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Some fungi are single-celled, while others are multicellular. Single-celled fungi are called yeast. Some fungi alternate between single-celled yeast and multicellular forms depending on what stage of the life cycle they are in. Fungi cells have a nucleus and organelles, like plant and animal cells do. The cell walls of fungi contain chitin, which is a hard substance also found in the exoskeletons of insects and arthropods such as crustaceans. They do not contain cellulose, which commonly makes up plant cell walls.

Multicellular fungi have many hyphae (singular: hypha), which are branching filaments. Hyphae have a tubular shape and are split into cell-like compartments by walls that are known as septa. These cells can have more than one nucleus, and nuclei and other organelles can move in between them. (There is some debate over whether multicellular fungi are truly multicellular, because organelles and cytoplasm can move from one cell to the other in a process called cytoplasmic streaming. They are commonly known as multicellular, but they are not multicellular in the same way as plants and animals, which have enclosed cells.) A fungus’s network of hyphae is called a mycelium.

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Uses of fungi in medicine include micafungin, an antifungal agent, mycophenolate, used to prevent tissue rejection, and rosuvastatin, which reduces cholesterol. Bread yeast is important in baking, but studies of bakers yeast also led to the discovery of basic cellular biochemistry and metabolism. Neither plants nor animals, fungi belong to a group of their own. There are about 99,000 known species of fungal organisms, including yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms.

Fungi are found in almost any habitat, including the International Space Station (ISS), where they were found to decompose food, with some spores surviving 5 months in microgravity

Many live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material. They are one of the most widely distributed organisms on the Earth

They feature in foods, such as mushrooms and baker’s yeast, and they have important roles in medicine and the environment.

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Nutrition:

Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.

Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:

1. They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests

2. They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may causes illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.

3. They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.

Both parasitism and mutualism are classified as symbiotic relationships, but they are discussed separately here because of the different effect on the host.

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Fungi are eukaryotes and have a complex cellular organization. As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus where the DNA is wrapped around histone proteins. A few types of fungi have structures comparable to bacterial plasmids (loops of DNA). Fungal cells also contain mitochondria and a complex system of internal membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Unlike plant cells, fungal cells do not have chloroplasts or chlorophyll.

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Many fungi produce biologically active compounds, several of which are toxic to animals or plants and are therefore called mycotoxins. Of particular relevance to humans are mycotoxins produced by molds causing food spoilage, and poisonous mushrooms . Particularly infamous are the lethal amatoxins in some Amanita mushrooms, and ergot alkaloids, which have a long history of causing serious epidemics of ergotism (St Anthony's Fire) in people consuming rye or related cereals contaminated with sclerotia of the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea

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The word fungus comes from the Latin word for mushrooms. A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms

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1: Fungi keeps the ability to cure several diseases

2: If they can cure, they also keep the ability to cause several disease

3: Fungi are vital to the environment

4:Fungi has a very long life span

5: Fungi can be deadly as it can turn to be toxic and can cause a instant death

6: Fungi can be used to control pests such as insects and netamondes

7: A Fungus is the largest living organism on Earth.

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Vegetative:
The most common method of vegetative reproduction is fragmentation. The hypha breaks up into small fragments accidentally or otherwise. Each fragment develops into a new individual. In the laboratory the ‘hyphal tip method’ is commonly used for inoculation of saprophytic fungus.

Asexual:
They are innumerable and produced on the diplont mycelium in Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes. In Basidio- mycetes they are produced on the diplont mycelium. The spores are of diverse type and borne upon special structures called the sporophores. These spores are produced asexually and called the asexual spores. Usually the spores are uninucleate and nonmotile but multinucleate and motile spores are also found.

The fungus producing more than one type of spores is called the pleomorphic or polymorphic.

Sexual:
In the lower fungi, there is complete fusion of the nuclei of the two different strained gametes in the sexual union, i.e., karyogamy, whereas in the higher fungi, i.e., Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, the fusion of the two nuclei of different strains is delayed and the pairs of the nuclei called the ‘dicaryons’ are formed. The mycelium having such pairs of nuclei is called the ‘dicaryotic mycelium’.

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1. Yeasts

A unicellular fungus which includes baker's yeast. Yeast can also be found in pharmacies as pro biotic which can help prevent diarrhea.

2. Mold

A multicellular fungus and appear as fuzzy growths. It is useful. For example, mold was used to produce the antibiotic penicillin. Mold is used to produce cheese.

3. Mushrooms

A fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source.

Fungi cause three different types of human illness: poisonings, parasitic infections, and allergies. Many poisonous mushrooms are eaten by mistake because they look like edible mushrooms. Parasitic yeasts cause candidiasis, ringworm, and athlete's foot. Mold allergies are very common.

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There are five phyla of fungi: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. The following is a brief description of each phylum.
Chytridiomycota

Chytrids, the organisms found in Chytridiomycota, are usually aquatic They are usually asexual, and produce spores that move around using flagella, small tail-like appendages.
Zygomycota

Zygomycetes are mainly terrestrial and feed off of plant detritus or decaying animal material. They also cause problems by growing on human food sources.
Glomeromycota

Glomeromycetes make up half of all fungi found in soil, and they often form mycorrhizae with plants

Ascomycota

Ascomycetes are often pathogens of plants and animals, including humans, in which they are responsible for infections
Basidiomycota

Like ascomycetes, basidiomycetes also produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia.