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Smallpox was very infectious, with one sick person infecting another five on average. This is even more infectious than Covid-19 is projected to be. Transmission of smallpox can happen through the picking at rashy "pox" on the surface of the skin by infected individuals, thus spreading viral material (Olson, Slide #9, 10-14-2021).

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Aztec medical treatment involved many herbal remedies and religious rituals (Aztec Medicine, 1966). Thus, they were not prepared to face an outbreak as severe and novel as smallpox and ultimately it killed thousands of Aztecs, paving the way for Spanish colonization (Ford, Slide #19, 10-12-2021).

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Since Aztecs historically had not been exposed to smallpox, they did not have natural immunity built up to it like the Europeans did (How Smallpox Devastated, 2019). This suggests a possible genetic difference between those of European descent and those of indigenous American descent.

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The Aztecs had historically been isolated from past outbreaks of smallpox that had taken place in the Old World. The lack of knowledge and physical connection behind the Old and New World prevented the disease from being introduced to the Aztecs until the 16th century (How Smallpox Devastated, 2019).

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Population: Aztec natives in 16th century

Health Outcome: Death from smallpox