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Spain begins conquest of Colombia

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Spain establishes the settlement of Santa Fe de Bogota, which subsequently becomes know as Bogota, the current capital; becomes part of the Spanish vice-royalty of Peru.

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Bogota becomes the capital of the Spanish vice-royalty of Nueva Granada, which also rules Ecuador and Venezuela.

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Simon Bolivar defeats Spanish at Boyaca. Republic of Gran Colombia formed with Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela.

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Gran Colombia dissolved when Venezuela and Ecuador split off, leaving present-day Colombia and Panama a separate state known as Nueva Granada.

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Conservative and Liberal parties founded.

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Liberal Party rule sees country divided into nine largely autonomous entities and the church separated from the state.

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Start of 45 years of Conservative Party rule during which power is recentralised and church influence restored.

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"The War of the Thousand Days": around 120,000 people die in civil war between Liberals and Conservatives. Panama becomes an independent state.

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Liberal President Olaya Herrera elected by coalition; social legislation introduced and trade unions encouraged.