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Dominant form of government in America (19 of 22 states, exceptions are Canada, Belize and Suriname)
Currently we can say that Venezuela has 2 presidents as the crisis is occurring. Disputed between Juan Guaidó and Nicolas Maduro.

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- Is a domination  that suggests a permanent power in control. It is supported by the constitution of the country which makes it very difficult to remove it.

Advantages
1. The state can manipulate completely the economy of the country, so if there is a economic emergency or a project that needs to be done, this process of giving money is faster.
2. It allows  to improve by itself because as in Chile, every 4 years that we vote and change the political party, we don't let it improve by its mistakes, so in this governance, it can only improve.
3. This political party allows equality. The average person receives the same treatment as their neighbor with this government because everyone gets what they need to build a life for themselves. We can see this in eduaction and job opportunities.

Disadvantages:
1. The government usually owns every element of society. That includes the home where you live, the business that provides you with a job, and every aspect of the market.
2. Most systems that support this form of governing don’t allow people to have the freedom to speak their mind either
3. There are no free markets in this system

CUBA
Cuba is one of a few extant Marxist–Leninist socialist states, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined(preserve) in the Constitution.

Marxism–Leninism was the official state ideology of the Soviet Union and other ruling parties. It seeks to establish a socialist state to develop further into socialism and eventually communism, described as a classless social system with common ownership of the means of production, with full social and economic equality of all members of society.

In the context of the theory of Leninist revolutionary struggle, vanguardism is a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically advanced sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations in order to draw larger sections of the working class towards revolutionary politics and serve as manifestations of proletarian political power against the bourgeois.

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*Tendencies towards authoritarianism because of the overarching power given to one person.
*The centralization of power in a single person (president) can influence society and the media, lowering and undermining civic participation.

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Presidential System vs. Parliamentary System

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Presidential System vs. Parliamentary System

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The major difference between these two systems is that in a Presidential system the President, is elected by the people and the executive leader of the Parliamentary system, the Prime Minister, is elected from the legislative branch directly.

Another difference is that in the Presidential System the presidents are more stable than in the Parliamentary System, where The Prime Minister can be easily kicked out.

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*It makes the head of state more legitimate as it is elected by us so it should reflect what we want and believe in. (Democracy)
*the separation of powers (Legislative, executive and judicial) allows balance and they can check and monitor each other.

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It is a form of government in which there is a separation of powers.

Monarch → executive power, ceremonial leader

Government → legislative power, constitution

Examples of modern constitutional monarchies are Canada, Sweden, and Japan.

A monarch rules in combination with a parliament, which represents the needs of the people.
Advantages:

1. It gives continuity to the government.

2. It creates a system in which elected officials and the monarch must work together for the good of their nation.

3. It allows political changes to still take place.

4. It can bring people together.
Disadvantages:

1. The government cannot force the monarch to follow any ideology.
2. It is difficult to change this particular form of government.
3. It can be misused by the monarch to oppress the people.
4. It can reinforce the idea of classism in society.

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1. The constitution includes both a popularly elected president and a prime ministe r and cabinet accountable to the parliament

2. Roles of the president and the prime minister, should be complementary:  the president upholds popular legitimacy and represents the continuity of state and nation, while the prime minister exercises policy leadership and takes responsibility for the day-to-day functions of government.

3. There are currently more than fifty countries in the world with a semi-presidential constitution. In eastern Europe and in the former Soviet republics, semi-presidentialism has emerged as the most common regime type. Some countries with this system are: France, Ukraine.

4.Problem: two separately chosen chief executives also implies a risk of conflict over powers and executive control

5. This has paved the way for autocratic tendencies where presidents have overstepped their constitutional boundaries

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Democratic governance of a state.

Executive functions are exercised by members of the parliament appointed by the prime minister to the cabinet.

The head of the government is the Prime Minister.

Laws are made by majority vote of the legislature and signed by the head of state.

May be either bicameral or unicameral.

A disadvantage is that the government can be unstable. The prime minister or chancellor is elected by the majority party, and prime ministers may be removed from power whenever they lose the confidence of a majority of the ruling party or of the parliament.

Some countries that have this system are:

Croatia

Ireland

Finland

Iceland

Austria