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The British Post Office scandal is a major British business, legal, ethical and political scandal involving the prosecution by the Post Office of hundreds of postmasters for alleged theft, false accounting and fraud, resulting in criminal convictions, imprisonment, loss of reputation and livelihood, bankruptcy, and even suicide amongst those involved who died without clearing their names. After a press outcry and later investigations, postmasters convicted of criminal offences had their convictions declared unsafe, obtained unlawfully, and quashed. As of 2021, the government has promised financial compensation to the victims of the scandal, which has been described as one of the biggest miscarriages of justice in British history.

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The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (UKSC), this video talks about the role and the workings of the Supreme Court, the only court with UK-wide jurisdiction and the highest court in the land and the final court of appeal in the UK for civil cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Supreme Court hears cases of the public or constitutional importance affecting the whole population.

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What is the Supreme Court? Why was it established in 2009? And what issues does it hear about? This introductory film is primarily aimed at GSCE/Standard Grade students and explores the role and the workings of the Supreme Court, the only court with UK-wide jurisdiction and the highest court in the land.

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Its interesting as Adam talks about being a lawyer but to not forget to advocate for yourself.

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Think Like a Lawyer | Adam Lange | TEDxGrinnellCollege

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I have learnt a lot from this module, it gave me an insight of what i can look forward to next semester, Nandini made the module fun and informative and i personally feel i have made major progress as law is new subject for me. The part i found most challenging is the new terminology but i feel i will get used to it the more i use them in my work. Everything has been interesting and i look forward to learning new topics in the upcoming semester and looking at more cases but at the same time the long process of some cases have surprised me such as the Hamilton v Post Office case. I believe the way to prepare for next term is look over my notes and look up recent cases/news.

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The English / British Legal System Explained: A Brief Introduction for Dummies - Ideal for Revision

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When will it be finally over, with the new variant now effecting citizens.

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The first case of coronavirus transmitted in the UK was reported on 31 January 2020. Since then, there have since been more than 140,000 deaths across the nation.

In March 2020 Prime Minister Boris Johnson put the nation in lockdown, a move which was eventually reversed that summer with people being urged to return to offices to work and to Eat Out To Help Out at restaurants and pubs.

But by winter, Covid-19 case numbers were rising again, resulting in further lockdowns. These lockdown restrictions began to lift in England in March of this year and have, so far, remained lifted.

However, that could be about to change. Earlier this week, scientists called for a 10-day circuit break lockdown to quell the rapid spread of Omicron, the new variant that has been spreading quickly across the UK in the past few weeks.

On Friday 17 December, a record number of daily coronavirus cases were reported across the UK for the third day running, with 93,045 new infections confirmed.

The spike in cases has led Dr Jenny Harries, the head of the UK Health Security Agency, to dub Omicron the "biggest threat of Covid pandemic so far".

While little is known about this strain of Covid-19, in terms of transmissibility and severity, the World Health Organisation (WHO) states that preliminary evidence suggests there may be an increased risk of reinfection with Omicron. In other words, people who have previously had Covid-19 could become re-infected more easily with Omicron.

England's chief medical officer, Professor Chris Whitty, has said the Omicron variant could rise "incredibly fast but that its peak should subside quickly due to the government's booster programme.

The booster jab, launched earlier this year to offer further protection to fully vaccinated people, has also been found to create "significant protection" against Omicron, a new Israeli study confirmed.

Additionally, many people have compared Omicron symptoms to those related to the common cold.

Nonetheless, the WHO has been keen to state that the risks of the new variant should not be underestimated. "We have to be really careful that there isn't a narrative out there that it's just a mild disease," said Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO's Covid-19 technical lead.

So, 21 months after Covid-19 first reached UK shores and multiple variants later, we're beginning to wonder whether the pandemic will ever end. Surely there must be an expiration date?

To find out more, we've asked experts how much longer can we really expect the coronavirus outbreak to continue in the UK and what the proposed exit strategies are in order to return to normal life.

Dr Michael Head, senior research fellow in global health at the University of Southampton said that there is never a strict definition for declaring the end of a pandemic.

"We tend to look towards statements from the WHO, and the end of previous pandemics have been defined by a satisfactory decline in transmission across countries," he explained

"With swine flu in 2009, with clear seasons and evolution onto the next year's strains of influenza, this was more straightforward. For this novel coronavirus, there will be no clear ending."

In light of this, Head suggests referring not to an "end" per se but to a shift onto a new global and national phase where Covid-19 is clearly under control. "However, this is some way off yet," he added.

"For example, the UK could in theory declare itself to be comfortable with any self-declared position, but would still be vulnerable to imported infections and the international presence of new variants of concern.

"In order to end the pandemic, we need to think globally, rather than nationally. Vaccine inequity is one key issue that needs to be resolved."

"We should expect to have further booster jabs in the future," said Head. "This third dose generates an excellent and very protective immune response in most people, but the longevity of that protection is a current unknown."

Aside from vaccination, Head added that non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) will play a crucial role in the short-term when it comes to the battle against Covid-19.

"These include face masks, and requirements to prove vaccination when travelling," he noted. "I can also foresee a useful longer-term role for the continued use of face masks, for example donning a mask if we have a minor respiratory infection when popping to the shops. This can help to protect those around us."

Robert Dingwall, professor of social sciences at Nottingham Trent University, said, however, said that regular boosters may not be the best route forward. "I have heard respected immunologists say privately that it may be better in the long-term to be exposed to infection as an infant and develop a lasting immune response, which is topped up by periodic mild reinfections," he explained.

"This is what happens with most other respiratory viruses. We might need to boost immunity in older people with generally weaker immune systems, as we do with flu, but we should think very hard before embarking on any further mass vaccination campaigns."

"I find it hard to see that more lockdowns would be politically tenable, even if there were to be a change of government," said Dingwall.

"We do need a step change in investment in health and social care so that the NHS is more resilient in winter but we cannot fund that without a functioning economy which is not ripped apart every few months."

Head agreed that further lockdowns are unlikely. "They are clearly undesirable, but will remain a vital 'intervention of last resort'," he added.

"I suspect that hybrid working will carry on until the costs in terms of innovation, informal learning and collaboration become clearer," said Head.

"Particularly risk-averse people may derive some individual psychological benefit from face coverings and other forms of distancing but I think the evidence of the last few months is that large-scale anxiety gradually subsides and there is little appetite for permanent changes to the way we organise our lives."

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When can we really expect coronavirus to end?

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The first case of coronavirus transmitted in the UK was reported on 31 January 2020. Since then, there have since been more than 140,000 deaths across the nation. In March 2020 Prime Minister Boris Johnson put the nation in lockdown, a move which was eventually reversed that summer with people being urged to return to offices to work and to Eat Out To Help Out at restaurants and pubs.

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A guy went to a party just to catch the virus, and died from it in intensive care.

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A man has reportedly died and others are in intensive care after attending " coronavirus parties" in a bid to catch the disease.

The 55-year-old man died in Austria last week after becoming infected with Covid-19 during one such event in the city of Bolzano in South Tyrol, northern Italy.

At least three other people, including a child, are said to have been hospitalised in the Alpine region after catching the virus at similar events.

Health chiefs believe the patients are anti-vaxxers who deliberately attempted to become infected so they could obtain a "green pass", which is now required for work and leisure in Italy, according to local media.

The only way to get a pass in the country is either through vaccination or by recovering from infection within the previous six months.

Patrick Franzoni, co-ordinator of the anti-Covid unit in Bolzano, told Italian newspaper Il Dolomiti: "We have received more than one account from doctors of patients who admitted to having been infected on purpose.

"[They do this] to develop antibodies, and to obtain the green pass without vaccination," he said.

"There are long-term consequences and even young people can end up in hospital."

According to Dr Franzoni, at least one of the partygoers is infected with the virus and the other attendees deliberately come into close contact with them by hugging, kissing and sharing drinks.

In a closed room, between five and 10 people can "easily" become infected in one night, he said.

The Prosecutor's Office in Bolzano has now reportedly opened an investigation into the so-called "corona-parties".

The practice is also thought to be widespread in Austria and Germany, with some anti-vaccine parents reportedly involving their children.

Bolzano is among the worst-affected areas in Italy, having been hit hard by the winter Covid wave sweeping across the border from Austria.

Austria on Monday became the first country in western Europe to reimpose a lockdown since the introduction of vaccines.

Germany and the Netherlands could also face tougher restrictions, with German health minister, Jens Spahn predicting most of the country would be "vaccinated, cured or dead" by the end of winter.

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Anti-vaxxer who went to 'corona party' to become infected dies from Covid

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A man has reportedly died and others are in intensive care after attending " coronavirus parties" in a bid to catch the disease. The 55-year-old man died in Austria last week after becoming infected with Covid-19 during one such event in the city of Bolzano in South Tyrol, northern Italy.

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Drivers queued for 4 hours or more stretching for miles and some even slept in their cars outside petrol stations, according to the newspaper.

The Petrol Retailers Association, warned that up to two-thirds of outlets were out of fuel, with the remainder “partly dry and running out soon”, the BBC reported.

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Intro to Law: Basic Concepts and Definitions

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Corruptions like this brings a bad name to law and the justice system

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Ex-FBI lawyer convicted of forgery in probe of Trump ties to Russia reinstated by D.C. Bar and can once again practice law

Kevin Clinesmith was convicted of forgery during the federal investigation of Russian interference into the 2016 election

In January, Judge James Boasberg ordered the disgraced lawyer to work 400 hours of community service and 12 months probation

Clinesmith agreed to suspend his own license in August 2020, allowing him to serve out the sanction before his criminal sentence was up

His Washington DC license was reinstated on September 2

A former top FBI lawyer convicted of forgery during the federal investigation of Russian interference into the 2016 election can now practice law again in Washington, D.C. after a one-year suspension of his license.

Kevin Clinesmith, who pleaded guilty to a felony in August 2020, admitted to doctoring an email that served as support a Russiagate wiretap of Carter Page, a former campaign official in President Donald Trump.

In January, Judge James Boasberg ordered the disgraced lawyer to work 400 hours of community service and 12 months probation, ending at the end of 2021.

Through some legal maneuvering, Clinesmith, knowing he would be convicted, agreed to suspend his own license in August 2020, allowing him to serve out the sanction before his criminal sentence was up.

The DC Court of Appeals Board of Professional Responsibility, which oversees all sanctions against lawyers, agreed to what amounts to a lawyer's plea deal that doesn't permit them from imposing further sanctions.

Clinesmith reported his plea deal on August 25, within the 10-day period required by law.

The Office of Disciplinary Counsel head Phil Fox, which reviews the cases, said that his office reviewed other cases of lawyers convicted of the same offense and found the punishment was only a one-year suspension.

'We have to compare the sanction that would be imposed on Mr. Clinesmith to the sanction that have been imposed on other lawyers for the same thing,' he told Dailymail.com.

His office does not have the authority to issue fines and a panel of DC judges signed off on his finding.

In contrast, the Michigan Bar suspended his law license for two years and fined him over a thousand dollars, RealClearInvestigations reported.

His DC license was reinstated on September 2, according to Fox, because his offense did not rise to the level of moral turpitude, the legal standard for disbarring a lawyer.

During Clinesmith's sentencing, federal prosecutors pointed out that his actions ran contrary to the vow he took as a lawyer.

'As a licensed attorney and an officer of the Court, the defendant took an oath, was bound by professional and ethical obligations, and should have been well-aware of this duty of candor,' Assistant U.S. Attorneys Anthony F. Scarpelli and Neeraj Patel wrote in a memorandum.

The federal prosecutors also pointed out that Clinesmith appeared to let his personal politics get in the way of his job.

'It is plausible that his strong political views and/or personal dislike of the current President made him more willing to engage in the fraudulent and unethical conduct to which he has pled guilty,' they wrote.

The judge, however, disagreed, citing a federal inspector general's report that concluded Clinesmith's forgery was not politically motivated.

'The exhaustive [Horowitz Report]...determined after a detailed investigation that Mr. Clinesmith had not acted with any political bias or any desire to harm the Trump campaign, or anyone affiliated with it, in forwarding the e-mail,' the judge said during sentencing. 'I see no reason to disagree with that conclusion.'

And Clinesmith told the court that he failed his profession.

'With my action, I failed to satisfy the high standard that I have as a civil servant as as an attorney. As a consequence, I've lost the means to provide for my growing family. I have lost the career I relentlessly sought most of my life,' he said during his sentencing.

Attorneys for Clinesmith did not immediately respond to calls seeking comment.

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Ex-FBI lawyer Clinesmith gets law license back despite conviction

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Kevin Clinesmith was convicted of forgery during the federal investigation of Russian interference into the 2016 election In January, Judge James Boasberg ordered the disgraced lawyer to work 400 hours of community service and 12 months probation Clinesmith agreed to suspend his own license in August 2020, allowing him to serve out the sanction before his criminal sentence was up His Washington DC license was reinstated on September 2 A former top FBI lawyer convicted of forgery during the federal investigation of Russian interference into the 2016 election can now practice law again in Washington, D.C.

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A bill must pass through both Houses of Parliament, most bills are based on ideas suggested by the government, although any MP or Lord can propose a bill it will get checked by both houses along the way. First, every bill gets introduced so everyone knows it’s beginning its journey to become a law. Usually, a government minister who supports the bill will spend and explain the reasons why they think it's a good idea. Other MPs and Lords will ask lots of questions and either support or challenge the ministers’ ideas and views, MPs and Lords will also take a closer look at the details of a bill. Bills must be examined line by line to ensure tiny details aren't overlooked.

A committee of MPs and Lords with a special interest in the bills subject will usually carry out this task. MPs and Lords also have the chance to make changes to a bill after holding a debate they might want to take parts out or add new bits, these changes are called amendments. MPs and Lords vote on each bill several times, every time a bill is debated or changes or proposed, but if most MPs and Lords vote against the bill then it comes to an end. When the bill finally gets approved in one house, it goes over to the other House for the same treatment, it gets introduced, discussed and debated. The bill is looked at in detail as changes or amendments are suggested. Both houses must agree on the final wording of the bill before it can become law. A bill can go back and forth from one house to the other until an agreement is reached. If both houses are unable to agree the House of Commons has the final say. That's because its members are elected. However, the two houses almost always reach an agreement. The final pass is when the bills journey into law is called Royal Assent, once both the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed that a bill is fit to become a law, it is sent to the monarch (Queen). And when the monarch agrees, then the bill finishes its long journey to becoming a law of the land.