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Upon James I’s death, Charles I took power, aiming to control the growing tension created by his father’s attempts to unify the British Isles

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Charles I signs Petition of Right and refuses to call back Parliament (1628)

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Charles I signs Petition of Right and refuses to call back Parliament (1628)

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Charles I signs the Petition of Right, which says that the King can not raise taxes without Parliament’s consent. However, he proceeded to immediately disband Parliament after this, and not call them back.

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William Laud, Charles I’s Archbishop of Canterbury, harasses Puritans and other religious minorities all over Great Britain. He orders torturing of critics and implements Anglican policy with an iron fist. The Scottish Presbyterians tire of the constant religious harassment, and they revolt against Charles I and invade England.

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When the Scotts invade, Charles I calls back Parliament in an attempt to have them rally behind him in the face of the revolt. However, Parliament seizes this opportunity. They pass the Triennial Act, making it so parliament has to convene at least every three years, stopping a monarch from abusing their power like that again. They also mandated that Parliament could be dissolved only by the members’ consent. This marked the beginning of the Long Parliament, as due to Parliament taking necessary measures, it was not disbanded until 1660 by member agreement.

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Charles orders military to arrest members of Parliament, Civil War breaks out (1642)

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Charles orders military to arrest members of Parliament, Civil War breaks out (1642)

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Once Charles began to order Parliamentary arrests due to their actions to secure power, people quickly began taking the side of either Parliament or the King, and Civil War broke out. Oliver Cromwell, a General and statesman, leads the Parliamentary side.

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The Cavaliers (those loyal to the king) fought against the Roundheads (those supporting Parliament) and their advanced and modern New Model Army, which was led by Cromwell with devastating force. Cromwell led his forces into Catholic Ireland and this culminated in the Drogheda Massacre, when Cromwell and his forces demolished the town of Drogheda and it’s people in an attempt to force them under Puritan and Parliamentary control and end their Catholic resistance.

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Due to the overwhelming force and support of the Roundheads, they were able to win the English Civil War and take King Charles I into custody. Cromwell and his followers had Charles I executed, and purged the Parliament of all members who opposed trying the King for treason, leaving behind a new Parliament coined the Rump Parliament.

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Oliver Cromwell takes power over England in the absence of the king, and begins to rule his new Republic with somewhat of an iron first, shaping England into more of a military dictatorship. Under his leadership, he led The Protectorate, his new republic containing England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland

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Disunity takes hold, Cromwell fights back (1655)

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Disunity takes hold, Cromwell fights back (1655)

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Under Cromwell’s leadership, people began to get frustrated. They were frustrated with Cromwell’s authoritarian tendencies, his intolerance of religion, and many of the factions which worked together to fight for the Roundheads began to argue amongst themselves again.

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Cromwell dies, Charles II restores the monarchy (1660)

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Cromwell dies, Charles II restores the monarchy (1660)

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In the midst of widespread chaos and disagreement due to Cromwell, he dies. This leaves England in a state of shock, and Civil War again seems imminent. However, having seen the turmoil of Cromwell’s leadership, the English Parliament summons Charles II, Charles I’s son, to rule England. The monarchy was reinstated, and it became known as The Restoration.

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Charles II goes through hardships and tests religious tolerance (1665)

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Charles II goes through hardships and tests religious tolerance (1665)

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Charles II was no doubt more well liked than his father. He was interested in arts and culture, and was much more of a people-pleasing king than his father was. However, hardships such as plague outbreaks and the Great London Fire presented many great hardships. Also, Charles II began testing religious tolerance and loosening restrictions on Catholics and other religious minorities. However, Parlimanet felt threatened and wanted to uphold the Chruch of England, so they passed The Test Act. It mandated that if one was not loyal to the Church of England they could not hold public office.

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James II takes power, has an heir (1685)

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James II takes power, has an heir (1685)

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James II, Charles II’s Catholic brother, took the throne upon Charles II’s death. This greatly alarmed Parliament due to his religion, and it scared them even more when his wife had a son, producing an heir. Many had hostile feelings for James II, and eventually his military lost their loyalty to him as well. This caused him to flee to France, and Parliament took it as an abdication.

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Mary II and William III take power, and agree to rule by Bill of Rights (1688)

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Mary II and William III take power, and agree to rule by Bill of Rights (1688)

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Upon James II’s fleeing, Parliament summoned his daughter Mary and her spouse William to inhabit the monarchy. William and Mary accepted, however Parliament had them agree to rule under the provisions of the English Bill of Rights first. With that, the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy was complete, and this course of events became known as the Glorious Revolution to convey this.