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- Born un Flanders in 1500.
- In 1516 he became King of Spain
- Called Carlos I of Spain or Carlos V of the Holy Roman Empire.

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OPPOSITION TO CARLOS I.
- Revolt of the Comuneros in 1520 → Battle of Villalar in 1521.
- Germanía revolt → 1519-1523.

FOREIGN POLICIES.
- The Papacy → Church was afraid that Carlos V´s control it.
- France → Against the European hegemony.
- The Ottoman Empire → Defeated in Algiers.
- Conflicts with Protestants → Battle of Mülberg and sign the Peace of Augsburg.

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS.
The tercios → Army.
The Hacienda Real into debt.

ABDICATION OF CARLOS V.
Died in 1558.
Reparted the territories between his brother and his son.

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King of Spain, son of Carlos V

He inheritance:
- The house of Burgundy.
- Crowns of Aragon and Castilla and their territories in Europe and America.
- The Kingdom of Portugal

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OPPOSITION TO FELIPE II
- The revolt of the Moriscos → revolt in Alpujarras (Granada).  Defeated by Juan de Austria, Moriscos forced to go away
- Unrest in Aragon → Antonio Pérez fried to Aragon.  Revolt out, Felipe defeated.
- The Calvinists in Netherlands opposed the king, declared independence. Felipe disagreed and tried to reconquer

FOREIGN POLICIES
- France: Battle of Saint Quentin in 1557 (Felipe defeated the French)  →  Peace of Cateau - Cambrésis in 1559.
- The Holy League: Created by Felipe II, formed by the Papacy, Venice and Italian states to confront and defeated the Turks  →  Battle of Lepanto, ended Turkish control.
- Portugal: Claimed the Portuguese.  Forced the Parliament of Tomar to accept him as the King.
- England: Try to stop English attacks. Planned to invade England.  The Spanish Armada (Invincible Armada), defeated in 1558.

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Left political decisions to a royal favourite - valido.  Favourite: Duke of lerma

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FELIPE III - SPANISH HABSBURGS IN 17th CENTURY

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FELIPE III - SPANISH HABSBURGS IN 17th CENTURY

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DOMESTIC POLICIES
The expulsion of the Moriscos.  →  Disastrous decision

FOREIGN POLICIES
- Pause in the Continuous wars.
- Peace with England in 1604
- Sign Twelve Years' Truce.
- Help the Austrian branch and entered the Thirty Years' War.

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His valido was the Count-Duke of Olivares.
Tried to maintain Spain's position as the leading in Europe

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FELIPE IV - SPANISH HABSBURGS 17th CENTURY

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FELIPE IV - SPANISH HABSBURGS 17th CENTURY

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DOMESTIC POLICIES
The Great Memorial' in 1624.
Standardising the laws and institutions of all the kingdoms.  Increasing the military spending
System for recruiting soldiers, The Union of Arms.

The crisis of 1640
- Uprising in Cataluña
- Portuguese Rebellion: Portugal became independent in 1668
Anti-Spanish revolt' in Naples.

FOREIGN POLICY
- France intervened in the Thirty Years' War
- Battle of Rocroi, Spanish tercios defeated
- Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, Spain recognised the independence of the United Provinces
- The war with France continued until the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659
- Ceded some territories in Flanders and northern Cataluña.
- End of Spain's hegemony

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He was sick and incapable, period of political instability.

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CARLOS II - SPANISH HABSBURGS 17th CENTURY

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CARLOS II - SPANISH HABSBURGS 17th CENTURY

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THE SPANISH WAR OF SUCCESSION
Two claimants of the Spanish thorne:
- Philip of Anjou (nephews of Carlos II) - Later became King Felipe V of Bourbon
- Archduke Charles of Austria (grandson of the King of France)
Carlos II died, Austrian dynastic end