# data[].attributes.body
April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865

The Northern Union and Southern Confederates fought over the preservation of slavery in the south. The Union won.

# data[].attributes.body
January 1863

Justice: Slaves were freed in areas that the Union took over

Union army frees slaves in rebel controlled areas and encouraged slaves to leave their masters by becoming soldiers. Allowed Union soldiers to "confiscate" slaves and free them.

# data[].attributes.body
December 1863

Healing: The percentage is too low to be considered justice. Also, there were no real rights given to freedman. However, it was a simple way to start legitimizing Southern state governments, which serves to be healing.

Lincoln issued the first Reconstruction plan. Rebel states could establish new state governments that the union would recognize as legitimate if 10% of voters take an oath to support the Constitution, Union, and emancipation. The ten percent plan was considered weak by other Republicans and didn't make strong demands from the south.

# data[].attributes.body
March 1865

Justice: This Bureau helped support freedman so that they could establish a good life after slavery and have opportunities in the South.

The Freedmen's Bureau is also known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. It was created as a way to smoothly transition Southern society away from slavery. The agents in the Bureau spread out across the South. Some things they did are helping people in poverty, establishing schools for former slaves, and encouraging former masters to employ their former slaves as free laborers. Also, they acted as a court system to settle disputes among former slaves and between former slaves and whites.

# data[].attributes.body
April 1865

Lincoln is assassinated by a confederate sympathizer. The presidency is passed over to Vice President Andrew Johnson, a Democrat from Tennessee.

# data[].attributes.headline
Johnson Pardons Confederates After Lincoln's Assassination 

# data[].attributes.subject
Johnson Pardons Confederates After Lincoln's Assassination 

# data[].attributes.body
April 1865

Healing: Johnson focused on ending reconstruction and restoring civilian control in the South rather than following through with a demanding reconstruction plan that emphasized justice.

Johnson issued a blanket pardon for most supporters of the confederacy, removing legal disabilities placed on them for having participated in rebellion, and eventually granted pardons to all who asked- sometimes hundreds a day.

# data[].attributes.body
January 1865-December 1865

Justice: The amendment would serve to give Blacks freedom, which was a civil right that they weren't allowed previously.

Congress met and approved the 13th amendment, which abolished slavery and sent it to the states for ratification.

The amendment was officially added to the Constitution in December 1865.

# data[].attributes.headline
Rapid Mass Demobilization of the Army in the South

# data[].attributes.subject
Rapid Mass Demobilization of the Army in the South

# data[].attributes.body
1865-1866

Healing: Focus on ending the military occupation of the South rather than having the troops stay in control of the South to enforce the rights of black people.

"In May 1865, just after the fighting stopped, the Union Army had around 900,000 men under arms in the former rebel states. By 1867, only about 20,000 soldiers remained stationed in the South to supervise the creation of the new governments there."

# data[].attributes.headline
Civil Rights Bill That Defined Citizenship

# data[].attributes.subject
Civil Rights Bill That Defined Citizenship

# data[].attributes.body
March 1866

Justice: Black people gained citizenship

New definition of citizenship stated that "all persons born in the United States and not subject to foreign power are classified as citizens". By this definition all freedmen were now citizens. This decision overturned the Dred Scott vs. Stanford supreme court decision.

# data[].attributes.body
Passes Congress in 1866

Justice: Black people legally are citizens & their civil rights are protected by the amendment

The 14th Amendment wrote the new definition of citizenship into the Constitution: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State in which they reside.” The amendment also forbade states from violating freedmen’s civil rights: “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person in its jurisdiction, the equal protection of the laws.”

# data[].attributes.body
1867
Justice: Black people were allowed to vote in the South. In addition, freedman were able to be government officials and as part of the interracial Southern Republican coalition, were able to help make laws that ban racial discrimination.

The Reconstruction Acts mandated that there is no color restriction on who could be voters and who could be delegates to the constitutional conventions. Many freedman were chosen as delegates and helped write new state constitutions to remove race restrictions on voting. As a result of these acts, hundreds of Southern black Republicans were elected to office, at state, local, and national levels. The interracial Southern Republican coalition won control of every Southern state government. They started the first government-funded public school systems in the South, created laws that banned many types of racial discrimination, and advanced economic development.

# data[].attributes.body
November 1869

Healing: The president's goal is for there to be peace between the North and South. He values this as the biggest goal in his presidency, as he campaigned for it as an issue over the rights of black people or the change in ideas of the former slave-owner Southerners.

"The Union Army Commander during the war, Grant had campaigned on the slogan, 'Let Us Have Peace.'"

# data[].attributes.headline
Freedmen Can Vote in all Southern States (15th Amendment)

# data[].attributes.subject
Freedmen Can Vote in all Southern States (15th Amendment)

# data[].attributes.body
1870

Justice: Freedmen gained the right to vote and therefore the rights to representation in government. They were advancing toward equality under the law.

"They all now recognized black equality in their constitutions, and former slaves were voting across the South. Former slaves voted almost all voted Republican..."

# data[].attributes.body
1871

Justice: This is justice because this act was effective in suppressing white supremacy groups that were using violence against African Americans (The KKK carried out lynchings, mass killings, arson, etc. from 1868-1871 for example). In a way, this act suppresses revolt across the country, so it does bring the country together. However, considering that hundreds of KKK members went to jail, it's reasonable to consider this justice.

Made because of the KKK's violence around the country, the act allowed federal courts to gain jurisdiction over civil rights crimes, which included any individual(s) attempting to violate black voting rights. The president was also allowed to use military force to suppress any armed group(s) that threatened the government.

# data[].attributes.headline
1873 Financial Crisis/ Economic Depression

# data[].attributes.subject
1873 Financial Crisis/ Economic Depression

# data[].attributes.body
1873

Financial issues became more important over the reconstruction to voters, and the Republicans who were in control at the time, were blamed for the economic crisis.

# data[].attributes.body
1873

Perhaps 280 blacks were killed in a dispute between Republicans and Democrats.

# data[].attributes.body
1874

Healing: Democrats are being let back into power by the government and the American public.

Democrats won control of the House of Representatives for the first time after the Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
1875

Justice: This act created more protections for the rights of people of color.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 banned racial discrimination in many areas, including jury selection.

# data[].attributes.body
1876

Healing: The country is moving away from radical republicanism. Both candidates in this election support the idea that the South should be restored. The priority moved from Reconstruction to reform.

The 1976 election was between a republican candidate, Hayes, and a democratic candidate, Tilden. Hayes had the views of a liberal republican while Tilden ran on a platform that supported new Direction moderation. New Direction is the idea that the South now supports the Union and the constitution with the new amendments. Both candidates sounded pretty similar in terms of their political views.

# data[].attributes.body
February 26, 1877

Healing: The deal was taken in order to prevent more conflict with the Democrats, and the troops that were meant to keep justice in the South were moved out.

9 politicians met at Wormley House Washington DC to discuss the bitterly contested presidential election between Republican Rutherford B Hayes and Samuel Tilden in which both candidates claimed to have won. The Democrats proposed a deal that the Democratic-controlled House would stop delaying the inauguration of hayes if he agreed to withdraw troops from the south and reinstate "Home Rule".

# data[].attributes.body
1883

In the Civil Rights Cases, the Supreme Court invalidated the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

# data[].attributes.body
1877-1900

Healing: After the deal proposed by democrats was agreed upon, the south largely reverted back to its old ways and undid the measures taken during reconstruction to provide justice to freedmen.

Those who called themselves Redeemers and moved to undo as much as possible of Reconstruction dominated the South's politics after 1877. Black schools suffered as the gap for expenditures for black and white students widened. Blacks were arrested for minor offenses and forced into involuntary labor through the renting out of convicts. African Americans also owned a smaller percentage of land in 1900 than they had at the end of Reconstruction.

# data[].attributes.body
1883 -1905 (And into the 20th century)

Blacks who sought to challenge the system faced the threat of violent reprisal. In every year between 1883 and 1905 more than fifty persons were murdered by mobs in the South, the vast majority of them black men.

# data[].attributes.body
1890-1906

Southern states enact voting laws such as the pole tax, literacy tests, and the grandfather clause to keep black people from voting without violating the 15th Amendment. "Louisiana, for example, reduced the numbers of blacks registered to vote from 130,000 in 1894 to 1,342 a decade later." This led to a rise in prejudiced political leaders who gained support by appealing to the racism of southern white people.

# data[].attributes.body
1894

Established in Nashville 1894, they pushed forward the Lost Cause, which presented the Confederacy's side of the war. They glorified confederate soldiers, pushed the agenda that slaves were happy in their positions, and the central cause of the war was not slavery. They not only lobbied to raise money and erect Confederate monuments, but also deliberately changed textbooks and curriculum to influence children's views.

# data[].attributes.body
1896

Justice:  The association was established to gain and keep justice over colored people's rights.

The NACW is founded to press for women's rights and racial uplift while aiding poor families, giving lessons in home life and childrearing, and battling gambling and drinking in black communities.

# data[].attributes.body
1896

This is a landmark court case. In this court case, the Supreme Court approved state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites. The Supreme Court's reasoning for their decision was that separate facilities did not count as discrimination as long as they were "separate but equal."

# data[].attributes.headline
President Wilson's commemoration speech for the 50th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg 

# data[].attributes.subject
President Wilson's commemoration speech for the 50th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg 

# data[].attributes.body
July 4, 1913

Healing: Wilson emphasizes brotherhood and forgiveness rather than acknowledging the validity of the conflict of the civil war. He wants to reconcile as a country and forget about the war.