity and universal gravitation.
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/isaac-newton

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Einstein was a famous German mathematician and also an astronomer born in 1879. Developed theories of special and general relativity. Discovered and explained how planets with mass warp over time.

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Hawking was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and great author. He was the first person to set out a theory of cosmology. He predicted the existence of black holes and also noted that they emit hawking radiation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcW-YG9Nu4E