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closest living relatives of humans

Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)
Location: savannahs & forests in equatorial Africa
Diet: omnivores
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: knuckle-walking
Social: MM/MF groups w/ fission/fusion
male dominance hierarchy, strong male social bonding
Reproduction:  single birth every 4-6 years
Notable: most widespread of non-human apes, extensive tool use, group hunting, rudimentary 'war'

Pan paniscus (bonobos)
Location: dense rainforests of the DRC
Diet: folivores / frugivores, some meat (hunting rare)
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: knuckle-walking
Social: MM/MF groups w/ fission/fusion
weaker dominance hierarchy
females more dominant
strong female & mother-son social bonding
Reproduction: single birth every 5 years
Notable: over & extensive sexual behavior b/t & within males, females, & offspring

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Location: equatorial Africa
Diet: folivore / frugivore
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: knuckle-walking
Social: polygynous, MM/MF
Reproduction: single birth every 4 years
Notable: largest ape

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Location: only on islands of Borneo & Sumatra
Diet: frugivores/folivores
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: quadrumanous climbing
Social: semi-solitary to social
Reproduction: single birth every 7-9 years
Notable: largest arboreal animal in the world, highly intelligent, long period of offspring care, two male morphs (unflanged & flanged)

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Family: CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World Monkeys)

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Family: CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World Monkeys)

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- tail
- bilophodont molars
- scapulae placed laterally on narrow & deep thorax
- circular rib cage w/ short clavicle on side of rib cage

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Location: Asia (orangutans) & Africa (gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans)

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- Location: SE Asia
- Diet: frugivores
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal brachiators
- Social: pair bonded
- Reproduction: single birth every 3 years
- Notable: duetting as territory marker & to strengthen bond b/t mates

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Night/Owl Monkeys
- Diet: omnivores
- Activity: nocturnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: pair bonded (monogamous)
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: bi-parental care, only nocturnal anthropoids

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Daubentoniidae (Aye-Aye)
Diet: Insectivore
Activity: Nocturnal
Locomotion: arboreal quadruped
Social: mostly solitary
Reproduction: single birth/year
Notable features:
- percussive forager
- specialized middle finger
- continuously growing incisors

Lemuridae (ruffed, brown, bamboo, & ring-tailed lemurs)
Diet: Folivores/frugivores
Activity: Cathemeral
Locomotion: quadrupeds
Social: MM/MF
Reproduction: varies; single birth/year (litters)
Notable features:
- cyanide consumption

Indriidae (indri, sifaka, avahi)
Indri lack tails
- Diet:
- Activity:
- Locomotion:
- Social: pair-bonded (indri & avahi), MM/MF
- Reproduction:
- Notable:

Cheirogaleidae (dwarf, mouse, & fat-tailed lemur)
- Diet: Insectivores
- Activity: Nocturnal
- Locomotion: VCL
- Social: solitary to MM/MF
- Reproduction: single or twin, 1-2 times/year
- Notable: smallest primate (mouse lemur), hibernating primate (dwarf lemur)

Lepilemur (sportive lemurs)
- Diet: folivores
- Activity: nocturnal
- Locomotion: VCL
- Social: somewhat solitary to small family groups
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: low energy diet = low energy primate

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Galagos (Bushbabies)
Location: Africa
Diet: Insectivores
Activity: Nocturnal
Locomotion: VCL
Social: mostly solitary
Reproduction: single/twin births (1-4 times annually)
infants parked (carried in mouth)
another stinky piss baby !!1!

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Lorises
Location: Asia
Diet: frugivores (slow loris), insectivores (slender loris)
Activity: nocturnal
Locomotion: arboreal quadruped, slow moving, tight grip
Social: mostly - somewhat solitary
Reproduction: single/twin births (1-4 times annually), infants parked
Notable features: no tail, venomous saliva
stinky piss babies !!1!

Pottos
Location: Africa
Diet: Insectivores
Activity: nocturnal
Locomotion: slow climbers, tight grip
Social: mostly solitary
Reproduction: single birth/year
Notable feature: scapular shield (elongated cervical vertebrae spines)

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ONE TRUE SYNAPOMORPHY:
petrosally derived auditory bulla
other traits: grasping hands & feet, nails instead of claws, limb mobility/clavicle, group living, stereoscopic/binocular vision, reduced snout, postorbital bar, big brains, single births, long lives, paired nipples, pendulous penis, etc.

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- post-orbital bar (no closure)
- lacrimal bone outside eye socket
- unfused frontal bones + mandible
- tooth comb + grooming claw
- mobile ears
- larger snouts + wet nose
- reliance on olfaction
- smaller brains
- (mostly) nocturnal
- large eyes
- tapetum lucidum
- uterus bicornis (two horns)
- many solitary
- faster life history

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- found in madagascar
- arboreal quadrupeds VCL (vertical clinging & leaping)
- mostly nocturnal
- female dominance
- largest group of strepsirrhines

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- Asia & Africa
- small, arboreal, nocturnal, mainly solitary
- slow adaptations (Lorises & Pottos), fast adaptations (Galagos)

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- full post-orbital closure
- lacrimal bone inside eye socket
- fused frontal bones + mandible
- no tooth comb or grooming claw
- fixed ears

- smaller snouts + dry nose
- more reliance on vision

- larger brains

- (mostly) diurnal

- small eyes

- retinal fovea

- uterus simplex (one chamber)

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- arboreal
- nocturnal (large eyes)
- completely carnivorous!
- prosimian traits: mobile ears, grooming claw, bicornate uterus, nocturnal eyes, unfused mandible
- haplorrhine traits: retinal fovea, fused frontal bones, reduced dry snout, no tooth comb, nearly complete post-orbital closure
- genetically closer to haplorrhines (more physically similar to strepsirrhines)

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INFRAORDER Simiiformes: Platyrrhines       (New World Monkeys)  

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INFRAORDER Simiiformes: Platyrrhines       (New World Monkeys)  

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- 2-1-3-3 dental formula
- ectotympanic ring
- zygomatic-parietal contact (ZIPPY)
- sideways facing round nasal openings
- largely arboreal
- medium to small body
- some prehensile tails

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Capuchins & Squirrel Monkeys
- Diet: omnivores
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: MM/FF
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: tool use in capuchins, semi-prehensile tails in capuchins, fatting in squirrel monkey males

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Titis, Sakis, Uakaris
- Diet: frugivore (hard seed & unripe fruit specialists)
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: MM/MF, pair bonded (titi)
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: sing duets (titi), feeding specializations for hard food

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Howler, Spider, Woolly Monkey
- Diet: facultative folivores (howler), frugivores (spider, woolly)
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds & suspensory climbers
- Social: MM/MF (howlers sometimes polygynous)
- Reproduction: single births every 2-3 years
- Notable: prehensile tails, loudest primate (howler), largest clitoris (spider), trichromatic vision (howler)

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Marmosets & Tamarins
- Diet: insectivores, gumnivores
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: polyandry or pair bonded, live in family groups
- Reproduction: typically twins annually
- Notable: male infant care, genetic chimerism, 2.1.3.2 (rather than 2.1.3.3.)

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INFRAORDER Simiiformes: Catarrhines      (Old World Primates)

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INFRAORDER Simiiformes: Catarrhines      (Old World Primates)

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- 2-1-2-3 dental formula
- ectotympanic tube
- frontal-sphenoid contact (FUSSY)
- downward facing rectangular nasal openings
- some arboreal, some terrestrial
- larger body size
- monkeys have tails, but none prehensile
- ischial callosities (sitting pads in OWM and lesser apes)

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Gibbons & Siamangs (lesser apes), Orangutans, Chimpanzees & Bonobos, Gorilla, Humans
- Y-5 molars
- no tail
- broad noses
- short lumbar region
- larger cranial vault
- mobile shoulders
- long arms (upright body posture)
- scapulae placed dorsally on wide & shallow thorax
- broad flat rib cage
- suspensory, orthograde climbers

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- bilophodont molars
- tails
- narrow noses
- long lumbar region
- smaller cranial vault
- medium to large body
- arboreal or terrestrial
- wide range of habitats
- all diurnal

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Baboons, macaques, mangabeys, gelada, mandrill, guenons, vervet, etc.
- Location: Africa & Asia (macaques)
- Diet: frugivores, omnivores, gramnivores (gelada)
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: terrestrial & arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: MM/MF, polygynous, OMUs
- Reproduction: variable, single offspring every 2 years
- Notable: cheek pouches, vocal grooming (geladas)
- low cusp flat molars
- broad incisors
- narrow inter-orbital region
- similar arms and legs, short tail

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Location: Asia (langurs & odd-nosed) & Africa (colobus)
- Diet: folivores, toxic seed consumption
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal & terrestrial quadrupeds
- Social: MM/MF, polygynous
- Reproduction: variable, single offspring every 2 years
- Notable: adaptations for diet (high crest molars, narrow incisors, sacculated stomach), first observed infanticide
- broad inter-orbital region
- long legs, short arms, long tail (for balance)