# data[].attributes.body
Brea
Brea
What are the types of permanent body modification, and why do we modify ourselves?

Exploratory question - what are the types of PBM?
Detective story - why do we modify ourselves
 
Robust - will be testing 3 ultimate level hypotheses
 

Also will be looking at proximate level motivators
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Carl
Carl
Are theories of human social norm evolution testable?

Starting with elements of Sean's framework: causal modelling of key theories in the literature
1 comment
Avatar de Fiona Jordan
Fiona Jordan 40 minutes
FJ: Carl, remind me if it's the evolution of "norm psychology" or particular contentful norms that you're concentrating on here?
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Catherine
Catherine
Are sex differences in time spent in rough and tumble play consistent across cultures? 

Exploratory question 

In the future, could be working toward a causal inference question (what factors contribute to differences)
1 comment
Avatar de Fiona Jordan
Fiona Jordan 4 heures
FJ: Just to check - so we know very little about the variation, is that right? And presumably this is a heirarchical variable to consider: is there R&TP, and if so, are their gender diffs? (I have no idea, please educate me!)
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Emily
Emily 
Is female coalition building more common in societies with more male sexual coercion? 

Sean's 'network of relationships' /causal 'flowchart' question

1 comment
Avatar de %{name}
Anonyme 13 heures
Carol--Is female coalition supposed to be a formal group? Are you theorizing that it is a protection mechanism? You might want to look at Marc Ross' study https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/documents/633. there are also studies of rape that you might want to look at in EHC.
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Eric
Eric 
Are common behavioral symptoms of sickness universally recognized as indicating sickness; if not, why?

Initially exploratory/descriptive, but there can be room for transformation as cultures change through colonialism/adoption of Western medical ideas, etc. Also, what are the consequences of variation here?
1 comment
Avatar de Fiona Jordan
Fiona Jordan 4 heures
FJ: will you be focusing on particular kinds of illness? how overt will the behavioural symptoms be (and are these different from physiological?) e.g. vomiting/fever/lethargy seem very physiological, but are you thinking of more subtle signs? There are loads of culture-bound syndromes of course but it would be helpful to hear more about what "behaviour" means to you first.
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Kateřina
Kateřina
Original question:
Are there any specific characteristics in moralizing gods encouraging generalized prosociality?

Reformulating into:
What are the conditions that promote generalized prosociality?
exploratory
2 comments
Avatar de %{name}
Anonyme 2 jours
Carol R Ember You could add a secondary question: What role, if any, do moralizing gods play a role in promoting such prosociality?
Avatar de Fiona Jordan
Fiona Jordan 3 heures
FJ: Interested to hear how you will operationalise generalised prosociality. Will you be looking for a global sample or more regional?
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Tommy
Tommy
What explains cross-cultural variation in rituals/norms that determine marital eligibility of young adults?

Fiona's framework
Exploratory: How are features distributed?
Correlated evolution: Do features change together?

Carol's framework
Detective stories about why this versus that, and what would the mechanism be?
2 comments
Avatar de %{name}
Anonyme 13 heures
See https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family for many dimensions of marriagability (also age of marriage, skills, etc)
Avatar de Fiona Jordan
Fiona Jordan 4 heures
FJ: This is a really interesting question. Are you focusing on the "now you can get married to anyone" aspect of eligibility (i.e. theoretical permission), or "now you've done this you will be more likely to get married" (i.e. increased probability). Or both?
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Dimitris
Dimitris
Do collective rituals increase ingroup cohesion, and if so, do they also increase outgroup hostility?

I am approaching this along the lines that Sean described: robust, incremental, and focused on causal inference. That is, through a series of studies, each using different methods.
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Tim
Tim
Cause and consequence: Does commercialization transform sacrifice into debt repayment?
1 comment
Avatar de %{name}
Anonyme 2 jours
Carol R Ember Makes an assumption that sacrifice is practiced or is important for economic transactions. Not sure what kind of sacrfices you are referring to. Are you planning to narrow to societies that only have sacrifices? Is your main interest in debt payment or in sacrifices?
Votre avatar
lucie clech
Lucie

# data[].attributes.body
What are the types of permanent body modification, and why do we modify ourselves?

Exploratory question - what are the types of PBM?

Detective story - why do we modify ourselves

Robust - will be testing 3 ultimate level hypotheses

Also will be looking at proximate level motivators

# data[].attributes.body
Are theories of human social norm evolution testable?

Starting with elements of Sean's framework: causal modelling of key theories in the literature

# data[].attributes.body
Are sex differences in time spent in rough and tumble play consistent across cultures?

Exploratory question

In the future, could be working toward a causal inference question (what factors contribute to differences)

# data[].attributes.body
Is female coalition building more common in societies with more male sexual coercion?

Sean's 'network of relationships' /causal 'flowchart' question

# data[].attributes.body
Are common behavioral symptoms of sickness universally recognized as indicating sickness; if not, why?

Initially exploratory/descriptive, but there can be room for transformation as cultures change through colonialism/adoption of Western medical ideas, etc. Also, what are the consequences of variation here?

# data[].attributes.body
Original question:
Are there any specific characteristics in moralizing gods encouraging generalized prosociality?

Reformulating into:
What are the conditions that promote generalized prosociality?
exploratory

# data[].attributes.body
What explains cross-cultural variation in rituals/norms that determine marital eligibility of young adults?

Fiona's framework

Exploratory: How are features distributed?
Correlated evolution: Do features change together?

Carol's framework

Detective stories about why this versus that, and what would the mechanism be?

# data[].attributes.body
Cause and consequence: Does commercialization transform sacrifice into debt repayment?

# data[].attributes.body
Do collective rituals increase ingroup cohesion, and if so, do they also increase outgroup hostility?

I am approaching this along the lines that Sean described: robust, incremental, and focused on causal inference. That is, through a series of studies, each using different methods.

# data[].attributes.body
Why do some writing systems have visually more complex characters than others?

Causal question / detective story; tests of several different hypotheses

# data[].attributes.body
Why some societies do not consume alcohol?

It's detective story (causes and consequences).

# data[].attributes.body
Does some cultural institutions make cultural groups more likely to go extinct?

Currently it’s a descriptive/exploratory study because statistically it’s challenging to diffrentiate extinction/speciation rates in phylogenetic inferences and to be certain with inferred causal directions.

# data[].attributes.body
What factors explain patterns of male body ideals across cultures?

At this point, it fits into a "detective stories" framework.

# data[].attributes.body
What material traits societies organized in patrilineal descent with female inheritance of (real) property share?

Currently a "Detective story" fitting Carol's framework.

# data[].attributes.body
What factors predict cooperative production division rules?

This is a causal question. I would first start with a descriptive/exploratory question of what the patterns of cooperative production division rules across the globe are, to check whether there are variations, and what factors could be correlated with the different division rules.

# data[].attributes.body
Are expressions of gratitude universally expected or are they associated with more complex societies?

Fiona's framework:
- Exploratory / Correlated evolution

Carol's framework:
- Why do some societies have norms of expressing gratitude?

Causal question (Brea's suggestion):
- Are expressions of gratitude less likely in societies characterized by generalized norms of reciprocity?

# data[].attributes.body
Robust: as many tests as possible

Incremental: don't have to prove/understand everything

Causal inference with explicit links: a network of relationships

Standard: Observation > theory > hypothesis

Heretical: Testing > hypothesis > theory

# data[].attributes.body
Exploratory: How are features distributed?

Ancestral states: what's the earlier form of a feature?

Correlated evolution: Do features change together?

Transformation: How do cultural features change form?

Mode and Tempo: How and when do features diversify?

# data[].attributes.body
Detective stories about why this versus that, and what would the mechanism be?

Descriptive questions

Causes and consequences

# data[].attributes.body
How does use of cash impact risk management, social capital, and wealth inequality?

It relates to "transformation" and "consequences" question.

I can further explore explicit links that mediate the relationships between use of cash (market integration) and other social phenomena (risk management, social capital, and wealth inequality)

# data[].attributes.body
Does the presence of ecstatic religious practices predict [immersive drama]?

Consequence question.

The underlying idea being theories suggesting that first altered states of consciousness were induced through immersive, ecstatic religious rituals (including fasting, sleep deprivation, psychoactive drugs, etc.), and [my theory] that this was then later used by drama (and other arts) to draw in both the actors and the audience and make the enacted story salient (memorable, emotive, motivating, significant), such that acting/drama helps transmit the story (information) but also make it emotionally significant and motivational.

Problem: How to measure [immersive drama]. Is just drama sufficient? Probably not.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the costs of having brothers for girls in patriarcal societies? # exploratory? #causal inference?
Do populations in regions with high intensity climate-induced events present a reduced health care access? #exploratory?#causal inference?

# data[].attributes.body
What drives variation in the size of the kinship term lexicon?

It's an exploratory, and "mode and tempo" question at present.

In the future it will be a "cause and consequence" question, but I need to know the network of relationships first!