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the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

Example:

The police station gets robbed.

A post on Facebook complaining how useless Facebook is.

A traffic cop gets his license suspended because of unpaid parking tickets.

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an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

Example:

“Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.”

The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes.

“This place is like a Garden of Eden.”

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A euphemism is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.

Example:

Put to sleep instead of euthanize.

Pregnancy termination instead of abortion.

Bite the big one instead of die.

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In literature, the tone of a literary work expresses the writer's attitude toward or feelings about the subject matter and audience.

Example:

I felt sorrow as the bird fell out of the free.

You just won the grand prize!

Tommy, don't run in the hallway!

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Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech.

Example:

He's running faster than the wind.

This bag weighs a ton.

That man is as tall as a house.

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a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words

Example:

“Piece of cake”

“Costs an arm and a leg”

“Break a leg”

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Personification occurs when a thing or abstraction is represented as a person, in literature or art, as an anthropomorphic metaphor.

Example:

The car complained as the key was roughly turned in its ignition.

Rita heard the last piece of pie calling her name.

My alarm clock yells at me to get out of bed every morning.

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the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

Example:

Purple is a royal color.

Yellow stands for violence or decay.

Blue represents peacefulness and calm

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a very typical example of a certain person or thing.

Example:

The Sage.

The Innocent.

The Creator.

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the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

Example:

Black bug bit a big black bear.

Sheep should sleep in a shed.

I saw a saw that could out saw any other saw I ever saw.

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visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.

Example:

The F-16 swooped down like an eagle after its prey.

The lake was left shivering by the touch of morning wind.

The pot was as red as a tongue after a cherry-flavored ring pop.

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A literary theme is the main idea or underlying meaning a writer explores in a novel, short story, or other literary work.

Example:

Courage and perseverance.

Coming of age.

Revenge.