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This was the period of time from before the Civil War until after the War of 1812. The plantations in the South had a huge cotton boom that made the South the center of economy for the United States. However, the North was making great strides towards economic growth with the beginnings of manufacturing and the Industrial Revolution. Slavery was popular in the South and many of the slaves from the North were sold to Southern Plantations.

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Historical Figures: Americans who were Christians
Definition: A series of religious revivals in the first half of the 1800s characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings
Significance: made a soul-winning the primary function of ministry and stimulated several moral and philanthropic reforms, including temperance and the emancipation of women.

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The Republican ideal took hold in the early United States with the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. Republicanism is a complex, changing body of ideas and values that often influences political parties of that time.

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A machine to clean cotton, the cotton gin was designed to separate cotton seeds from fibers. This improved the amount of cotton exported, combining with new factory innovations, in order to greatly increase wealth and manufactured goods' production.

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The "Black Belt" was named after the rich black soil from Georgia to Louisiana. It was characterized by the huge cotton production that arose due to higher demand and higher productivity in manufacturing. This region had many slaves and was mainly developed by the federal government after tons of people flowed to it in the "Alabama Fever" of 1816.

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1800-1850 -EZ

The Romanticism movement was an art movement applying to visual art and writing. The Romanticism movement moved writers and artists to depict and describe in more detail as well as make their pieces more sweet and dreamy (romanticized).

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Historical figures: United States (Jefferson) and France
Definition: The 1803 U.S purchase of the vast land holdings that France claimed along the west side of the Mississippi River beginning in New Orleans and extending through the heart of North America to the Canadian border
Significance: This purchase doubled the size of the United States and strengthen the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution.

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James Madison and President Jefferson refused to deliver William Marbury's commission as a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia, so he sued. The Supreme Court led by John Marshall, had trouble with this case because Jefferson should have paid Marbury, but the Judiciary Act of 1789 because the clause that gave federal courts the right to issue writs requiring governmental action was deemed unconstitutional. This case created judicial review: a power implied in the Constitution that gives federal courts the right to review and determine the constitutionality of acts passed by Congress and state legislatures. In the end, Marbury did not get his job because Jefferson was not forced to appoint Marbury.

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Marbury v. Madison | BRI's Homework Help Series

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This is the name given to the expedition led by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806 that explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon lands extending to the West Coast. Jefferson appoint Lewis, his private secretary, and Clark, an army officer, in order to show American Dominance over their newly acquired land.

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After the Non-Importation Act failed, Jefferson urged the Embargo Act which prohibited American ships from leaving for any foreign port. Jefferson wanted to harm Britain but the English had an ample harvest and their warehouses full, so the US, New England specifically, were the ones getting hurt. This act resulted in the emergence of smugglers through Canada and the sea. Massachusetts and Connecticut legislatures considered the Embargo Act to be illegal.

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In order to calm down New England merchants after the Embargo Act, this Non-Intercourse Act reduced restrictions on trade to merely Britain and France.

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These are members of Congress, mostly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain. The War Hawks were led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and Felix Grundy of Tennessee, and they argued that a war with Britain would lead to more land expansion. They wanted to attack Spanish colonies in Florida in order to claim the land.

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In June 1812, Madison ordered Congress to declare war against Britian. This war was thought to be short, painless, and most importantly not expensive. However, the U.S. had a weak army which failed on their attack on Canada. There was lots of fighting along the frontiers since the majority of the Native Americans sided with the British. The Royal Navy enforced a tight blockade on the Atlantic which ultimately destroyed the U.S. economy. British ships attacked coastal towns and the U.S. had minimal victories, including the win on Lake Erie led by Oliver Hazard Perry. The war took a turn for the worse in 1814 when Britain ended their war with France and was able to turn full attention towards the U.S. Unlike the British front, the U.S. started to make progress along the Indian front who faced heavy losses, both in people and land.

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Francis Cabot Lowell, Patrick T. Jackson, and Nathan Appleton incorporated the Boston Manufacturing Company. This mill ran on hydropower from the Merrimack River, producing cotton cloth. Their huge looms required many people, and Lowell created the town of Lowell, marking the beginning of the American Industrial Revolution.

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By the 1820s, America had largely moved away from the barter economy of earlier days and rather to the market economy, focused on global economic ties and the use of cash. This global economy and wealth was significant, increasing productivity and prosperity.

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The American peace delegation of Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, and John Quincy Adams negotiated with Britain to form the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. Britain initially wanted a protected zone for Native Americans, but in the end, they agreed to have things go back to the way they were before the war.

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Post War of 1812- EZ

The program of government subsidies to improve roads and canals and to foster economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. This system was also put in place in order to reduce poverty and increase domestic jobs and manufacturing.

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APUSH Review: Henry Clay's American System

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1816- EZ

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit. In order to help with the national debt crisis due to the War of 1812 the Second National Bank was created in order to give loans.

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Segment 202: The Second Bank of the United States

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During this timeframe, nearly unanimous elections due to the fall of the Federalist Party placed James Monroe in power. This was merely one aspect of peace; huge debates were being held on the issues of slavery, cotton production, and expansion into farther lands.

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After overproduction of raw materials and crops and little demand, prices dropped extremely low. The US Bank limited credit, and people and farmers could no longer get loans. This led to massive amounts of repossession and a large economic depression.

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Adams-Onis Treaty 1819-1821 (in effect) AB

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Adams-Onis Treaty 1819-1821 (in effect) AB

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This treaty was also known as the Florida Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty, and it was signed in Washington in 1819 and ratified in 1821. This treaty recognized the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase along with Spanish ceding its land in the Pacific Northwest. In return, the U.S. recognized Spain's sovereignty in Texas. The U.S. gained Florida and the Oregon Territory for $5 million.

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John Marshall, famous for a "loose construction" of the Constitution, led a Supreme Court ruling after Maryland attempted to tax the National Bank, in which the power of the federal government was asserted. It proved that states cannot interfere with or tax federal activities, specifically citing the "necessary and proper" clause. Maryland had overstepped its state government's bounds by trying to tax the National Bank to drive it out of Maryland.

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Historical figures: Henry Clay, Congress
Definition: a compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state as well as prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory above 36 degree30’ north latitude
Significance: it admitted Missouri to the Union as a salve state and Maine as a free state it was a measure workout out between the North and South which marked the beginning of the prolonged sectional conflict over slavery.

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Historical Figures: Prompted by churches, WCTU
Definition: Limit or outlaw the consumption and production of alcoholic beverages in the United States. Embodied the connection between social reform and religious revival
Significance: It was a concern for general social ills with religious sentiment and practical health considerations in a way that was appealing to many middle-class reformers

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Historical Figures: James Monroe and John Quincy Adams
Definition: A declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the United States would not allow European interference in the internal affairs of independent nations anywhere in the Americas
Significance: Was to separate the influence in which the US and European powers would have.

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The usual process in which a party caucus in Congress would select a presidential nominee had broken down and three members of Monroe's cabinet and the Speaker of the House had all run for president. A member from the Democratic-Republican party, Andrew Jackson, also ran. The others who ran were William H. Crawford of Georgia, John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, John C. Calhoun, and Henry Clay. Jackson was a war hero and a fierce opponent to banks, which pleased many people since the Panic of 1819. Jackson won the popular vote and the real battle became Adams vs. Jackson. Adams eventually won even though he lost both the popular and electoral votes. There was thought to be a "corrupt bargain" between him and Clay.

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Started in 1817 and ending in 1825, the Erie Canal was built from the Hudson River Valley to Lake Erie. This was to connect the heartland of New York to the powerhouse of New York City. This was a huge engineering marvel for the time, and it lowered costs immensely and increased inland interconnectedness, especially the Mississippi River later on.

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1828- EZ

A way of selecting people for government jobs based on the idea “to the victor belongs the spoils.” Jackson fired many government officials based on the belief that many officials were hired due to their support and aid of the previous president and high ranking government officials.

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The Spoils System Explained: US History Review

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Historical Figures: Jacksonians
Definition: Political party that before the Civil War followed the ideas of Jefferson and Jackson and favored states' rights and a limited role for the federal government, especially in economic affairs (very different from the modern Democratic Party)
Significance: They opposed the abolition of slavery and argued for the "common man" to be left alone by centralized government and economic interests.

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Democratic-Republican Party

Though the U.S. Constitution doesn't mention political parties, factions soon developed among the new nation's founding fathers.

But in 1792, supporters of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who favored decentralized, limited government, formed an opposition faction that would become known as the Democratic-Republicans.

Despite Washington's warning against the danger of political parties in his famous farewell address, the power struggle between Federalists and the Democratic-Republican Party dominated the early government, with Jefferson and his supporters emerging largely triumphant after 1800.

The Federalists steadily lost ground in the early 19th century, and dissolved completely after the War of 1812.

Jacksonian Democrats

In response, New York Senator Martin van Buren helped build a new political organization, the Democratic Party, to back Jackson, who defeated Adams easily in 1828.

After Jackson vetoed a bill renewing the charter of the Bank of the United States in 1832, his opponents founded the Whig Party, led by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. By the 1840s, Democrats and Whigs were both national parties, with supporters from various regions of the country, and dominated the U.S. political system; Democrats would win all but two presidential elections from 1828 to 1856.

Civil War and Reconstruction

In the 1850s, the debate over whether slavery should be extended into new Western territories split these political coalitions. Southern Democrats favored slavery in all territories, while their Northern counterparts thought each territory should decide for itself via popular referendum.

The Union victory in the Civil War left Republicans in control of Congress, where they would dominate for the rest of the 19th century. During the Reconstruction era, the Democratic Party solidified its hold on the South, as most white Southerners opposed the Republican measures protecting civil and voting rights for African Americans.

By the mid-1870s, Southern state legislatures had succeeded in rolling back many of the Republican reforms, and Jim Crow laws enforcing segregation and suppressing Black voting rights would remain in place for the better part of a century.

Progressive Era and the New Deal

As the 19th century drew to a close, the Republicans had been firmly established as the party of big business during the Gilded Age, while the Democratic Party strongly identified with rural agrarianism and conservative values.

But during the Progressive Era, which spanned the turn of the century, the Democrats saw a split between its conservative and more progressive members. As the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, William Jennings Bryan advocated for an expanded role of government in ensuring social justice. Though he lost, Bryan's advocacy of bigger government would influence the Democratic ideology going forward.

Republicans again dominated national politics during the prosperous 1920s, but faltered after the stock market crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first Democrat to win the White House since Woodrow Wilson.

In his first 100 days, Roosevelt launched an ambitious slate of federal relief programs known as the New Deal, beginning an era of Democratic dominance that would last, with few exceptions, for nearly 60 years.

Dixiecrats

Roosevelt's reforms raised hackles across the South, which generally didn't favor the expansion of labor unions or federal power, and many Southern Democrats gradually joined Republicans in opposing further government expansion.

Most Dixiecrats returned to the Democratic fold, but the incident marked the beginning of a seismic shift in the party's demographics. At the same time, many Black voters who had remained loyal to the Republican Party since the Civil War began voting Democratic during the Depression, and would continue to do so in greater numbers with the dawn of the civil rights movement.

Civil Rights Era

Although Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed civil rights legislation (and sent federal troops to integrate a Little Rock high school in 1954), it was Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat from Texas, who would eventually sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.

Upon signing the former bill, Johnson reportedly told his aide Bill Moyers that "I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come."

Over the course of the late 1960s and 1970s, more and more white Southerners voted Republican, driven not only by the issue of race, but also by white evangelical Christians' opposition to abortion and other "culture war" issues.

Democrats From Clinton to Obama

After losing five out of six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988, Democrats captured the White House in 1992 with Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton's defeat of the incumbent, George H.W. Bush, as well as third-party candidate Ross Perot.

Clinton's eight years in office saw the country through a period of economic prosperity but ended in a scandal involving the president's relationship with a young intern, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton's conduct in the affair eventually led to his impeachment by the House in 1998; the Senate acquitted him the following year.

Al Gore, Clinton's vice president, narrowly captured the popular vote in the general election in 2000, but lost to George W. Bush in the electoral college, after the U.S. Supreme Court called a halt to a manual recount of disputed Florida ballots.

Midway through Bush's second term, Democrats capitalized on popular opposition to the ongoing Iraq War and regained control of the House and Senate.

Opposition to Obama and his policies, particularly health care reform, fueled the growth of the conservative, populist Tea Party movement, helping Republicans make huge gains in Congress during his two terms in office.

But against most expectations, Clinton lost in the general election that November to reality TV star Donald Trump, while Republican gains in congressional elections left Democrats in the minority in both the House and Senate.

2020 Election

The slate of candidates running for president from the Democratic Party in the 2020 election was historically large and diverse. Joe Biden, Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders, Pete Buttigieg, Kamala Harris, Beto O'Rourke, Corey Booker, Andrew Yang, Amy Klobuchar, Tulsi Gabbard and Tom Steyer were among the major candidates aiming to take on President Trump.

Sources

Political Parties in Congress, The Oxford Guide to the United States Government.
Eric Rauchway, "When and (to an extent) why did the parties switch places?" Chronicle Blog Network (May 20, 2010).

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Though the U.S. Constitution doesn't mention political parties, factions soon developed among the new nation's founding fathers. But in 1792, supporters of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who favored decentralized, limited government, formed an opposition faction that would become known as the Democratic-Republicans.

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Andrew Jackson's Presidency ("Jacksonian Democracy") 1829-1837 KF

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Andrew Jackson's Presidency ("Jacksonian Democracy") 1829-1837 KF

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Historical Figures: Andrew Jackson
Definition: known as the "people's presidency" model of the "common man" fought in the Revolutionary War at 13 and became a hero
Significance: Destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, founded the Democratic Party, supported individual liberty and instituted policies that resulted in the forced migration of Native Americans. Expanded suffrage to white men over the age of 21 and restructured a number of federal institutions tutions

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1830- EZ

Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 that provided funding for the removing and resettling of eastern Indians in the West. It granted the president to use force if necessary and resulted in the involuntary transfer of Native Americans to new homes in Oklahoma. This resulted in a death of a third of the tribe and action taken by other Indians whether it be moving off their land or to a different part of their land.

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Historical Figures: Abolitionist, Frederick Douglass
Definition: the principle or policy abolition, especially ending slavery as an institution in the United States and emancipating African Americans, movement in opposition of slavery, often demanding immediate uncompensated emancipation of all slaves.
Significance: considered radical and there were only a few abolitionists prior to the Civil war. all were abolitionists advocated legal, but not social equality for blacks.

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1830s- EZ

The movement people followed in order to connect with the divinity of God in the world because that is where thy thought they could connect to Him the most rather than through prayer. Those who lived in this movement lived. In nature and with gender equality.

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Access Google Sites with a personal Google account or Google Workspace account (for business use).

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Another Marshall Supreme Court ruling, this case ruled that Georgia could not extend their state governmental powers over people conducting business and deals in Native territories. This was due to the fact that the Cherokees had sovereign rights. This furthered federal power and authority over the states.

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1832- EZ

Nullification Crisis- the idea brought up that any state could claim that a federal law was considered null and void and other states could weigh in upon it as well
Tariff of abominations- raised tariffs on all products except cotton but especially raised tariffs on Mid-Atlantic products

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Historical Figures: Henry Clay and Adams
Definition: Political Party that began to take shape in support of the Adams- Clay American System and was first known as the National Republicans, but became the Whig Party in the 1830's in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats.
Significance: The Whig Party counted the expansion of railroads, creation of the state public school system, and established the first state school for death and the blind.

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1838- EZ

The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands of Cherokees died along the way

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1848 -EZ

A convention held by women for the movement of women’s rights held in upstate New York. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott gathered together women in order fight for the women’s rights movement and joining together the women’s rights activists and abolitionists

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Women's History: Seneca Falls Convention