# data[].attributes.body
Word Meanings:

Cryptography - the art of writing or solving codes

Cipher - a secret or disguised way of writing; a code

Enigma - a person or thing that is mysterious or difficult to understand

# data[].attributes.body
Conclusion:

The very nature of cryptography, or hiding a message by converting it to an unreadable jumble of apparently random symbols, evokes a number of legal and political issues. Cryptography is of considerable interest to civil rights supporters, mostly for its ability to facilitate privacy and free speech. However, because of its potential to assist the malicious in their schemes to avoid legal responsibilities, cryptography has long been of interest to intelligence gathering and law enforcement agencies as well. Accordingly, there is a history of legal and political controversy surrounding cryptography, especially since the advent of inexpensive computers made widespread access to high quality cryptography possible. The 1990s had the "crypto wars"; intense debates on cryptography policy issues.  The main advocates of tight control were various governments, especially the US government. Their opponents included most of the main hi-tech companies and a loose coalition of radicals called cypherpunks. The governments lost those battles; however they have been attempting to recover lost ground in the new century.

# data[].attributes.body
NEW WORDS

1.

# data[].attributes.body
CONCLUSION

Conclusion
Security in the Internet is improving. The increasing use of the Internet for commerce is improving the deployed technology to protect the financial transactions. Extension of the basic technologies to protect multicast communications is possible and can be expected to be deployed as multicast becomes more widespread.
Control over routing remains the basic tool for controlling access to streams. Implementing particular policies will be possible as multicast routing protocols improve. Cryptography is a tool which may alleviate many of the perceived problems of using the Internet for communications. However, cryptography requires the safe implementation of complex mathematical equations and protocols, and there are always worries about bad implementations. A further worry is that users are integral to securing communications, since they must provide appropriate keys. As the founders of First Virtual point out [#!cybercommerce!#]

...a safe application of cryptographic technology will pay close attention to how public keys are associated with user identities, how stolen keys are detected and revoked and how long a stolen key is useful to a criminal.
Cryptography may be groovy technology, but since security is a human issue, cryptography is only as good as the practices of the people who use it. Users leave keys lying around, choose easily remembered keys, don't change keys for years. The complexity of cryptography effectively puts it outside the understanding of most people and so motivation for the practices of cryptographic security is not available. [#!anders!#]

# data[].attributes.body
SURVEY

1.why is classical cryptography so important

2.why should a common man worry about it

# data[].attributes.body
APPLICATION OF CRYPTOGRAPHY

The major application of cryptography is done in army ,navyetc{the major defensive systems of the country

Authentication/Digital Signatures

Authentication and digital signatures are a very important application of public-key cryptography. For example, if you receive a message from me that I have encrypted with my private key and you are able to decrypt it using my public key, you should feel reasonably certain that the message did in fact come from me. If I think it necessary to keep the message secret, I may encrypt the message with my private key and then with your public key, that way only you can read the message, and you will know that the message came from me. The only requirement is that public keys are associated with their users by a trusted manner, for example a trusted directory. To address this weakness, the standards community has invented an object called a certificate. A certificate contains, the certificate issuer's name, the name of the subject for whom the certificate is being issued, the public key of the subject, and some time stamps. You know the public key is good, because the certificate issuer has a certificate too.

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a software package originally developed by Phil Zimmerman that provides encryption and authentication for e-mail and file storage applications. Zimmerman developed his freeware program using existing encryption techniques, and made it available on multiple platforms. It provides message encryption, digital signatures, data compression, and e-mail compatibility. PGP uses RSA for key transport and IDEA for bulk encryption of messages. Zimmerman ran into legal problems with RSA over his use of the RSA algorithm in his program. PGP is now available in a couple of legal forms: MIT PGP versions 2.6 and later are legal freeware for non-commercial use, and Viacrypt PGP versions 2.7 and later are legal commercial versions of the same software.

Time Stamping

Time stamping is a technique that can certify that a certain electronic document or communication existed or was delivered at a certain time. Time stamping uses an encryption model called a blind signature scheme. Blind signature schemes allow the sender to get a message receipted by another party without revealing any information about the message to the other party.

Time stamping is very similar to sending a registered letter through the U.S. mail, but provides an additional level of proof. It can prove that a recipient received a specific document. Possible applications include patent applications, copyright archives, and contracts. Time stamping is a critical application that will help make the transition to electronic legal documents possible.

Electronic Money

The definition of electronic money (also called electronic cash or digital cash) is a term that is still evolving. It includes transactions carried out electronically with a net transfer of funds from one party to another, which may be either debit or credit and can be either anonymous or identified. There are both hardware and software implementations.

Anonymous applications do not reveal the identity of the customer and are based on blind signature schemes. (Digicash's Ecash) Identified spending schemes reveal the identity of the customer and are based on more general forms of signature schemes. Anonymous schemes are the electronic analog of cash, while identified schemes are the electronic analog of a debit or credit card. There are also some hybrid approaches where payments can be anonymous with respect to the merchant but not the bank (CyberCash credit card transactions) ; or anonymous to everyone, but traceable (a sequence of purchases can be related, but not linked directly to the spender's identity).

Encryption is used in electronic money schemes to protect conventional transaction data like account numbers and transaction amounts, digital signatures can replace handwritten signatures or a credit-card authorizations, and public-key encryption can provide confidentiality. There are several systems that cover this range of applications, from transactions mimicking conventional paper transactions with values of several dollars and up, to various micropayment schemes that batch extremely low cost transactions into amounts that will bear the overhead of encryption and clearing the bank.

Secure Network Communications

# data[].attributes.body
1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aHkqB2-46k

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOVcw7upfTY

3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEb_AnPWPwY

4.ODED GOLDREICH, Foundations of Cryptography, Volume 1: Basic Tools, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-79172-3

5.Kahn, David (Fall 1979). "Cryptology Goes Public". Foreign Affairs 58 (1): 153.

6.Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin (8 June 1976). "Multi-user cryptographic techniques". AFIPS Proceedings 45: 109–112.

7.Coppersmith, D. (May 1994). "The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks"(PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development

# data[].attributes.body
my topic is classical cryptography.

I collected all the information from books ,ebooks available in the library. i also surfed the internet to gather lots of infromation journals were the backbone for my article

# data[].attributes.body
Secret Codes - Cryptography, Decipherment and the Imitation Game

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Secret Codes - Cryptography, Decipherment and the Imitation Game

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hidden messages, and how we uncover them. A quick look at cryptography, cryptanalysis and decipherment. The 2014 film, The Imitation Game, centers on Alan Turing and the cracking of the Enigma Machine. There's a whole history of "figuring out" behind Turing's discovery. Three secretive subjects come to mind.

# data[].attributes.body
Turing's Enigma Problem

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Turing's Enigma Problem (Part 1) - Computerphile

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Enigma cipher machine, said to be unbreakable. Alan Turing had a pivotal role in cracking Enigma codes during WWII. Professor Brailsford takes us through just what Turing and his team were up against.

# data[].attributes.body
WORD MEANINGS

1.  Endow  -  To Provide

2.  Perseverance - Persistence

3.  Scrutinize  -  Stare

4.  Antiquity  -  Oldness

5.  Inexpedient  -  Purposeless

6.  Perforation  -  To make hole

# data[].attributes.body
In all of the applications mentioned by us, it is feasible and very important to use Cryptography. It is because nowadays many hackers hack other's confidential documents and leading to a great loss individually and also to community as whole.

Only proper encoding and decoding techniques can provide proper methods to protect one's privacy which is only useful by Cryptography.

# data[].attributes.body
We think that the use of Cryptography in military is most successful and also useful.

Cryptography is a secure method of protecting data as well as government secrets. It is also useful on the ground when at war as it does not leave communication open thus by leaving it encrypted so that the enemy cannot listen in. The enemy may not be able to listen in but if the enemy was to use such a protocol it would make it incredibly difficult for the military to uncover their communications.

As it is really important for any nation's military to keep confidential and communicate their secret data, use of Cryptography has proven a successful method of doing so.

# data[].attributes.body
APPLICATIONS WHERE CRYPTOGRAPHY ARE USED:

1.Secrecy in Transmission

2.Authentication of Identity

3.Electronic Signatures

4.Electronic Money
5.Catching criminals
6.Useful in military (Coding)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One of the primary reasons that intruders can be successful is that most of the information they acquire from a system is in a form that they can read and comprehend

# data[].attributes.body
SURVEY: (To students)

1.How you liked our presentation on Cryptography?

2.How often you use Cryptography?

3.Where are the places where common man get involved in using Cryptography in their day to day life?

4.What you think the role of Cryptography relating to private security?

5.What are your expectations relating to future improvements in the field of Cryptography?

6.How Cryptographical method is used in computers?

7.Do you have suggestions about what should we include more to make our presentation even better.

Inference:

We want that students should know how and where they are using cryptography in their daily life like in banks, to protect their accounts, in mobile chatting apps etc.

# data[].attributes.body
Source of Journal Cryptography in Criminal Investigations:

Author(s): Don L. Kooken Source: Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951),Vol. 26, No. 6 (Mar., 1936), pp.903-919

Published by: Northwestern University School of LawStable URL: 1.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1135885

Sites:

2.https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/76148343/462c4a4dde957846c8c5359a004eb12c3082383f/72af7e3c5752ebbb500b664642d4e1a6.pdf

3.http://www.softheap.com/internet/use-of-cryptography.html

Youtube links:

4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yFZGF8FHSg

5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIt4Q68J00A

6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4z3jAOzT9I

7.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaWp_Kq0cKs

8.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysLY2565lFw

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Vigenere Cipher - Decryption (Unknown Key)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This video shows the process (thoroughly) of how to find the key when you don't have it. English alphabet frequencies: http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html Decryption (known key): http://youtu.be/oHcJ4QLiiP8 Encryption: http://youtu.be/izFivfLjD5E

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Short explanation how to break the Vigenere cipher with the solutions of Friedman and Kasisky. (Excuse my english. I should practice more.)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
The Science of Making and Breaking Codes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cryptography - Breaking the Vigenere Cipher

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In this video I go over how to use my Vigenere frequency tool to figure out the keyword used to encrypt a message using the Vigenere Cipher. **This video will not explain why certain columns have marks under the keysize. That is shown in another video.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Stuff They Don't Want You To Know - HowStuffWorks

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
While cryptography has progressed by leaps and bounds, some codes still haven't been broken. Tune in to learn more about some of history's strangest unbroken codes, from the Voynich manuscript to the Tama Shud case and more. SUBSCRIBE | http://bit.ly/stdwytk-sub WEBSITE | http://bit.ly/stdwytk-home AUDIO PODCAST | http://bit.ly/stdwytk-audio-itunes TWITTER | http://bit.ly/stdwytk-twitter FACEBOOK | http://bit.ly/stdwytk-fb EMAIL | Conspiracy@HowStuffWorks.com STORE | http://stufftheydontwantyoutoknow.spreadshirt.com Here are the facts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Science of Codes: An Intro to Cryptography

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Introduction to Cryptography - Caesar Cipher

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
The Science of Making and Breaking Codes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cryptography basics: What is Encryption and Decryption

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Get Full Course: http://www.engineeringmentor.com/CNYTv3 Networks #3: This tutorial introduces the Cryptography basics. It also explains what is Encryption and Decryption. a) Cryptography basics (00:21):http://youtu.be/BEb_AnPWPwY?t=21s how do we provide this security during transmission? Well, One way of ensuring security can be use of CRYPTOGRAPHY!

# data[].attributes.body
My topic is Cryptography in Criminal Investigation.

So I searched the books relevant to my topic in Bits Pilani Hyderabad Campus and came across a book on Cryptography whose one topic waS Criminal Investigation by Don L. Kooken. Then I searched the e-library of Bits campus and got the link of the journal. Also I searched youtube videos relevant to my topic and then posted the link here.

# data[].attributes.body
Cracking the NAZI Enigma Code Machine

# data[].attributes.body
Example is The Racketeering Records Analysis Unit (RRAU) ofthe Federal Bureau of Investigation's Laboratory in Washington, DC.

# data[].attributes.body
Criminals use codes to keep records of wagers placed, game lines and outcomes, bettor names, and account balances.

# data[].attributes.body
Criminals generally use homemade, simple substitution cipher systems which use a single cipher text character to replace a plain text character.

# data[].attributes.body
Criminals use ciphers in incriminating records, such as drug trafficking, loansharking illegal bookmaking, to communicate with cohorts inside and outsideof prison and to conceal numbers, especially telephone numbers, addresses, weights, and money amounts.

# data[].attributes.body
Ciphers is used in

replacement of true letters or numbers with different characters or the systematic rearrangement of the true letters without changing their identities to form an enciphered message.

# data[].attributes.body
Cryptanalyst examine and deciphers the criminal codes and ciphers.

# data[].attributes.body
Main cryptographic techniques used by criminals are: 1.Cipher

2.Codes

# data[].attributes.body
My topic is use of cryptography by criminals and its investigation.

# data[].attributes.body
Give an example of an organisation specialised in the area of cryptanalysis.

# data[].attributes.body
What is the use of codes by criminals?

# data[].attributes.body
Where do criminals use ciphers?

# data[].attributes.body
Which cryptographic system is generally preferd by criminals?

# data[].attributes.body
How is cipher useful in forming an enciphered message?

# data[].attributes.body
What is the role of cryptanalysts?

# data[].attributes.body
What are main cryptographic techniques used by criminals?

# data[].attributes.body
Hi Pritish, what is your topic??

# data[].attributes.body
Summary :

The political problem is that nearly all governments want to monitor their enemies' communications, and some want to monitor their citizens. They may be very interested in protecting some of their own communications, and often some types of business communication, but not in having everyone able to communicate securely. They therefore attempt to restrict availability of strong cryptography as much as possible.

In all important political campaigns the use of a telegraphic cipher seems to be necessary. It would hasten the reform millennium. It is the combination of the transposition and substitution systems which makes the cipher difficult to interpret.

# data[].attributes.body
Reference article used

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY

Different physical devices and aids have been used to assist with ciphers. One of the earliest may have been the scytale of ancient greece, a rod supposedly used by the Spartans as an aid for a transposition cipher .  The ciphers implemented by better quality examples of these machine designs brought about a substantial increase in cryptanalytic difficulty after WWI.

# data[].attributes.body
Author(s): Edgar C. Reinke

Source: The Classical Journal,Vol. 58, No. 3 (Dec., 1962), pp. 113-121

# data[].attributes.body
I shall be covering the topic - Cryptography in Politics

The reference article has the author: John R. G. Hassard

Source: The North American Review, Vol. 128, No. 268 (Mar., 1879), pp. 315-325

# data[].attributes.body
PLEASE OPEN ORIGINAL

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY ON CRYPTOGRAPHY IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

# data[].attributes.headline
PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTUREOF CRYPTOGRAPHY

# data[].attributes.subject
PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTUREOF CRYPTOGRAPHY

# data[].attributes.body
BY ALL OF US

# data[].attributes.body
CRYPTOGRAPHY IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

# data[].attributes.body
WHAT IS CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Science of Deduction - Hidden Messages