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FROM WHAT WE CAN LEARN THE ANCIENT EYGPT ERA IS REALLY AN IMPORTANT TIME ERA FOR US HUMANS AND TO ALL CIVILIZATIONS. ANCIENT EGYPT ERA HAD TAUGHT US MANY THINGS THAT BE THE FIRST POINT OF VIEW HOW WE HANDLE THINGS AT FIRST PLACE AND TRY TO BE BETTER FROM TIME TO TIME. THEY HAD TOUGHT THE WORLD THE WRITING AND READING PROCESS THROUGH THE TIME ALONE. NOW WE REALIZED HOW IMPORTANT IT IS THE LITERATURE PROGRESS TO HUMAN CIVILIZATION.

WE ALSO CAN ADMIRE THEIR ARCHITECTURE THAT EXISTS AND PRESERVE FOR MILION YEARS TO  COME THAT UNTIL THIS DAY WE CAN STILL SEE AND CAPTURE THE AMAZING IDEAS AND CONCEPTS THAY BOUGHT THROUGH IDEAS AND MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION INDEED.

FOR NOW, WE ALL CAN AGREE ON ONE THING FOR SURE THAT THE ANCIENT EYGPT ERA HAD TO DONATE SO MANY THINGS THAT LEAD THE CIVIL ONTO THE RIGHT PATH AND WE TAKE IT FOR GRANTED. IT IS OUR JOB THEN TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THEM, PRESERVE THE IDEOLOGY, AND TEACH IT TO THEM THE NEXT GENERATION TO COME.

LOVE THE ANCIENT EYGPT ERA!

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~ https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr4xJO0.NtgCzIAIy9XNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZANDMjAxMF8xBHNlYwNwaXZzp=ancient+egypt+gods+and+goddesses&fr2=pivweb&type=E211US997G0&fr=mcafee#id=27&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topteny.com%2Fwpcontent%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F05%2F2000pxHorus_standing.svg_.png%3Fx38733&action=click

~ :https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr4xJO0.NtgCzIAIy9XNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZANDMjAxMF8xBHNlYwNwaXZz?p=ancient+egypt+gods+and+goddesses&fr2=piv-web&type=E211US997G0&fr=mcafee#id=27&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topteny.com%2Fwpcontent%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F05%2F2000px-Horus_standing.svg_.png%3Fx38733&action=click

~ https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/ancient-egypt-religion.html

~ https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-Old-Kingdom-c-2575-c-2130-bce-and-the-First-Intermediate-period-c-2130-1938-bce

~ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO1tzmi1V5g

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Peasant life in ancient Egypt was not always enjoyable. Most peasants made their living off the land through agricultural means. Grain, particularly wheat, was a staple crop of life in ancient Egypt. As a result of few grazing lands and the expense of meat, most peasants subsisted off a diet of ground wheat foods, subsidized with meagre vegetables.

The Egyptians were one of the first people to introduce the use of the ox-drawn plow; however the work of ploughing, planting and harvesting would have still been very difficult. Taxes were also imposed on the crops, which would have also made it difficult for most peasant families to move beyond their poor means.

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THERE ARE 6 STAGE OR LEVEL OF HIERARCHY IN THE ANCIENT EYGPT LIFETIME WHICH START AT THE TOP WHIICH IS THE PHAROAH AND QUEEN, FOLLOWED BY NOBLES, ARTISANS AND MERCHANTS, NEXT IS SOLDIERS AND ARTIST AND LAST AND NOT LEAST THE PEASENT AND SLAVES

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QUICK FACTS

THE ANCIENT EYGPT PEOPLE WERE THE PEOPLE THAT INTRODUCE THE ONE OF THE OLDEST WRITING SYSTEM WHICH IS HIEROGLIPH.

THEY ALSO ARE THE FIRST TO INTRODUCE HUMAN INTO WRITING ON PAPER BY USING PAPAYRUS PAPER WHICH MODERATE IT INTO MODERN PAPER

THEY ALSO DO THE FIRST AND WELL-KNOWN PROCESS OF MUMIFICATION WHICH RELATE TO THEIR RELIGION AND AFTER LIFE BELIEVE.

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ROLE OF MEN

Men, on the other hand, worked the fields to earn their family a living and raise them crops to eat. Even though women were considered equal to men in many ways, the man was still considered to be the head of the household, and women were expected to obey their fathers and husbands.

Although there is much talk of slave life in ancient Egypt, many scholars theorize that the role of men slaves in Egypt was much more like that of servants than slaves. Some men became craftsmen by learning a trade from their fathers or artisans.

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ROLE OF WOMEN

Contrary to popular belief, women were not treated as second-class citizens in ancient Egypt. In fact, there were oftentimes treated as equals to men. They were allowed to own their own property, testify in court and even conduct business dealings just like men could. More than once did a woman rule Egypt as the pharaoh as well.

Still, even though women were treated better than other women in other parts of the world at that time, they were still seen as the primary caretakers of the home and children. Their primary responsibilities were still to overseeing the duties of the home, such as raising the children and preparing meals for the family.

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FAMILY LIFE

Family was important in ancient Egypt, and family life began early for the ancient Egyptians. Men and women both tended to marry young, and most marriages were polygamous with the husband having several wives.

The husband usually had a senior or chief wife who was considered higher than the other ones. Although divorce existed in ancient Egypt, it was rare because of the Egyptians' commitment to the sanctity of the family unit.

CHILDREN

Children were also an important part of the family unit. They were considered to be a blessing from the gods, especially in noble and royal families.

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MOST PEASENT USUALLY DO THE ARGICULTURE WORKS SUCH AS PLOWING FIELD, FARMING, FISHING AND ETC.

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PAINTINGS OF QUEEN NEFERTITI AND KING AKHENATEN SHOW A LOVING AND CLOSE BOND BETWEEN THE PARENTS AND THEIR SIX DAUGHTERS.

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GOD OSIRIS

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GOD KHNUM

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6. One of the strongest traditions in ancient Egyptian life was Divine Kingship. This was the belief that the Pharaoh (King) didn’t just hold the title as political ruler of Egypt, he was also a God. The divine pharaoh was closely associated with Horus, who was the son of Ra, the Sun God. Because of this, the pharaoh was very powerful, as were the priests. In times of plenty, ancient Egyptians believed it meant that the priests and the pharaoh were doing their job, while during bad times; it meant that the pharaoh and the priests were to blame.

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GOD HORUS

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DEPICTION OF WEIGHING THE HEART

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SUN CREATION BY ANCIENT EYGPT

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GOD NUN LIFT THE SOLAT BARQUE

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GOD RA

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GOD ANUBIS

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5. IN ORDER TO ENTER THE THE FIELD OF YALU, THE PERSON’S HEART WILL BE JUDGE BY ANUBIS, THE GOD OF DEATH. THE HEART MUST BE LIGHT FROM THE FEATHER OR ELSE THEIR HEART WILL BE DEVOUR BY AMMIT, THE BEAST THAT GUARD THE REALM OF DEATH

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4. Ancient Egyptians loved life, but their life expectancy reached only 40 years old at best. They wanted their lives to continue beyond death, and strongly believed in the preservation of the body and providing the deceased with all of the essentials they would need in the afterlife. To them, death was merely a brief disruption in life, and if the funeral practices were followed correctly, the deceased could live without pain in the Fields of Yalu.

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3. Temples were built to honour the gods the ancient Egyptians worshiped. These temples contained features like enormous statues, gardens, crocodiles (on occasion), inscriptions and more. Some of the most impressive temples were the Temple of Amun at Karnak, Abu Simbel, the Temple of Isis at Philae and the Temple of Horus at Edfu.

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2. Gods were characters in myths the ancient Egyptians believed in that described and explained the universe as they knew it. These myths were strongly influenced by nature, especially patterns that they documented such as the path of the sun, the moon, and the flooding and retreat of the Nile River.

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1. Different gods rose and declined in popularity and importance over the millennia. There were 700 gods and goddesses and many were combined to create new deities. There was a hierarchy of gods, and Amun Ra (the Sun God) and Isis often juggled the supreme position. The only instance of a drastic change was when King Akhenaten started his monotheistic religion. His Aten- centered cult lasted only about a decade and died with the pharaoh. Historians today, however, credit Akhenaten with being the first to practice monotheism.

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PYRAMID OF GIZA & KUFU

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GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA

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Those without much money often had only a one-room house. This room was used for storage and napping during the day to escape the excessive heat. Inside the room were woven mats made of straw, perhaps a wooden stool or even a wooden bed with string pulled across it. They used long grass and animal hair for the string. A ladder, mud-brick staircase, or ramp led to the flat roof. People often slept on the roof at night because it was cooler than the enclosed room below. Sometimes these roofs had reed canopies to create shade. All the windows and doors had reed mat coverings to help keep out the heat, dust, and flies. Oftentimes, doors were built four feet or so up off the ground to prevent the dust from creeping in. A ramp was used to get into the house from the outside.

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Sphinx Is A One Of The Most Iconic Architectural Art That Worldwide-known, A Head Human, A Body Of A Lion, And Wings Of An Eagle. The Spinx Were Built By The Egyptians And Were Made Of Limestone. Sphinx Was Usually Refers As A Mythical Creature That Guard The Tomb And Was Famous Known By The Sphinx Riddle

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Most pyramids were part of a large complex, often meant for a funerary cult to honour the pharaoh after his death. The opening to the complex was at the pharaoh's valley temple, where offerings for the pharaoh's cult came in. There were also courtyards, buildings to store goods, housing for priests, boat pits and a cult pyramid.

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In Ancient Egypt, there are some mind-blowing architectural styles that still standing proud to this modern era. There are 2 most common materials which are UNBAKE mud brick and STONE block that has been used for any construction of any architectural buildings and its been proved by many archaeologists/historians.

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Ancient Egypt can be thought of as an oasis in the desert of northeastern Africa, dependent on the annual inundation of the Nile River to support its agricultural population. The county’s chief wealth came from the fertile floodplain of the Nile valley, where the river flows between bands of limestone hills, and the Nile delta, in which it fans into several branches north of present-day Cairo. Between the floodplain and the hills is a variable band of low desert that supported a certain amount of game. The Nile was Egypt’s sole transportation artery. In the early period, they divided the place into 2 parts which are,  1. (Upper Egypt ) 2. ( Lower Egypt)

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- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- ARCHITECTURE STYLE
- RELIGION & CULTURE
- PEOPLE COMMUNITY & HIERARCHY
- CONCLUSION

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LECTURER:
EN. MOHD ZULHAILI TEH

GROUP:
LDA253 / AAP1484D

MEMBERS:

1. HAZEEQ ZAHRAN BIN AMRAN    ( 2019297356 )

2. MUHAMMAD HARIS MURSYIDI BIN JISNI ( 2019280054 )

3. FAZRIHIN AQIL BIN FADHRILLAH ( 2019427104 )

4. YUSSYAMIL FAIZ BIN YUSRI          ( 2019260272 )

5. MUHAMMAD AMINUDDIN BIN MUHAMAD NASIR                          ( 2019433848 )

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Egypt was a vast kingdom of the ancient world. It was unified around 3100 B.C.E. and lasted as a leading economic and cultural influence throughout North Africa and parts of the Levant until it was conquered by the Macedonians in 332 B.C.E. Today Egyptologists, archaeologists who focus on this ancient civilization, have learned a great deal about the rulers, artifacts, and customs of ancient Egypt. Ancient Egypt was superiorly known for its 3 periods or dynasty. Which is the OLD KINGDOM (2575 B.C – 2130 B.C ), MIDDLE KINGDOM ( 1938 B.C-1630 B.C ) AND NEW KINGDOM (1539 B.C- 1075 B.C)

OLD KINGDOM - In a long perspective, the 4th dynasty was an isolated phenomenon, a period when the potential of centralization was realized to its utmost and a disproportionate amount of the state’s resources was used on the kings’ mortuary provisions, almost certainly at the expense of general  living standards

MIDDLE KINGDOM - The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt following a period of the political division known as the first intermediate period. The Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty.

The New Kingdom also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the sixteenth century BC and the eleventh century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570BC and 1544 BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.

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Two principal kinds of temples can be distinguished—cult temples and funerary or mortuary temples. The former accommodated the images of deities, the recipients of the daily cult; the latter were the shrines for the funerary cults of dead kings. The classification of temples in Egypt usually refers to two main types:

1.Cultus (religious): temples dedicated to the main deity, most having other gods as well. These temples provided a 'residence' or shelter for the gods. Here, priests used to perform rituals and ceremonies, give offerings, pray and tend to the needs of the gods. Some festivals also took place in cultus temples, which allowed all other Egyptians to participate in rituals of worship.

2.Mortuary: for a pharaoh’s funerary cult. The funerary cult offered food and clothing to the departed pharaoh to ensure s/he would continue helping the people of Egypt. Mortuary temples were only built for the pharaoh. At first, these temples were part of the tomb complex. Most pyramids had a mortuary temple beside them for the pharaoh buried in the temple. Later pharaohs wanted to hide their tombs so they built their temples away from their tombs.

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•The most worshiped gods were Isis, Osiris, Horus, Anubis, Re, Nu, and Seth.

•Villages often chose a specific god to represent.

•Individuals sometimes chose gods to support their profession.

•Gods were often represented by animals like crocodiles, rams, lions, and cats.

•Afterlife rituals included the process of embalming (so the spirit would have a place to reside), the “opening of the mouth” ritual (to invoke the senses so they could be used in the afterlife), wrapping the body in cloth that contained jewels and amulets and placing a mask over the face that closely resembled the deceased.

•Local village gods were worshiped at shrines and privately in people’s houses.

•Polytheism was practiced for 3,000 years, with a brief stint when the Heretic Pharaoh, Akhenaten, worshiped only Aten.

•Many creation myths were developed over time and throughout Egypt

•Only the pharaoh, the queen, priests, and priestesses were allowed inside temples. Others could only go as far as the temple gates.