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Idea #1-Ancient Sumerians believed in many gods. They believed that everything good or bad that happened to them was a result of the gods and if the gods were pleased or displeased. They spent most of everyday life trying to please the gods.

Idea #2-Ziggurats looked like pyramids and typically had 2-7 levels. The Ziggurat was a temple and it was believed that a god lived in the top level. Ziggurats were built to show that a certain city was dedicated to a certain god. One example of a ziggurat at Babylon was called Etemenanki. In sumerian this means “Fondation of heaven and earth.”

Idea #3- In Mesopotamia people would leave offerings for the gods and they would also leave statues of them praying so that the statues could keep praying on their behalf.  The gods that everyone worshiped were represented in human form. 2 examples of gods that they worshiped are Enki and Ishtar. Enki is the god of mischief, crafts and freshwater. Ishtar was a goddess and she was the goddess of love and the planet venus.

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The Sumer people usually made jewelry,pottery, or even chairs. They usually made jewelry out of lapis or gold. They also made pottery, the pottery was sometimes used to trade. The pottery was mainly made of clay. Later when the Babylonians arrived they too made Jewelry, pottery, and chairs. The Assyrians created murals or paintings that show them fighting or hunting, we use these things to learn about their daily life then.

There were also metal smiths and stone masons, stone masons basically carved stone. The carvings usually related to the gods or king. The metal smiths made tools, weapons, or sculptures. They usually made them out of bronze by mixing copper and tin.

The ancient Sumerians must have thought music was important because musical instruments were found in their tombs. They made many instruments, out of many materials like bone or wood or other things. They used instruments like the drum, piano, or flute. They played instruments because they used it to honor their gods. The Assyrians however were not interested in music unless it was war related.

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The rulers of Mesopotamia known as the Sumerians had created the first system of writing known as cuneiform around 3000 BCE. This cuneiform is the earliest form of literature ever recorded. They used cuneiform on clay tablets so they could write down thoughts instead of trying to remember those thoughts.

During the Babylonian empire, King Hammurabi had written down a set of laws. These laws are a very important piece of literature that was important enough to be used several thousand years later. This system of law was called Hammurabi’s Code of Laws. One example of these laws is, “If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.” These laws are a very important piece of literature that was important enough to be used several thousand years later.

There was also a form of art that was used in Mesopotamia. Some people in Mesopotamia became potters and created clay items. This is a very old form of art that is still used today.

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Idea #1 How I think Social organization would relate to Mesopotamia is because people had to do different jobs. Like some people have to clean the house and others have to help the king or even be a guard.

Idea #2 Also how I think it relates is because  people in Mesopotamia people have to respect their elder because say you were robbing someone the king can kill you for doing the bad thing.

Idea #3 Last why I thing Social Organization can relate to Mesopotamia is because people can be rich and have all the cool things and people can have lower class and have to do every thing for everyone. And how that relates is because some people do hard work to do and are really good people and some are mean and rude and can get the easiest work in the world.

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Idea #1: Customs are ways of doing things while Traditions are things you and your culture would do constantly or every year.

Idea #2: Here is an example, "My family and I have spaghetti every Friday!" and "My family and I have to go to the Altar to Honor our family members who have passed.

Idea #3: You can have more than one traditions and customs, Like you can go to mexico to see your others half of the family and have thanksgiving with your other half.

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Mesopotamia created the first written language called cunieform and the first library. This was important in the language culture because the written language was unique to them and the library was unique because back then they didn't have books they wrote on little small clay tablets written in cunieform which would come from the written culture of mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was made up of different tribes, people, and languages. Meaning people spoke different languages and sometimes couldn't understand people of different tribes this made it hard to communicate with other people.

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Idea 1: every day the priests would bathe and clothe the statue of a god there would also be parties and celebrations in which where the god was worshiped and fed.

Idea 2: In Babylonia, the Ishtar Gate was the entrance to the royal palace and places of worship to their gods almost every person in Babylon that had high enough political status entered into this area of warship once a day.

Idea 3: once The Persians conquered the people of Mesopotamia and other places they allowed them to continue their customs and traditions this could have led to lots of cultural diffusion between Persians that had been conquered from different parts of the world may be outside of Mesopotamia

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1. The Sumerians worshiped many gods and goddesses. They though that the gods influenced what happened to them every day .Babylon and Assyrian religion was heavily influenced by the previous Sumerians.The main religion of the Persians was Zoroastrianism. In this religion there was one god and one god only. This god was named Ahura Mazda. This god was all good and he would fight against "Evil". The people of Persia thought his good actions would help fight evil.

2.Each City state had its own god. At the center of the city was a large temple like structure also known as the "Ziggurat" built to that god.All the gods were the gods of the following. Heaven , Wind , Magic , Sun , Love & War and Sin. Though do take note these were Sumerian gods.Most Assyrian and Babylon gods have the same meanings as Sumerian Gods. Example : Elil an Assyrian God was the exact same as Enlil a Sumerian God.

3. Greek Mythology likely borrowed many idea from the Mesopotamian gods. Mesopotamian Kingdoms believed that the earth floated on a ocean of fresh water.People in the Mesopotamian Kingdoms believed in genies , demons and evil spirits.Although Anu was a very important god to the people of Mesopotamia archaeologists still have not been able to find a picture of him. The Sumerian Gods often had human characteristics in that they were sometimes good and sometimes bad

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Mesopotamia is ruled by kings. Each city gets their own king, and therefore, their own laws. Often, laws will treat men better than women, such as Hammurabi's Code. In Hammurabi's Code, there were laws that limited the rights of women.
In Mesopotamia, there were religious rituals; people believed in gods. They would honor some gods with sacrifices. Kings "appeased" the gods.

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Tedy- How social organizations relates to Mesopotamia.   

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Tedy- How social organizations relates to Mesopotamia.   

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1. The Hierarchy in the culture such as the king and queen, higher class citizens, lower-class workers, slaves, all kept in structured populations.
2. The higher class people would also benefit from living in better quality housing, having more goods and services available, as well as better clothing and care.
3. Governments were created to set standards for the citizens' daily life. The lines of authority and responsibility were set which kept daily life organized and functional

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This is what I found while researching about Mesopotamia:
People used to believe that the Earth was floating on an ocean of water and that every single person had there own god who protected them. Talking about gods, different cities had different gods. They used to think that their god was the strongest and had the most power. These Sumerians believed in gods so much that they would worship them all throughout the day. That is what they used to believe and think about the world. All different lives have different religions.

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around 3300 BC Sumerians began to write pictures and symbols marked into clay to keep track of their records. this was called cuneiform

cuneiform was the first form of written language

cuneiform writing was around for thousands of years and it was replaced by the Phoenician alphabet

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Idea #1 Gods in general- In Mesopotamia, each city or state has a different god or goddess that they believe. Since the people thought the gods were actually present in the city they would build ziggurats for them almost like a home. This ziggurat would have three decorated rooms and the god/goddess would be in the room closest to the middle of the ziggurat. In the temples, people would leave statues that are there because they are praying on their behalf. The statues of the gods/goddesses would be washed, fed, and dressed every day.

Idea #2 One of the Sumerian gods- Enil were one of the gods that Sumerians believed in. This god was the god of the air, wind, and storms and he carried Tablets of destiny. The Tablets of destiny gave him control over the fate of man and they also make him super powerful. He was associated with Nippur. This god wore a crown with horns on it!

Idea #3 The basics about Assyrians and Babylonians- Assyrians and Babylonians believed most of all the gods Sumerians believed plus a couple other of their own. Also, the Sumerians didn't believe this but they believed that some gods were more powerful than others. Some examples would be the god of sun, sky, air, and crops. Now Babylonians that the gods Marduk, which controlled justice, compassion, healing, regeneration, magic, and fairness, was the most powerful but the Assyrians that Ashur, which was the national god of Assyria was the most powerful.

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[Sorry about all the writing I write a lot sometimes]

Idea #1 : Since Mesopotamia believed in gods, they would give to the gods to please them. Based on this information, I think the gods would be at the top of the Social Organization 'Pyramid'.

Idea #2 : There were lots of jobs in the daily life of someone in Mesopotamia, some of these included: Solider, Civil Servant, and Merchants. I think this would be near the middle / bottom of the Social Pyramid because they're basically building up the economy of Mesopotamia meaning there would be a lot of people in the Category.

Idea #3 : Since there are a lot of classes of people, there are lots of levels to the Social Pyramid. Slaves would be at the bottom, the lower class people would be just above the slaves, and so on.

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Idea #1
To our knowledge as of know, the Sumerians didn't write down their laws. And when a king passes a law, everyone was expected to follow it. If you broke a law in Sumer, you would have to pay the price for your punishment.
Idea #2
As the Sumerian city-states weaken, the city-state of Babylon took over. The government and laws of Babylon were similar to the government and laws of Sumer. The laws of Babylon were taken from the laws of Sumer. To make sure that the laws were followed by everyone, one of the kings of Babylon, King Hammurabi, had the laws written down on stone tablets. So that whether they had money or not, everyone would be treated equally under the law.
Idea #3

Things were very different in ancient Assyria. Assyria was a powerful military state in northern Mesopotamia. Their government was led by a king and the king ruled as the earthly representative of the god Ashur, the most powerful god to the ancient Assyrians. Military officers were in charge of local government. But in ancient Assyria, there was no assembly that could overrule the king. The king's word was law.
(credit to mesopotamia.mrdonn.org)

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Government: In both Sumer and Babylon, there was an unusual form of government that came pretty close to an early form of democracy. There was a king and nobles who made the laws and declared war and decided how to honor the gods. Then there was an assembly of wise men, elected by the people, who could overrule the king and say, this is not a good law, get rid of it; or the assembly might say we don't want to go to war, so stop it. Each city-state had its own king and its own assembly. Government was quite different, however, in ancient Assyria.

Sumerian Laws: The Sumerians did not, to our knowledge, write down their laws. The king passed a law, and everyone was expected to learn it and obey it. If you broke the law in Sumer, you would be punished. The punishment was set for each infraction. If you stole something, you were punished according to what you stole. If you offended the gods, you were punished. Everyone knew what the punishment was so there was no escape by saying you didn't know. The thing is, the Sumerians were organized into city-states. Each city-state had it own royal family and its own military and its own king and assembly of people. So a king in one city-state might pass a law, and pretty soon, if it was a good law and stuck around, all the city-states adopted the same law. So, although they were separate city-states and fought each other all the time, they also had pretty much the same laws and punishments, culture, urban life-style, language, and religion. People were free to move from city to city for trade and also to live.

Babylonian Laws: As the Sumerian city-states weakened, the city-state of Babylon took over. For a while, ancient Babylon ruled the whole Mesopotamian region in the south. The government and laws of Babylon were like the government and laws of Sumer. There was a king and other nobles who ruled with the help of an assembly of the people. The laws of Babylon were taken from the laws of Sumer. Everyone was expected to know and obey the laws. To ensure that the laws were followed by everyone, one of the kings of Babylon, King Hammurabi, had the laws written down on stone tablets so that, whether they were rich or poor, everyone would be treated equally under the law. Most of these laws were taken from Sumerian law.

The Assembly in ancient Sumer and Babylon: In both ancient Sumer and ancient Babylon, kings were not gods. Kings were mortals, just like the common man. In this, at least, all men were equal in these ancient civilizations. The kings were just as eager and just as responsible for keeping the gods happy as were the common people. So, it made sense to these early people that a Council of Elders, an assembly of wise men (called the Assembly), should be elected so that the people would have someone to check with, to make sure that what they were planning to do would not anger the gods. The king sought approval for his actions from this assembly, just like everyone else. The assembly might say to a king, 'No king, you can't do that. That would anger the gods." And the king would not do that. Even the gods had to seek the approval of the assembly. The gods didn't actually appear in front of the assembly (and wouldn't that be a neat trick!) but the assembly did discuss how the gods should behave and arrange themselves in the heavens - which god could marry whom and who had what job.

Assyrian Laws: Things were quite different in ancient Assyria. Assyria was a powerful military state in northern Mesopotamia (in what is today northern Iraq). The Assyrian government was led by a king. The king ruled as the earthly representative of the god Ashur, the most powerful god to the ancient Assyrians. Military officers were in charge of local government. The king had other advisers as well, pulled from the nobles. The most important advisor was the chief of staff. The chief of staff decided who could talk to the king on any one day, and who couldn't. Scribes were the only people who could read or write. Like all the ancient Mesopotamians, the Assyrians liked to keep lists and write things down. At one time, the Assyrian Empire stretched all the way from Mesopotamia to Egypt. But in ancient Assyria, there was no assembly that could overrule the king. The king's word was law.

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The Unusual Government of Ancient Mesopotamia - Mesopotamia for Kids

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Government: In both Sumer and Babylon, there was an unusual form of government that came pretty close to an early form of democracy. There was a king and nobles who made the laws and declared war and decided how to honor the gods.

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Idea #1 - Mesopotamia's government system:  In Sumer and Babylon, (Places in ancient Mesopotamia) their government worked like a democracy. They had a king and nobles who made the laws, declared wars, and decided how their region would believe and worship god. They basically made all of the decisions. Then, there was a group of wise men, who were elected by the people, who could overrule the king if they disliked their law. They were kind of like the supreme court, but just a bit different. Each city-state had a different government.

Idea #2 - How laws worked in ancient Mesopotamia:  In Sumer, they didn't write down their laws. Instead they made the citizens learn them, memorize them, and then obey them. Babylon's laws were very similar to Sumer's laws, for they took majority of them, but in Babylon, King Hammurabi wrote their laws down on stone tablets. Also, in Sumer, if they broke a law, they would have to suffer through a punishment based off of the law they broke, whereas in Babylon, King Hammurabi made sure everyone was treated equally under the law.

Idea #3 - Government in Northern Mesopotamia (Assyria): Assyria's government if much more unique compared to Sumer and Babylon's. Assyria's government was lead by a king, just like Sumer and Babylon's, but this king was an earthly representative of the most powerful Assyrian god, Asher. Also, in Assyria, there was no assembly of wise men that could overrule the king. Whatever the king declared, it was law. Instead of having an assembly, the king had powerful men, like chief or staff, and the Military officers would be in charge of local governments. So, Assyria's government has similarities as well as differences compared to Sumer and Babylon's government.

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Ancient Mesopotamia would celebrate many festivals/holidays. For example, during the Lunar month, there would be 6 holidays. 3 days specified for relaxation, and 3 specified for lunar related activities. On that note, people would believe that during the lunar month, the moon would die and then come back to life, so they gave special offerings. Sometimes, some people would do special purification ceremonies to ensure the new moon would remain intact during an eclipse.
People were to offer up and sacrifice goods and food, and write letters to their gods.

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Idea #1: The people of Mesopotamia are all divided into groups by their status financially. A lot of people in Mesopotamia were farmers but there were many other jobs such as priest, merchant, soldier, scribes, and a craftsman. Jobs were given base off of class. The highest class is the king and his family, the upper class is priests and scribes, the middle class is merchants and craftsmen, and the lower class is laborers and farmers. At the very bottom there were slaves. Slaves were typically owned by the upper class and the king only. All of these jobs played a part in running the economy. Such as the king creating orders for the people to follow or the farmers so people can have food for their families and so they can sell the crops to other countries for money. When all of these parts are played properly they have a good economy.

Idea #2: Mesopotamia’s economy was partially based on bartering. Bartering is another word for trading. The supplies they lacked could be gained by trading items that they had many of and people needed, so they got what they needed while the other people got what they needed. Such as craftsmen trading a craft they have with other countries or other parts of Mesopotamia for a different craft piece of something they are trying to make. Bartering was like a way to buy stuff back then. It is kind of like if you were to give a shop owner money and they gave you the thing you bought, but in Mesopotamia it wasn’t money you were giving, it was another thing that people wanted. This was a way for everyone to fairly get the thing they needed to run their economy.

Idea #3: Another thing Mesopotamia’s economy was primarily based on was agriculture. The people of Mesopotamia grew crops such as grapes, wheat, onions, and turnips. They also had goats, fish, cattle, and sheep. A reason why agriculture was such a huge part of the economy was because it can be again bartered with another country for something else that Mesopotamia could use. It can also feed their population so the people can keep working and keep running the civilization which will run the economy.

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1-Arts were very important in the way Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians contributed to their culture. Sumerians worked with lapis, gold, wood, and clay; and so did the Babylonians. Assyrians worked with all these things but also created murals and paintings depicting their daily life.
2-Literature was very important in the way Mesopotamia - as a whole - functioned. Cuniform was a written language used on clay tablets, which were used as 'books' back then. A great example of literature is the Library at Nineveh which is the biggest source of information about Mesopotamia we have today.
3-Arts and literature were important as a whole in ancient Mezopotamia because they helped build the overall culture and the way people lived back then. They have made a major contribution for literature and arts along the way leading up to now.

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Social Organization  by Karington Clarke

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Social Organization  by Karington Clarke

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Idea #1

As civilizations became bigger more people began to live in organized societies, there became laws ruled by the kings. These laws were there to keep order and peace, and to give people jobs.

Idea #2

Mesopotamia manufactured items related to civilization such as writing, mathematics, astronomy,  building design, transport, metalworking,  pottery, and textile development. Mesopotamia also was responsible for items that were needed for farming, food preparation, and production. Social organization determined which people were assigned to certain jobs.

Idea #3 Social organization allowed Hammurabi to inherit the Babylonian throne from his father. He made his city very powerful and successful and made a good system of government.

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Idea #1

The economy in Mesopotamia was based on bartering which is the trading goods and services. In Mesopotamia, bartering was essential for the people since they needed to obtain the resources they lacked. For currency, the Sumerians used certain types of metals such as lead, bronze, copper, tin, and gold. They also offered wool, clothing, oil, jewelry, and grains for trade. The Mesopotamians prospered in their era since they paid attention to the concepts of irrigation and the drainage of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This was combined with the reign of several kings as Mesopotamia flourished at its rate. This led to more food for the cities of Mesopotamia as their certain ways of life and invention resulted in a long time of rule for Mesopotamia. The Sumerians used the surplus of crops to trade for goods and services. Of all the city-states in Mesopotamia, the state called Ur was the center of trade and commerce.

Idea #2

The main economic activity in Mesopotamia was agriculture since they were placed near the Fertile Crescent. The land here was so fertile that it was the perfect place to grow crops after the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded. The Mesopotamian economy was based on agriculture since they grew crops, which includes barley, wheat, onions, turnips, grapes, apples, and dates. The fall and rise of kings and nations meant no little to the farmers of Mesopotamia who were plowing their fertile soil in Mesopotamia since their rich crops paid for their places and armies.

Idea #3

The system of government and law in Mesopotamia included that of the ancient cities that have passed through such as, Sumer and Babylonia. The usual type of government was similar to the early form of the type of government we have today, which is democracy. In Assyria, the type of government was completely different from the early form of democracy that the Sumerians and Babylonians used. In Assyria, the king would have complete control of the country's economy whereas, in Sumer and Babylonia, the government and king would work together.

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Idea #1:Government:

1. There was a king who made the laws and declared war. He also decided how to honor the other great gods.

2. Some men could tell the gods “Oh this is a great law!” or “This is the worst law ever!”

3. Each city-state has its own king(s) and own parties,assemblies,meetings etc.

Idea #2:

Sumerian Laws

1. The King would make a law and the people would have to obey and remember this law. (no paper there)

2. If you broke the laws you would be punished(Some very bad,Some not so bad).

3. Yes, they were separate city-states and fought each other all the time but they also had pretty much the same laws,punishments, culture, urban life-style, language, and religion

Idea #3: Babylonian Laws:

1. For some time Babylon ruled the whole south side of the region in Mesopotamia.

2. The laws and government were somewhat the same as Sumer.

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Customs and traditions Judi/Lorelai Patterson

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Customs and traditions Judi/Lorelai Patterson

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The biggest event in Mesopotamia is new years  though they have many festivals new years was the biggest and most important reason being sense they believe in many Gods they believed new years the Gods where cleansing and recreating a world and new start for the Mesopotamian s   they had many fests on a full moon and on the 7th and 15th of the month. something custom to them is the face that they are part of a religion where they support not just 1 God but they support 3 the names the the Gods they worshiped are Ea God of wisdom and magic next is Anu God of the sky and last is Enlil  the God of earth storms and agriculture and the controller of fates. Something that Mesopotamia celebrates is all the inventions they created that includes the sailboat the plow the wheel cant forget maps,chariot,metallurgy Mesopotamian s even invented there own from of writing called cuneiform they where a very smart civilization they always wanted to make life easier but they also liked to play games and have fun so some of the games they made were checkers,They created  cylinder seals that acted as a form of identification for them
theses are some of Mesopotamia s way to live and things that they celebrate.

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People were divided by their financial status. There were a lot of jobs including farmers, soldiers, merchants, craftsmen, priests, scribes, stone masons, and metal smiths. If you had a higher class, you most likely had a better job. Slaves were the lowest, and typically only higher class people had them.

Mesopotamia partially relied on trading. People could gain things that they needed, and if someone with the job of a stone mason, metal smith, or craftsman needed something to complete what they needed to make, they could trade for it. There was no money at that time.

Mesopotamia was the ideal place for farming, as there were two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. The Tigris flooded seasonally, and left behind good farmland. For this reason, the area around the rivers was also known as the Fertile Crescent. The crops had high value, so they could pay for many different things.