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Robert Hooke discovered cork cells in 1665. He provided the name of the cells by using the compound microscope to look at cork. When he viewed the cell walls he was able to find different building blocks, which he named cells after the cells of a monastery. He published a book named Mircographia in 1665 and discussed his ideas and views on cells. He found cells that are the basis of all life like the 1st part of the Cell Theory states. He helped identify the structure of cells like in the 2nd part of the Cell Theory. (Britannica, n.d.)

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Francesco Redi proved that maggots do not appear spontaneously in meat, but instead come from the eggs laid by flies on the meat. He speculated that small vermin do not form spontaneously, but arise from eggs that are too small to be seen. He conducted one of the first controlled biological experiments, where he put meat in a series of flasks, with half of them sealed and half of them open. He found that maggots developed only in the flasks which were open, justifying his claim that maggots do not spontaneously appear in meat, and disproving spontaneous generation within cells. This determines that cells cannot spontaneously generate and exist. They must come from pre-existing cells like the 3rd part of the Cell Theory says. (Britannica, n.d.)

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Leeuwenhoek made an extremely powerful microscope for his time. He described and looked at living cells. Leeuwenhoek studied protists from the pond and was able to observe them under his single-lens microscope. He called the protists animalcules. In reality, he was the first person to view bacteria. He saw living things made of cells like the 1st part of the Cell Theory. He also looked at the structure of the cells and the roles they were performing proving the 2nd part of the Cell Theory. (The Royal Society, n.d.)

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Lamarck is a zoologist who developed more about inheritance and evolution theories. He hypothesized that organisms pass on physical traits to their offspring. This idea is known as Lamarckism. Later, Mendel proved and expanded on his theories with the studies of alleles and further genetics. This discussed the genetics of cells and how they relate to the passing on of hereditary traits. (Britannica, n.d.)

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Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are made of cells. Schleiden stated that different parts of cells are made of cells. He recognized the importance of the cell's nucleus in the process of cell division. He was one of the first German biologists to accept Darwin's theory of evolution. The 1st part of the Cell Theory says that all living things are made of cells. With Schwann, his research combines to make the 1st part of the Cell Theory. (Britannica, n.d.)

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Schwann was a physiologist that developed modern histology. He stated that a cell was the basic unit of an animal’s structure. In 1839 Schwann contributed to the germ theory of alcoholic fermentation. His work with germ theory was built up by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s. Schwann and Schleiden collaboratively developed the first part of the cell theory in 1839. In 1848 he partnered with the University of Liege where he discovered what is now known as the Schwann cells. (Britannica, n.d.)

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Rudolf Virchow was a German physician, politician, anthropologist, and social reformer who made a statement in 1855 that said all cells come from pre-existing cells. Virchow also talked about how to identify diseases by their cells. Virchow found cells in bones and connective tissues and also was the first person to explain pulmonary thromboembolism. He made the third part of the cell theory. (Britannica, n.d.)

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Louis Pasteur believed that bacteria came from something and can multiply. He greatly believed that spontaneous generation was fake. He held many experiments, his most famous one being the broth experiment. He had 2 Swan neck flasks that held broth. He applied heat to one broth and kept the swan neck so nothing could enter. Pasteur then applied heat to the other broth and broke the swan neck so that bacteria could enter. The heat ensured that no bacteria were present in the beginning. The swan neck flask that was not broken ensured that no bacteria could enter, and so it was free of bacteria. The other flask that was broken, allowed bacteria to enter making more bacteria. It is concluded that Pasteur’s disproved spontaneous generation. Pasteur also created a way to get rid of bacteria for a longer amount of time which we still use today known as Pasteurization. (A&E, 2021)

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James Hillier was a Canadian-American physicist and inventor who worked with Albert Prebus to build the first working high-resolution microscope called the electron microscope in North America in 1938. He was the first person to create a picture of the ultra-thin section of a single bacterium. This allowed us to see cells, and discover their structure and function. (Lemelson, n.d.)

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Prebus was a professor of electrical engineering from Ohio State University. He partnered with James Hillier to build the world’s first electron microscope. In 1940, Albert continued making developments and improvements on the microscope. He eventually started sharing his findings with other universities and scientific organizations. Allowing us to expand on our knowledge with cells. (Ohio State Office of Research, 2020)

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