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Biofield Treatment | Science Behind The Trivedi Effect

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Biofield Treatment | Science Behind The Trivedi Effect

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Biofield energy which is the energy behind the Trivedi Effect, has inherent intelligence and thus it is capable to specifically target the areas of need. Read more about this phenomenon here.

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California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, California, USA

"The results suggest that the biofield treatment administered in the laboratory can induce cell death of brain cancer cells from a distance while at the same time promoting the viability of normal brain cells. Such selective efficacy against cancer cells is the sought after "holy grail" for novel experimental anti-cancer agents and makes this work all the more exciting."

Garrett L. Yount, Ph.D., California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, California, USA

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Science Projects on The Trivedi Effect | Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

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California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, California, USA "The results suggest that the biofield treatment administered in the laboratory can induce cell death of brain cancer cells from a distance while at the same time promoting the viability of normal brain cells.

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The Trivedi Effect – Reviews and Testimonials

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The Trivedi Effect – Reviews and Testimonials

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The Trivedi Effect testimonials speaks about the impact of Mahendra Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment and how he has used this energy to transform the life of thousands of people around the globe. Visit today to read the latest reviews and testimonials.

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"Guruji has been blessing my cousin, Leslie Mansfield, who has been battling leukemia. She came through the other side and had her bone marrow test, which included a DNA test. She carried the BRCA1 gene for breast cancer, which she recovered from last year. Unfortunately, the radiation for breast cancer caused the leukemia. The results of the recent testing astounded the doctors. Leslie's husband, Richard, told me that not only were there no cancer cells in the bone marrow, but that the BRCA1 gene was now normal. The doctor was amazed because there is no explanation for this. The chemotherapy she was on does not repair DNA. I told Richard that it was my understanding that Guruji works on the cellular level and that his goal is to repair DNA, the personal blueprint of a person. Also, I want him to know about these results as they are apparently medically impossible. Thank you! "

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The Trivedi Effect® Reviews | Mahendra Trivedi Testimonials | Know What People are Saying

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"Guruji has been blessing my cousin, Leslie Mansfield, who has been battling leukemia. She came through the other side and had her bone marrow test, which included a DNA test. She carried the BRCA1 gene for breast cancer, which she recovered from last year. Unfortunately, the radiation for breast cancer caused the leukemia.

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Trivedi Effect | Healing with Human Biofield Energy

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Trivedi Effect | Healing with Human Biofield Energy

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Experience effortless success, increased wealth, better health and deeper relationships with the Trivedi Effect. Visit the link to read more about this miraculous phenomenon.

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Discover how you can unleash the energy of consciousness within yourself, activating your true power to create the reality you desire in life. | The Trivedi Effect on VoiceAmerica - The Leader in Internet Media

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Mr. Mahendra Trivedi discovered his unique ability to harness the energy from the universe and transmit it to anywhere on the globe. He did scientific researches to validate his ability. Read the research papers here.

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ScholarMate connects people to research and innovate smarter.

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Follow the link to get information about a well-known healer Mahendra Trivedi. He has a collection of scientific researches that validates the impact of his healing abilities.

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Agriculture Research Papers by Mahendra Trivedi

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Agriculture Research Papers by Mahendra Trivedi

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Mahendra Trivedi’s work within the international scientific community is extensive and ongoing. His Trivedi Effect® is continuously being applied to a broad range of scientific fields. Read here the research papers in the field of agriculture.

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Read publications from Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi. He has amassed a collection of hundreds of research papers in different fields of science including Materials science, Agriculture, Biology, Microbiology, Oncology, Medicine and etc.

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Publications List of Mr. Mahendra Trivedi

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Publications List of Mr. Mahendra Trivedi

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Mr. Mahendra Trivedi has conducted hundreds of research studies to assess the authenticity of noticeable impact from The Trivedi Effect® in the arena of science.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Publications List

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - list of publications on publicationslist.org - mahendra.trivedi

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Find information about Mr. Mahendra Trivedi in this member profile at Merlot. Also read the research publications by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi and his team.

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Mahendra Trivedi - MERLOT Member Profile

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View this MERLOT member's profile page and access online learning materials they've submitted to MERLOT, as well as any Learning Exercises, Bookmark Collections, or Course ePortfolios they've created.

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Latest research papers and publications from Mr. Mahendra Trivedi in various fields of science. Follow the link to get the more details.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi completed his 5-year Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1985 and has worked as an Engineer for 10 years. In 1995, Mr. Trivedi discovered his unique ability to harness the energy from the universe and transmit it to anywhere on the globe, infusing it into living organisms and nonliving materials, thus optimizing their potential.

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Guruji Mahendra Trivedi’ Profile | Eomega.org

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Guruji Mahendra Trivedi’ Profile | Eomega.org

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Mr. Mahendra Trivedi is a well-known spiritual healer whose goal is to integrate the scientific research and consciousness to immensely improve the human condition.

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Mahendra Trivedi is known throughout the world for his powerful energy transmissions. Born in India, Trivedi is founder of The Trivedi Foundation, whose goal is to usher in a new era that integrates scientific research and consciousness to vastly improve the human condition.

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Mahendra Trivedi is known throughout the world for his powerful energy transmissions. Born in India, Trivedi is founder of The Trivedi Foundation, whose goal is to usher in a new era that integrates scientific research and consciousness to vastly improve the human condition.

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Mahendra Trivedi - Life Coach & Biofield Energy Healer

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Mahendra Trivedi - Life Coach & Biofield Energy Healer

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Mahendra Trivedi has the ability to transform living and non-living objects to a higher level of potential through his Divine Energy popularly known as the Trivedi Effect. Get in touch with Mr. Trivedi to experience the power of energy healing.

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Mahendra Trivedi - Anthem - Henderson, NV

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Specialties: The Trivedi Effect® Biofield Energy Treatment Biofield Healing Raising the Consciousness Mental and Physical Health Improvement

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Mahendra Trivedi (Official) Profile | LinkedIn

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Mahendra Trivedi (Official) Profile | LinkedIn

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View Mahendra Trivedi's (official) professional profile on LinkedIn. Check out the professional insights posted on various topics by Mahendra Trivedi, creator of The Trivedi Effect®.

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Mahendra Trivedi | Professional Profile | LinkedIn

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View Mahendra Trivedi's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Mahendra has 2 jobs listed on their profile. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Mahendra's connections and jobs at similar companies.

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Explore the Power of Science with Mahendra Trivedi

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Explore the Power of Science with Mahendra Trivedi

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Mahendra Trivedi's ultimate mission is to share the ultimate power of his divine energy (Trivedi Effect) with the world, establishing a new scientific paradigm that will bring about lasting solutions to the world’s most pressing problems and vastly improve the human condition.

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Guruji Mahendra Trivedi

Since his early childhood in a small town in India, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi displayed uncommon intelligence and perception. One night in 1995, he received enlightenment from the Divine, and a message that he was to share his gifts with the world, for the betterment of mankind.

Guruji Mahendra Kumar Trivedi earned his five-year Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1985 and worked as an engineer for 10 years. In 1995, Mr. Trivedi discovered that he had the unique ability to harness the energy from the universe and transmit it to anywhere on the globe, infusing it into living organisms and nonliving materials to optimize their potential. For the next seven years, Trivedi applied this newfound discovery to helping people optimize their own potential. This unique phenomenon resulting from Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy transmissions became internationally known as the Trivedi Effect.

Although Guruji Mahendra Trivedi gained a vast and continuously growing body of human testimonials that testified to the capabilities and potential of his biofield healing on the human condition, Mr. Trivedi retained a healthy skepticism. More than 250,000 individuals have sought Mahendra Trivedi's abilities and have attested extraordinary benefits from his biofield energy healing in their health, relationships, emotional health, mental potency, sexual satisfaction, finances, business ventures and much more, but Mr. Trivedi was aware of the power of psychological influence and people's susceptibility to the placebo effect. As a result, Guruji Mahendra Trivedi wanted to assess the authenticity of the human testimonials through application of the Trivedi Effect in the arena of science.

He amassed a collection of over 4,000 studies in life sciences and material sciences, including agriculture, livestock, biotechnology, microbiology, materials science, genetics, cancer and human health conducted with the most sophisticated technologies available on this planet, and currently he has nearly 200 publications in leading international peer-reviewed scientific journals. All of the science research and publications give profound support to the dramatic results reported through human testimonials, thus excluding the possibility of the placebo effect. All studies and publications have revealed results that have astounded scientists worldwide and have led to collaborations with leading scientists like Dr. Rustom Roy, a materials scientist from Penn State University who was nominated for the Nobel Prize 23 times. His extensive research and experimentation on the abilities of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy led him to say, "I see him as the completion of what India has brought to the world in modern scientific terms. ... Science is the religion of the world. It's going to be very tough for the establishment to hold onto old ideas. I think with Mr. Trivedi's potential, he may become a pioneer in loosening the grasp of old science. I have no doubt Mr. Trivedi will change the face of science and human well-being in my lifetime."

Guruji Mahendra Trivedi's work within the international scientific community is extensive and ongoing. His research is an invaluable database for scientists attempting to understand the power of consciousness, energy medicine and the human biofield of energy. The Trivedi Effect is continuously being applied to a broad range of scientific fields to extend and transcend beyond the frontiers of the current scientific paradigm. By harnessing the potential and heightened capacity of the human biofield, Mr. Trivedi has successfully transformed living organisms and nonliving materials at the atomic, molecular and cellular structures of existence to greatly enhance and alter the characteristics and behaviors of the treated specimen.

Mr. Trivedi's mission is to utilize the Trivedi Effect to usher in a new era that integrates scientific research with consciousness to vastly improve the human condition and benefit humanity on a global scale. Currently, he is collaborating with an international research organization to study the impact of the Trivedi Effect on nutraceuticals for overall health, prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants, anti-aging and in products that can potentially treat cancer, obesity and inflammation. His pharmaceutical research aims to create new, revolutionary products for the benefit of all of humankind.

Guruji Mahendra Trivedi has designed various "Trivedi Master Wellness" Programs in which thousands of people have reported results that are often described as "miraculous" and "life-changing." Some people have reported relief from debilitating illnesses, diseases and disorders, such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), arthritis, joint pain, muscle pain, chronic pain, erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, sexual impotency, sexual disorders, fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome, sleep disorders, sleep apnea, insomnia, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), severe migraines, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), low libido, low energy and much more. There have also been several testimonials from different people reporting that the Trivedi Effect has helped them and their loved ones during cancer treatments, helping them cope with cancer and increasing their recovery period after receiving bouts of radiation and chemotherapy.

In addition to relief from physical disorders and health problems, people also report drastic results in their emotional problems, psychological disorders, neurological disorders and overall mental wellbeing, including relief from depression, manic depression, bipolar disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), stress, anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorders, panic attacks and panic disorders, fear, anorexia nervosa, anorexia bulimia, loneliness, sadness, low self-esteem, uncertainty, worry, mood swings, indecisiveness, feeling hopeless and worthless, restlessness, emotional trauma, feelings of dissatisfaction and boredom, and a wide range of psychosomatic disorders. There have been testimonials from many parents that have children with varying Autism Spectrum Disorders that, after receiving biofield energy transmissions, have reported dramatic changes in their children's behavior, social interaction, mood, and mental and emotional integration with their environment.

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi's biofield transmissions have assisted people with a wide range of varying conditions and problems with varying degrees of severity that, with the support of science research performed at the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, it has been concluded that the biofield energy treatments administered by Mr. Trivedi have an inherent intelligence that treats each recipient and specimen uniquely. In one particular study at the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, Mr. Trivedi administered his biofield energy treatment to a mixed sample of both cancerous cells and noncancerous cells. The results showed that the biofield treatment was able to kill the cancerous cells while at the same time promote the viability of the noncancerous cells:

"The results suggest that the biofield treatment administered in the laboratory can induce cell death of brain cancer cells from a distance while at the same time promoting viability of normal brain cells. Such selective efficacy against cancer cells is the sought after 'holy grail' for novel experimental anti-cancer agents and makes this work all the more exciting."
- Dr. Garrett L. Yount, Ph.D.
All forms of energy currently known to the world, such as electrical, magnetic, solar, wind, thermal, gravitational, optical energy and so on, have their own limitations and do not perform intelligently. No other energy on this planet is capable of controlling whether or not the object receives said energy, or how the object or specimen will react to the energy. Albert Einstein was highly frustrated with the limitations of these known forms of energy. Hence, he wrote the most philosophical statement in the history of science: "I, at any rate, am convinced that He [God] cannot throw dice." He began working on a Unified Field Theory, which theorizes that there is a single energy within our Universe that is capable of doing everything.

In answer to Albert Einstein's quest of a Unified Field of Energy, the science experiments conducted on the Trivedi Effect show that this is the only energy discovered and validated by science that has inherent intelligence. This energy is not only able to distinguish between cancerous cells and noncancerous cells, but it also is able to treat each recipient uniquely, i.e. the same energy that decided to kill the cancerous cells also made the decision to provide life and greater viability to the noncancerous cells. Further, The Trivedi Effect does not require the specimen's or object's permission to "receive" the energy. This energy decides whether or not the object or specimen will receive it, as well as determines the outcome. This energy has affected every treated living and nonliving specimen uniquely within a controlled laboratory setting, which makes this phenomenon a remarkable discovery that is unique and without comparison.

A large and rapidly increasing number of people have experienced the Trivedi Effect phenomenon and insist that their lives have new meaning and they are feeling greater levels of happiness, love, compassion, motivation, indescribable peace, inspiration, intuition, spirituality, enthusiasm, intelligence, intellectuality, self-esteem, affection, pleasure, sexual orgasm and ejaculation, sentiments, empathy, calmness, deeper relationships, eagerness, as well as altered perceptions and a love of life. People say they have found their soul mates, while others have even insisted they have experienced Spiritual Awakenings by entering into levels of higher consciousness, while others say they feel deeply connected to their souls and to Spirit and have discovered their life's purpose. Although Mr. Trivedi has no religious or spiritual affiliation and recommends everyone follow their own beliefs and inner guidance, people have found that the biofield energy treatments have created more profound experiences during spiritual and religious practices, like yoga and meditation, as well as heightened the potential and capabilities of many healers and health care industry workers, like Reiki healers and practitioners of Tai Chi, Qi Gong, Healing Touch, Energy Healing, Energy Medicine, etc., even though Mr. Trivedi does not endorse any healing modality.

Mr. Trivedi has been identified as a man full of miracles because the abilities and things he has proven capable of through scientific application and assessment is not fully understood by science today, but has unquestionably proven itself to be true.

What is known is that this unique individual has the ability to transfer an energy through his thoughts, which is directed by his intention. This energy acts as if it comes from a form of Universal Consciousness, performing intelligently, universally and fundamentally as a basis for all living and nonliving forms or entities on this planet to transform in great ways that act in order to improve the conditions and foundation of existence on this world.

We have met many major and world-renowned scientists and other individuals that are identified as "experts" in the areas of consciousness and biofield energy, each with their own interpretation or assessment of the nature or origin of the Trivedi Effect through the lens of their personal knowledge and expertise. Currently we are not attempting to explain the nature and origin of this energy as we find it does not fit into any existing beliefs or paradigms available on this planet.

However, by way of scientific verification, we are aware that its impacts are universal and can be applied to both living and non-living substances with seemingly limitless capacity that has exceedingly wide-reaching applications for the betterment of the world.

Guruji Mahendra Trivedi

Since his early childhood in a small town in India, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi displayed uncommon intelligence and perception. One night in 1995, he received enlightenment from the Divine, and a message that he was to share his gifts with the world, for the betterment of mankind.

Guruji Mahendra Kumar Trivedi earned his five-year Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1985 and worked as an engineer for 10 years. In 1995, Mr. Trivedi discovered that he had the unique ability to harness the energy from the universe and transmit it to anywhere on the globe, infusing it into living organisms and nonliving materials to optimize their potential. For the next seven years, Trivedi applied this newfound discovery to helping people optimize their own potential. This unique phenomenon resulting from Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy transmissions became internationally known as the Trivedi Effect.

Although Guruji Mahendra Trivedi gained a vast and continuously growing body of human testimonials that testified to the capabilities and potential of his biofield healing on the human condition, Mr. Trivedi retained a healthy skepticism. More than 250,000 individuals have sought Mahendra Trivedi's abilities and have attested extraordinary benefits from his biofield energy healing in their health, relationships, emotional health, mental potency, sexual satisfaction, finances, business ventures and much more, but Mr. Trivedi was aware of the power of psychological influence and people's susceptibility to the placebo effect. As a result, Guruji Mahendra Trivedi wanted to assess the authenticity of the human testimonials through application of the Trivedi Effect in the arena of science.

He amassed a collection of over 4,000 studies in life sciences and material sciences, including agriculture, livestock, biotechnology, microbiology, materials science, genetics, cancer and human health conducted with the most sophisticated technologies available on this planet, and currently he has nearly 200 publications in leading international peer-reviewed scientific journals. All of the science research and publications give profound support to the dramatic results reported through human testimonials, thus excluding the possibility of the placebo effect. All studies and publications have revealed results that have astounded scientists worldwide and have led to collaborations with leading scientists like Dr. Rustom Roy, a materials scientist from Penn State University who was nominated for the Nobel Prize 23 times. His extensive research and experimentation on the abilities of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy led him to say, "I see him as the completion of what India has brought to the world in modern scientific terms. ... Science is the religion of the world. It's going to be very tough for the establishment to hold onto old ideas. I think with Mr. Trivedi's potential, he may become a pioneer in loosening the grasp of old science. I have no doubt Mr. Trivedi will change the face of science and human well-being in my lifetime."

Guruji Mahendra Trivedi's work within the international scientific community is extensive and ongoing. His research is an invaluable database for scientists attempting to understand the power of consciousness, energy medicine and the human biofield of energy. The Trivedi Effect is continuously being applied to a broad range of scientific fields to extend and transcend beyond the frontiers of the current scientific paradigm. By harnessing the potential and heightened capacity of the human biofield, Mr. Trivedi has successfully transformed living organisms and nonliving materials at the atomic, molecular and cellular structures of existence to greatly enhance and alter the characteristics and behaviors of the treated specimen.

Mr. Trivedi's mission is to utilize the Trivedi Effect to usher in a new era that integrates scientific research with consciousness to vastly improve the human condition and benefit humanity on a global scale. Currently, he is collaborating with an international research organization to study the impact of the Trivedi Effect on nutraceuticals for overall health, prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants, anti-aging and in products that can potentially treat cancer, obesity and inflammation. His pharmaceutical research aims to create new, revolutionary products for the benefit of all of humankind.

Guruji Mahendra Trivedi has designed various "Trivedi Master Wellness" Programs in which thousands of people have reported results that are often described as "miraculous" and "life-changing." Some people have reported relief from debilitating illnesses, diseases and disorders, such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), arthritis, joint pain, muscle pain, chronic pain, erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, sexual impotency, sexual disorders, fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome, sleep disorders, sleep apnea, insomnia, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), severe migraines, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), low libido, low energy and much more. There have also been several testimonials from different people reporting that the Trivedi Effect has helped them and their loved ones during cancer treatments, helping them cope with cancer and increasing their recovery period after receiving bouts of radiation and chemotherapy.

In addition to relief from physical disorders and health problems, people also report drastic results in their emotional problems, psychological disorders, neurological disorders and overall mental wellbeing, including relief from depression, manic depression, bipolar disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), stress, anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorders, panic attacks and panic disorders, fear, anorexia nervosa, anorexia bulimia, loneliness, sadness, low self-esteem, uncertainty, worry, mood swings, indecisiveness, feeling hopeless and worthless, restlessness, emotional trauma, feelings of dissatisfaction and boredom, and a wide range of psychosomatic disorders. There have been testimonials from many parents that have children with varying Autism Spectrum Disorders that, after receiving biofield energy transmissions, have reported dramatic changes in their children's behavior, social interaction, mood, and mental and emotional integration with their environment.

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi's biofield transmissions have assisted people with a wide range of varying conditions and problems with varying degrees of severity that, with the support of science research performed at the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, it has been concluded that the biofield energy treatments administered by Mr. Trivedi have an inherent intelligence that treats each recipient and specimen uniquely. In one particular study at the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, Mr. Trivedi administered his biofield energy treatment to a mixed sample of both cancerous cells and noncancerous cells. The results showed that the biofield treatment was able to kill the cancerous cells while at the same time promote the viability of the noncancerous cells:

"The results suggest that the biofield treatment administered in the laboratory can induce cell death of brain cancer cells from a distance while at the same time promoting viability of normal brain cells. Such selective efficacy against cancer cells is the sought after 'holy grail' for novel experimental anti-cancer agents and makes this work all the more exciting."
- Dr. Garrett L. Yount, Ph.D.
All forms of energy currently known to the world, such as electrical, magnetic, solar, wind, thermal, gravitational, optical energy and so on, have their own limitations and do not perform intelligently. No other energy on this planet is capable of controlling whether or not the object receives said energy, or how the object or specimen will react to the energy. Albert Einstein was highly frustrated with the limitations of these known forms of energy. Hence, he wrote the most philosophical statement in the history of science: "I, at any rate, am convinced that He [God] cannot throw dice." He began working on a Unified Field Theory, which theorizes that there is a single energy within our Universe that is capable of doing everything.

In answer to Albert Einstein's quest of a Unified Field of Energy, the science experiments conducted on the Trivedi Effect show that this is the only energy discovered and validated by science that has inherent intelligence. This energy is not only able to distinguish between cancerous cells and noncancerous cells, but it also is able to treat each recipient uniquely, i.e. the same energy that decided to kill the cancerous cells also made the decision to provide life and greater viability to the noncancerous cells. Further, The Trivedi Effect does not require the specimen's or object's permission to "receive" the energy. This energy decides whether or not the object or specimen will receive it, as well as determines the outcome. This energy has affected every treated living and nonliving specimen uniquely within a controlled laboratory setting, which makes this phenomenon a remarkable discovery that is unique and without comparison.

A large and rapidly increasing number of people have experienced the Trivedi Effect phenomenon and insist that their lives have new meaning and they are feeling greater levels of happiness, love, compassion, motivation, indescribable peace, inspiration, intuition, spirituality, enthusiasm, intelligence, intellectuality, self-esteem, affection, pleasure, sexual orgasm and ejaculation, sentiments, empathy, calmness, deeper relationships, eagerness, as well as altered perceptions and a love of life. People say they have found their soul mates, while others have even insisted they have experienced Spiritual Awakenings by entering into levels of higher consciousness, while others say they feel deeply connected to their souls and to Spirit and have discovered their life's purpose. Although Mr. Trivedi has no religious or spiritual affiliation and recommends everyone follow their own beliefs and inner guidance, people have found that the biofield energy treatments have created more profound experiences during spiritual and religious practices, like yoga and meditation, as well as heightened the potential and capabilities of many healers and health care industry workers, like Reiki healers and practitioners of Tai Chi, Qi Gong, Healing Touch, Energy Healing, Energy Medicine, etc., even though Mr. Trivedi does not endorse any healing modality.

Mr. Trivedi has been identified as a man full of miracles because the abilities and things he has proven capable of through scientific application and assessment is not fully understood by science today, but has unquestionably proven itself to be true.

What is known is that this unique individual has the ability to transfer an energy through his thoughts, which is directed by his intention. This energy acts as if it comes from a form of Universal Consciousness, performing intelligently, universally and fundamentally as a basis for all living and nonliving forms or entities on this planet to transform in great ways that act in order to improve the conditions and foundation of existence on this world.

We have met many major and world-renowned scientists and other individuals that are identified as "experts" in the areas of consciousness and biofield energy, each with their own interpretation or assessment of the nature or origin of the Trivedi Effect through the lens of their personal knowledge and expertise. Currently we are not attempting to explain the nature and origin of this energy as we find it does not fit into any existing beliefs or paradigms available on this planet.

However, by way of scientific verification, we are aware that its impacts are universal and can be applied to both living and non-living substances with seemingly limitless capacity that has exceedingly wide-reaching applications for the betterment of the world.

"I know that I received this gift for a higher purpose and to seek the truth. It is simply my role to bring this energy to the world."

- Mahendra Trivedi -

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Guruji Mahendra Trivedi | The Trivedi Effect

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Since his early childhood in a small town in India, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi displayed uncommon intelligence and perception. One night in 1995, he received enlightenment from the Divine, and a message that he was to share his gifts with the world, for the betterment of mankind.

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Genuine Reviews about the Trivedi Effect

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Genuine Reviews about the Trivedi Effect

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The Trivedi Effect has been positively influencing and redirecting the lives of people who have been struggling with their physical, mental, emotional, psychological, spiritual, social and financial health and well-being.

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24 Trivedi Effect reviews. A free inside look at company reviews and salaries posted anonymously by employees.

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Start Your Journey of Transformation with The Trivedi Effect®, a unique phenomenon of Mahendra Trivedi’s Energy Transmissions that has the ability to transform both living and non-living matter on a fundamental level.

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The Trivedi Effect® | Henderson, NV 89052 | Angie's List

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Reviews you can trust on The Trivedi Effect® from Angie's List members | 10624 S. Eastern Ave. Henderson, NV

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The Trivedi Effect® | Official Facebook Page

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The Trivedi Effect® | Official Facebook Page

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Get latest news and updates about The Trivedi Effect on its official Facebook Page. Visit today and subscribe to get the regular updates.

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Read Mahendra Trivedi's exclusive interview with Daylle Deanna Schwartz on Beliefnet.com. Mr. Trivedi recognized throughout the world for his unique ability to harness the energy from the universe and transmit it to anywhere on the globe.

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I'm delighted to share an interview with Mahendra Kumar Trivedi today. Over the last sixteen years, close to 150,000 people around the world have received Energy Transmissions from him. They report improved mood, less stress and anxiety, more energy, greater stamina, increased self-confidence, clarity of mind, and inner peace. Some have significant improvements in sleep patterns and even in chronic health conditions in a very short period of time. Great Improvements in relationships, business and finances have also been reported.

Energy Transmissions are sent by Mr. Trivedi by intentional thought for the purpose of strengthening the connection between the recipient and Universal Intelligence. They raise consciousness to a more attuned level of functioning, vastly improving the quality of life. The result of this is known as the "Trivedi Effect™." The goal of Trivedi Master Wellness™ is about living a life where one effortlessly follows one's own inner guidance, where the connection between the heart and the mind is complete and individual consciousness is connected to Universal Consciousness. Then real happiness is possible and it never goes away.

I was fascinated when I read about Mr. Trivedi's amazing gift so when he was in NYC I went to him for an Energy Transmission. My GREAT skepticism quickly vanished as my mood elevated to feeling more joyous than ever every day, my sleep improved, and my energy is stronger than in years. I have a health problem that seems to be improving. I've also had wonderful things come into my life also. So I had to talk to this man who helps so many people around the world.

How did you first recognize your special ability? When 6 years I recognized I must have some kind of abilities different than other people because of my perception about the world, my thinking, and response in society. I was different than children of my age. At 32, when I was sleeping in the night, my brain started processing that this is the time to use those abilities and gifts for the betterment of some of the people. I had to play my role on this planet for millions of people, that is for sure. So the next morning I resigned from my job and felt happiness for first time in life and new sentiments from my family members.

What would you say to someone who was skeptical about your work? I'm one of the most skeptical men on this planet. Skeptical means based on human testimony. Who will decide who is real or not real? Science has the capability and my skeptic nature inspired me to enter into the arena of science. If this is real, then definitely it must have the ability to transform everything, plants, trees, soil, animals, bacteria, human cells, cancer cells and more. I thought if this energy is not transforming all these things then I will consider the energy to be fake and I didn't want to stay with anything which is fake. From 2000 onward we contacted several universities and the scientist designed experiments.

How did the experiments work? I did energy infusions on different varieties of plants and trees, related to nuts, fruits, vegetables and grains. I did not interfere with the design pattern and told them to use the international standard. There must not be any problem in publication. The data from the universities showed that after this energy transmission, the soil was transformed. It had 9 times more useful bacterial and 6 times less harmful bacteria. Nine thousand cashew samplings were transformed. There was no need for fungicides and other chemicals. They were tested in laboratories in the UK and Germany. Scientist discovered that these cashews had much more vitality and vigor and another test established a ten times more shelf life. Scientists found up to 500% more production-more to eat-and 600% more immunity in the defense system.

What happened when you entered into the arena of animal science? Last year I energy infused water in India-remotely. It was given to 2,100 chickens. They were only given the energy water-no medicine or antibiotics or hormones. The food was the same. After 47 days, the scientists found that our chickens had 15% more meat production. After 4 data collections, they found our chickens had 17% less infectious bacteria level and 17% more blood platelet count. This means very high quality health. We did hundreds of experiments in labs on infectious bacteria for humans. Then we experimented on viruses, like HIV, Hepatitis B and C, and herpes virus. Scientific analysis found the energy was able to kill up to 99.81% of viruses within a period of 10 years.

Before giving an energy transmission, you have us pray to whatever higher power we believe in. Why is that so important? That is the source of your energy. The connection is so important because we get the energy from our higher source, which means our creator-the source which creates all of us. Some use God, the Divine, the Universal intelligence or the Universe. People have the religious freedom to choose the God of their understanding.

Why do people sometimes not feel better or actually have intensified symptoms after a transmission? If the transmission is coming, you might not be ready to adjust to the new shift. If you have a disease like eczema, your hand is used to scratching. Suppose you're living in the dark for a long time. Your eyes need to adjust to that light. There's an adjustment to the new situation. When you transplant a new kidney it can take 7 weeks for the adjustment. It's called the healing crisis.

That last answer especially made so much sense to me. My health problem has changed, like it's fighting to stay because my body is used to having it. But, every day it gets a little better. After exhausting treatments to no avail from several doctors, I suspect that the Energy Transmission changed something in me. I will give it a few more weeks to really see if the results stick. But my faith is strong that it will! When Mr. Trivedi is in NY for 2 days, people line up for a transmission. He also does group transmissions via the Internet or by telephone. You can check out Mahendra Kumar Trivedi at Trivedi Master Wellness and see what he offers and his schedule.
*********************

Take the 31 Days of Self-Love Challenge and get my book, How Do I Love Me? Let Me Count the Ways for free at http://howdoiloveme.com. And you can post your loving acts to reinforce your intention to love yourself. Read my 31 Days of Self-Love Posts HERE.

Please leave comments under my posts so we can stay connected.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi is the creator of the Trivedi Effect. Mr. Trivedi has a unique ability to transmit universal energy through his thoughts. To prove the impact of the Trivedi Effect, Mr. Trivedi has conducted around 4,000 scientific studies.

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  Isotopic
  Abundance of 3-CNB- Biofield Treatment

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  Isotopic
  Abundance of 3-CNB- Biofield Treatment

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The current research was undertaken to understand the change in the isotopic abundance ratio of 1-Chloro-3-Nitrobenzene due to the biofield treatment of samples. Read and follow the link provided.

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  Evaluation
  of Isotopic Abundance of Nerolin

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  Evaluation
  of Isotopic Abundance of Nerolin

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Evaluation of biofield energy treated Methyl-2-Napthylether and understanding the effect of biofield treatment on its isotopic abundance ratio.

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  Evaluation
  of Kinetic Isotope Effects of PTBP

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  Evaluation
  of Kinetic Isotope Effects of PTBP

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| This study shows an evaluation of biofield energy treated P-Tertiary ButylPhenol and to make it more useful in the manufacturing of perfumery intermediates.

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  Biofield
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  Biofield
  treated P-DCB in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries

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| Evaluation of biofield energy treated P-DCB that shows improved isotopic abundance ratios and could be useful in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and chemicals.

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  1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
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  1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
  (TMB) - Isotopic Abundance Ratio Analysis

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| This research study highlights the use of a unique alternative energy treatment on the Isotopic Abundance Ratio of 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene (TMB).

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  Isotopic
  Abundance Ratio in Nitrophenol Derivatives

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  Isotopic
  Abundance Ratio in Nitrophenol Derivatives

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| This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of alternative human energy treatment on the isotopic abundance ratios of PM+1/PM, and PM+2/PM in o- and m-nitrophenol using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

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  Isotope
  Abundance Ratio Analysis of Thymol

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  Abundance Ratio Analysis of Thymol

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| In this research, the impact unique biofield energy treatment was investigated on the isotopic abundance ratios of PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM in thymol using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis. Visit to read more.

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| In the present research, the impact of unique human biofield energy treament is studied on the on the isotopic abundance ratios in Resorcinol using GC-MS analysis technique.

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¹ Trivedi global inc., Henderson, NV 89052, USA

² Trivedi science research laboratory pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Snehasis J
Trivedi science research laboratory pvt. Ltd
Hall-A, Chinar mega mall, Chinar fortune city, Hoshangabad Rd
Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India
Tel: 917556660006
E-mail: [email protected]

Received date: Apr 28, 2016; Accepted date: May 13, 2016; Published date: May 16, 2016

Citation: Mahendra Kumar T, Alice B, Dahryn T, Gopal N, Parthasarathi P, Snehasis J (2016) Evaluation of the Isotopic Abundance Ratio in Biofield Energy Treated Resorcinol Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Technique. Pharm Anal Acta 7: 481. doi: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000481

Copyright: © 2016 Mahendra Kumar T et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta

Abstract

The stable isotope ratio analysis is widely used in several scientific fields such as agricultural, food authenticity, biochemistry, metabolism, medical research, etc. Resorcinol is one of the most versatile chemicals used for the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, organic compounds, etc. The current research work was designed to investigate the impact of the biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance ratios of 13C/12C or 2H/1H or 17O/16O (PM+1/PM) and 18O/16O (PM+2/PM) in resorcinol using Gas chromatograph - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Resorcinol was divided into two parts - one part was control and another part was considered as biofield energy treated sample. The biofield energy treatment was accomplished through unique biofield energy transmission by Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi (also called as The Trivedi Effect®). T1, T2, T3, and T4 were denoted by different time interval analysis of the biofield treated resorcinol in order to understand the influence of the biofield energy treatment on isotopic abundance ratio with respect to the time. The GC-MS spectra of the both control and biofield treated resorcinol exhibited the presence of molecular ion peak [M+] at m/z 110 (calculated 110.04 for C6H6O2) along with major fragmented peaks at m/z 82, 81, 69, 53, and 39. The relative peak intensities of the fragmented ions in biofield treated resorcinol (particularly T2) was significantly changed with respect to the control sample. The stable isotope ratio analysis in resorcinol using GC-MS revealed that the percentage change of the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM was increased in the biofield treated resorcinol at T1, T2, T3 and T4 by 1.77%, 165.73%, 0.74%, and 6.79%, respectively with respect to the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM in the biofield treated resorcinol at T2, T3, and T4 were enhanced by 170.77%, 3.08%, and 12.31%, respectively with respect to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O contributions from (C6H6O2)+ to m/z 111 and 18O contribution from (C6H6O2)+ to m/z 112 for the biofield treated resorcinol at T2 and T4 were significantly altered as compared to the control sample. For this reasons, biofield treated resorcinol might exhibit altered physicochemical properties like diffusion velocity, mobility and evaporation rate, reaction rate, binding energy, and stability. Biofield treated resorcinol could be valuable in pharmaceutical and chemical industries as intermediates during the preparation of pharmaceuticals and chemical compounds by altering its physicochemical properties, the reaction rate and selectivity, the study of the reaction mechanism and facilitating in designing extremely effective and specific enzyme inhibitors.

Keywords

Biofield energy treatment; The Trivedi Effect ®; Resorcinol; Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry; Isotopic abundance ratio; Isotope effects

Abbreviations

A: Element; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; M: Mass of the parent molecule; m/z : Mass-to-charge ratio; n: Number of the element; P M: The relative peak intensity of the parent molecular ion [M⁺]; P M+1: The relative peak intensity of isotopic molecular ion [(M+1)⁺]); P M+2: The relative peak intensity of isotopic molecular ion [(M+2)⁺]); Rt: Retention time

Introduction

Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis (SIRA) is the analysis of natural abundance variations in stable isotopes include ²H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ³⁴S, ³⁷Cl, etc. which have different atomic masses due to the variation in number of neutrons in the nucleus and is a powerful technique for the measurement of the flow of materials and energy both within and among organisms [ 1- 3]. This technique is widely applied in various scientific fields such as agricultural, food authenticity, biochemistry, metabolism, medical research, forensic chemistry, military, sports, environmental pollution, earth and planetary sciences, archaeology, etc. [ 2- 6]. The change in isotopic abundance ratio between the isotopic forms of the molecule causes isotope effects i.e. the alterations in physical and chemical properties of the molecule because of their tiny mass differences [ 5, 6]. The isotopic composition of the isotopic molecules is considered through isotope amount ratios or isotope amount fractions [ 7]. It has been found from the literature that change in isotopic composition of the molecule has an effect on its chemical reactions (reaction rate and bond strength), physicochemical properties, thermal motion, molecular spectra, chemical equilibria, etc. [ 5- 9]. SIRA is applied in pharmaceutical industry for the determination of the pharmacokinetic profile or mode of action of a drug substance, bioavailability of the drug products, the release profile for the drug delivery systems and also used for the assessment in relation to patient-specific drug treatment [ 4]. Mass spectrometry (MS) technique is the major choice for the isotope ratio analysis, although other techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and neutron activation analysis (NAA) can be used [ 7, 10]. The measurement of the ratio of natural isotopic abundances in the molecules having molar isotope enrichments at below 0.1% is usually performed on a specialized instruments like isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS), multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Various interfaces such as elemental analyzers (EA-IRMS), gas chromatographs (GC-IRMS) and liquid chromatographs (LC-IRMS) are commonly applied to introduce samples into the IRMS [ 2, 4, 10]. If the molar isotope enrichment levels of the molecule are above 0.1%, conventional scanning mass spectrometer such as GCMS, LCMS, HRMS, etc. is able to perform isotope ratio measurement at low micromolar concentration levels with sufficient precision. The peak height (i.e. relative intensity) in the mass spectra is directly proportional to the relative isotopic abundance of the sample [ 11- 14].

Resorcinol is one of the most diversified chemical compounds in organic chemistry and backbone of the several pharmaceuticals. It is a white crystalline dihydric phenolic compound ( Figure 1) having a molecular formula C ₆H ₆O ₂ and molecular weight of 110.11. Literature reported that the two hydroxyl groups at 1,3-position in the benzene ring are principally responsible for the high reactivity of resorcinol. Besides, the hydrogen atoms at carbon atoms 2,4 and 6, which are located near to the hydroxyl groups are also reactive [ 15, 16]. Resorcinol and its derivatives have wide application in several areas such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, veterinary products, dyes, agrochemicals, rubber products, flame retardants, UV stabilisers, wood adhesives, polymers, etc. [ 15- 17]. As resorcinol has antibacterial, antifungal and keratolytic activity, it is used for the treatment of various dermatological disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, corns, warts, and eczema [ 17, 18].

Biofield energy treatment (also known as The Trivedi Effect ®) is now-a-days increased its scientific attention for its astounding capability to transform the physical, structural, and thermal properties of several pharmaceuticals [ 19, 20], nutraceuticals [ 21], organic compounds [ 22- 24], metals and ceramic in materials science [ 25, 26], and improve the overall productivity of crops [ 27, 28] as well as to modulate the efficacy of the various living cells [ 29- 34]. On the other hand, it has been found from the literatures that biofield energy treatment has notable capacity for altering the isotopic abundance ratio of the organic compounds [ 35- 38]. Recently, spectroscopic and thermal analysis in resorcinol revealed that the physicochemical and thermal properties of resorcinol was significantly altered due to the biofield energy treatment. Consequently, the observed findings suggested that biofield treated resorcinol that had reduced volatilization temperature might be useful to increase the rate of those reactions where resorcinol is used as synthetic intermediate [ 18]. By considering all these aspects, stable isotope ratio analysis of the both control and biofield treated resorcinol using GC-MS was performed here to investigate the effect of the biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ²H/ ¹H or ¹⁷O/ ¹⁶O (P M+1/P M) and ¹⁸O/ ¹⁶O (P M+2/P M) in resorcinol.

Materials and Methods
Chemicals and reagents
Resorcinol was obtained from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., India. All the other chemicals used in this experiment were analytical grade purchased from local vendors.
Biofield energy treatment
Resorcinol was divided into two portions: one was denoted as untreated or control and other part was considered as biofield energy treated sample. The sample for the treatment was handed over to Mr. Trivedi in a sealed condition. The biofield energy treatment was provided by Mr. Trivedi (also known as The Trivedi Effect ®) through his unique energy transmission process to the test product in a sealed pack under laboratory conditions for 5 minutes without touching the sample.

The control and biofield energy treated samples were characterized by Gas Chromatograph - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). After treatment, the biofield treated sample was stored at standard laboratory condition and analyzed by GC-MS in different time intervals referred as T1, T2, T3, and T4.
Gas Chromatograph - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
GC-MS analysis was conducted on Perkin Elmer/Auto system XL with Turbo mass, USA. The GC-MS was performed in a silica capillary column. It was equipped with a quadrupole detector with pre-filter, one of the fastest, widest mass ranges available for any GC-MS. The mass spectrometer was operated in an electron ionization (EI) positive/negative, and chemical ionization mode at the electron ionization energy of 70 eV. Mass range: 10-650 Daltons (amu), stability: ± 0.1 m/z mass accuracy over 48 hours. The analytes were characterized by retention time and by a comparison of the mass spectra of identified substances with references [ 42].
Method for the calculation of isotopic abundance ratio from the GC-MS spectra
The isotopic abundances of the elements are basically categorized into three types: A elements having only one natural isotope in appreciable abundance; A + 1 elements (For e.g. C, N and H) containing two isotopes - one isotope is one nominal mass unit heavier than the most abundant isotope, and A + 2 elements (For e.g. O, Cl, S, Si, and Br) having an isotope that has two mass unit heavier than the most abundant isotope.

The natural abundance of each isotope can be predicted from the comparison of the height of the isotope peak with respect to the base peak, i.e. relative intensity in the mass spectra [ 11- 14]. The value of the natural isotopic abundance of the some elements are obtained from several literatures and presented in the Table 1 [ 4, 11, 12, 39, 40].

Table 1: The isotopic composition (i.e. the natural isotopic abundance) of the elements. A represents element, n represents the number of the element (i.e. C, H. O, N, etc.)

Based on the findings from the literatures [ 11- 13], the following method was used for calculating the isotopic abundance ratio in the current study:

P M stands for the relative peak intensity of the parent molecular ion [M⁺] expressed in percentage. In other way, it indicates the probability to have A elements (for e.g. ¹²C, ¹H, ¹⁶O, ¹⁴N, etc.) contributions to the mass of the parent molecular ion [M⁺]. P M+1 represents the relative peak intensity of the isotopic molecular ion [(M+1)⁺] expressed in percentage = (no. of ¹³C x 1.1%) + (no. of ¹⁵N x 0.40%) + (no. of ²H x 0.015%) + (no. of ¹⁷O x 0.04%) i.e. the probability to have A + 1 elements (for e.g. ¹³C, ²H, ¹⁵N, etc.) contributions to the mass of the isotopic molecular ion [(M+1)⁺]. P M+2 represents the relative peak intensity of the isotopic molecular ion [(M+2)⁺] expressed in the percentage = (no. of ¹⁸O x 0.20%) + (no. of ³⁷Cl x 32.50%) i.e. the probability to have A + 2 elements (for e.g. ¹⁶O, ³⁷Cl, ³⁴S, etc.) contributions to the mass of isotopic molecular ion [(M+2)⁺]

Isotopic abundance ratio for A + 1 elements = P M+1/P M

Similarly, isotopic abundance ratio for A + 2 elements = P M+2/P M

Percentage (%) change in isotopic abundance ratio = [(IAR Treated - IAR Control)/ IAR Control) x 100], Where, IAR Treated = isotopic abundance ratio in the treated sample and IAR Control = isotopic abundance ratio in the control sample.

Results and Discussion
GC-MS analysis
The GC-MS spectra of the control and biofield treated samples at T1, T2, T3 and T4 are presented in the Figures 2-4. The GC-MS spectrum of the control resorcinol ( Figure 2) indicated the presence of molecular ion peak [M⁺] at m/z 110 (calculated 110.04 for C ₆H ₆O ₂) along with five major fragmented peaks in lower m/z region at the retention time of 12.43 min.

This fragmentation pattern was well matched with the literature [ 41]. The peaks at m/z 82, 81, 69, 53, and 39 might be due to C ₆H ₁₀, C ₆H ₉+, C ₅H ₉+, C ₄H ₅+and C ₃H ₃+ ions, respectively as shown in Figure2. The GC-MS spectra of the biofield treated resorcinol at T1, T2, T3, and T4 as shown in Figures 3 and 4 exhibited molecular ion peak [M⁺] at m/z 110 at the retention time of 12.35, 12.42, 12.39 and 12.41 min respectively, along with same pattern of fragmentation as shown in the control sample. Only, the relative peak intensities of the fragmented ions for the biofield treated resorcinol at T1, T3 and T4 was slightly changed whether in case of T2, the relative peak intensity of the fragmented ions was significantly altered as compared with the control sample.
Analysis of isotopic abundance ratio
Resorcinol has the molecular formula of C ₆H ₆O ₂ and the molecular ion [M⁺] peak showed 100% relative intensity. P M+1 and P M+2 can be calculated theoretically according to the method described in the materials and method.

P ( ¹³C) = [(6 x 1.1%) x 100% (the actual size of the M⁺ peak)] / 100% = 6.6%

P ( ² H) = [(6 x 0.015%) x 100%] / 100%= 0.09%

P ( ¹⁷ O) = [(2 x 0.04%) x 100%] / 100% = 0.08%

From the above calculation, it has been found that ¹³C has major contribution to m/z 111.

In the similar way, P M+1 can be calculated as follow:

P ( ¹⁸ O) = [(2 x 0.20%) x 100%] / 100% = 0.40%

P M, P M+1, P M+2 for the control and biofield energy treated resorcinol at m/z 110, 111 and 112, respectively were obtained from the observed relative peak intensities of [M⁺], [(M+1)⁺], and [(M+2)⁺] peaks in the GC-MS spectra respectively and are presented in the Table 2. From the Table 2, it has been found that the P M+1 at m/z 111 for the control resorcinol was remarkably matched with the calculated value. The percentage change of the isotopic abundance ratios (P M+1/P M and P M+2/P M) in the biofield treated sample with respect to the control resorcinol is shown in Table 2 and Figure 5. The isotopic abundance ratios of P M+1/P M at T1, T2, T3, and T4 (biofield treated resorcinol) were increased by 1.77%, 165.73%, 0.74%, and 6.79%, respectively with respect to the control sample. Consequently, the percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratios of P M+2/P M was increased at T2, T3, and T4 (biofield treated resorcinol) by 170.77%, 3.08%, and 12.31%, respectively with respect to the control sample. Briefly, ¹³C, ²H, ¹⁷O contributions from (C ₆H ₆O ₂)+ to m/z 111 and ¹⁸O contribution from (C ₆H ₆O ₂)+ to m/z 112 for the biofield treated resorcinol, particularly at T2 and T4 were significantly altered as compared to the control sample.

Table 2: Isotopic abundance analysis result of the control and biofield energy treated resorcinol.

From the results, it has been found that after certain day's storage in laboratory conditions after received biofield energy treatment, the isotopic abundance ratio in resorcinol was significantly increased as in case of T2 with respect to the control sample. But, when it was stored for long time, as in case of T3 and T4, the isotopic abundance ratio in resorcinol was fall down. This result indicated that the biofield energy treatment might be effective for alteration of the isotopic abundance ratio in resorcinol for a certain period of time after receiving the treatment. Bioplasmic energy field is constituted of ions, free protons and free electrons.

The bioplasmic particles are always reintroduced by chemical processes in the cells and are in constant motion. Thus, the human body exists in surround a dynamic electromagnetic field. This is called as biofield. The energy can freely flow between human and environment that leads to the continuous movement or matter of energy [ 42- 44]. The biofield energy can be harnessed from the earth, the "universal energy field" and can be used through by healing practitioner in order to achieve the significant effects. This process is known as biofield energy treatment [ 45, 46]. Mr. Trivedi is one of the renowned healing practitioner and has outstanding capability to modify the characteristic properties of the living and non-living substance [ 18- 38]. Neutrinos are produced through the nuclear reactions in sun, cosmic rays, and collapsing stars/ supernovae and can induce fission reactions within heavy nuclei and affect the natural abundance of isotopes [ 47, 48]. Neutrinos are the most probable carrier of the hidden mass in the Universe. These particles blast through the space and are part of all living systems. Without affecting the human body, trillions of neutrinos are passing through the body at any given time [ 49, 50]. As neutrinos are electrically neutral particles, these are not affected by the electromagnetic forces and are able to pass through great distances in matter without being affected by the latter. Due to this, the neutrinos have the ability to interact with protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Recently, it has been found from the literature that biofield energy might have effect on the variations of isotopic composition in water molecule [ 51]. It is assumed that Trivedi's unique biofield energy might have capability to modify the behavior at atomic and molecular level by changing the neutron to proton ratio in the nucleus possibly through the introducing neutrino flux inside the compound. Based on this hypothesis, it is presumed that neutrinos particles introduction through the biofield energy treatment might play a role in the alteration of the isotopic abundance ratio (P M+1/P M and P M+2/P M) in biofield treated resorcinol.

The energy of a compound is the amount of the electronic, vibration, rotational and translation energies. Replacement of the isotopic composition of the molecule does not affect electronic, translational and rotational energies of the molecule, but significantly alters the vibrational energy [ 7, 9]. The vibrational energy is depend on the reduced mass (μ) for a diatomic molecule as shown in the below [ 7, 9]:

Where E ₀ = the vibrational energy of a harmonic oscillator at absolute zero or zero point energy

f = force constant

μ = reduced mass = , ma and mb are the masses of the constituent atoms.

The possible isotopic bond formation in the resorcinol molecule and their effect on the vibrational energy of resorcinol are presented in the Table 3. The chance of the both carbons containing ¹³C forming bond is very rare, statistically nearly 1 in 10,000 [ 52]. Besides, the chances for the formation of isotopic bond containing two heavy isotope are impossible. From the Table 3, it has been observed that alteration of ¹²C with ¹³C for C-C bond, ¹H with ²H for C-H and O-H bond, ¹⁶O with ¹⁸O for C-O bond have much effect on the vibrational energy of the molecule. The isotope effect is principally due to the ground state vibrational energies as shown in the Table 3. The isotopic abundance ratio analysis clearly indicated that the isotopic abundance ratios of ¹³C/12C or ²H/ ¹H (P M+1/P M) and ¹⁸O/ ¹⁶O (P M+2/P M) in biofield treated resorcinol (particularly at T2 and T4) was significantly increased as compared to the control resorcinol. Hence, biofield treated resorcinol might display altered isotope effects than the control sample. Literature described that the heavier isotopic molecules have lower diffusion velocity, mobility, evaporation rate and reaction rate, but having higher binding energy than lighter molecules [ 13]. Several literatures reported that isotope effects play a vital role in the thermal decomposition of the molecules [ 53, 54]. Literature demonstrated that the stability of the proteins seems to be mostly unaffected due to the entropic compensation for the decrease in enthalpy that is attributed to the alteration in hydration of proteins in D ₂O compared to H ₂O [ 55]. So, changes in the isotopic abundance ratio in the molecule might have an effect on the thermal properties of the molecule. Thus, biofield treated resorcinol (particularly at T2 and T4) might have different physicochemical properties like lower volatilization rate, reaction rate and thermal properties than control resorcinol. The various spectroscopic techniques like XRD, particle size, UV-visible, FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal like TGA and DSC analysis revealed that biofield treated resorcinol had different physicochemical and thermal properties as compared to the control resorcinol. Thus, current findings are well correlated with the previous results [ 18]. Alteration in the rate of a chemical reaction occurred due to the isotopic substitution of one of the atoms in the reactants is known as kinetic isotope effect (KIE). KIE is a very powerful tool for the study of the reaction mechanism, and also for understanding the enzymatic transition state and all aspects of enzyme mechanisms. It might be useful to stabilize the transition state of the rate-determining step of the reaction, enhance the reaction rate and selectivity and for designing extremely effective and specific inhibitors [ 7, 9, 56- 58]. In short, biofield treated resorcinol might have altered physicochemical and thermal properties, different reaction rate, selectivity and binding energy.

Entry No.

Probable isotopic bond

Isotope type

Reduced mass (μ)

Zero point vibrational energy (E0)

Table 3: Possible isotopic bond and their effect in the vibrational energy in resorcinol molecule.

Conclusions

The current analysis inferred that biofield energy treatment had outstanding capability for altering the isotopic abundance ratio in resorcinol. The GC-MS spectra of the control and biofield treated resorcinol exhibited the presence of molecular ion peak [M⁺] at m/z 110 (calculated 110.04 for C ₆H ₆O ₂) along with similar pattern of fragmentation. Among of the biofield treated resorcinol, the relative peak intensity of the fragmented ions in T2 was significantly altered as compared with the control sample. The isotopic abundance ratio analysis in resorcinol exhibited that the isotopic abundance ratio of P M+1/P M in the biofield treated resorcinol at T1, T2, T3 and T4 were increased by 1.77%, 165.73%, 0.74%, and 6.79%, respectively with respect to the control sample. The percentage change of the isotopic abundance ratio of P M+2/P M was enhanced in the biofield treated resorcinol at T2, T3, and T4 by 170.77%, 3.08%, and 12.31%, respectively as compared to the control sample. In summary, 13C, 2H, 17O contributions from (C ₆H ₆O ₂)⁺ to m/z 111 and ¹⁸O contribution from (C ₆H ₆O ₂)⁺ to m/z 112 for biofield treated resorcinol at T2 and T4 were remarkably changed as compared to the control sample. Due to the increased isotopic abundance ratio in biofield treated resorcinol, it might show altered isotope effects from the control resorcinol. Biofield treated resorcinol could be advantageous in pharmaceutical and chemical industries as intermediates during the preparation of pharmaceuticals and chemical compounds by altering its physicochemical and thermal properties, the reaction rate and selectivity, the study of the reaction mechanism and assisting in designing potent enzyme inhibitors.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research and Testing - SICART, Gujarat, India for providing the instrumental facility. We are very grateful for the support from Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials in this research work.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Evaluation of the Isotopic Abundance Ratio in Biofield Energy Treated Resorcinol Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Technique

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
1 Trivedi global inc., Henderson, NV 89052, USA 2 Trivedi science research laboratory pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Snehasis J Trivedi science research laboratory pvt.

# data[].attributes.headline
  E.
  Aerogenes | Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay

# data[].attributes.subject
  E.
  Aerogenes | Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay

# data[].attributes.body
The effect of biofield treatment on E. aerogenes with respect to antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and MIC are highlighted in this research that suggests the significant alteration of biofield treatment on E. Aerogenes for antimicrobial susceptibility and etc.

# data[].attributes.headline
  P.
  Fluorescens | Biofield Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
  P.
  Fluorescens | Biofield Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.body
The biofield energy treatment of P. Fluorescens shows a significant alteration in antimicrobial sensitivity data, well supported with altered biochemical reactions along with biotype number.

# data[].attributes.headline
  Biofield
  Treatment on Properties of Sparfloxacin & Salicylic Acid

# data[].attributes.subject
  Biofield
  Treatment on Properties of Sparfloxacin & Salicylic Acid

# data[].attributes.body
The results suggest the alteration in FT-IR spectrum of biofield energy treated samples of sparfloxacin & salicylic acid. The changes in UV wavelength (λmax) of treated sample also support the FT-IR results.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Harish Shettigar, Khemraj Bairwa and Snehasis Jana*

DOI: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000186 ISSN: 2329-6836
Citation
Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, et al. (2015) Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Treated Salicylic Acid and Sparfloxacin. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 186. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000186
Abstract
Salicylic acid is a naturally occurring derivative of benzoic acid, and widely used in organic synthesis and as a plant hormone. Sparfloxacin is fluorinated quinolone antibiotic having broad spectrum antimicrobial property. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of salicylic acid and sparfloxacin using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. The study was carried out in two groups, one was set to control, and another was subjected to biofield treatment. FT-IR spectrum of treated salicylic acid showed the upstream shifting in wavenumber of C-H stretching from 2999 to 3004 cm⁻¹ and 2831 to 2837 cm⁻¹ and C=O asymmetric stretching vibration from 1670 to 1683 cm⁻¹ and 1652 to 1662 cm⁻¹. The peak intensity in treated salicylic acid at 1558 cm⁻¹ (aromatic C=C stretching) and 1501 cm⁻¹ (C-C stretching) was increased as compared to control. FT-IR spectrum of treated sparfloxacin showed a downstream shifting in wavenumber of C-H stretching from 2961 to 2955 cm⁻¹ and 2848 to 2818 cm⁻¹, and upstream shifting in wavenumber of C=O (pyridone) stretching from 1641 to 1648 cm⁻¹. Besides, increased intensity of peaks in treated sparfloxacin was found at 1628 cm⁻¹ [C=C stretching (pyridone)] and 1507 cm⁻¹ (N-H bending) as compared to control. UV spectrum of biofield treated salicylic acid exhibited a shifting of wavelength (λ max) from 295.8 to 302.4 nm and 231.2 to 234.4 nm, with respect to control. Likewise, biofield treated sparfloxacin showed the shifting in UV wavelength (λ max) from 373.8 to 380.6 nm and 224.2 to 209.2 nm.

Over all, the results suggest that alteration in wavenumber of IR peaks in treated samples might be occurred due to biofield induced alteration in force constant and dipole moment of some bonds. The changes in UV wavelength (λ max) of treated sample also support the FT-IR results. Due to alteration in force constant and bond strength, the chemical stability of structure of treated drugs might also be increased, which could be beneficial for self-life of biofield treated drugs.

Keywords: Salicylic acid; Sparfloxacin; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy
Introduction
Salicylic acid is a mono-hydroxyl benzoic acid, and naturally occurring in the bark of willow tree (Salix alba) [1]. It is an important active metabolite of aspirin, which acts as a prodrug to salicylic acid. The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates that are widely used as rubefacient and analgesic in several topical formulations. Salicylic acid alleviates peeling of intercellular cement and binds with scales in the stratum corneum, thereby loosening the keratin. This keratolytic effect also renders an antifungal effect as removal of the stratum corneum suppresses the fungal growth [1,2]. It exerts antiinflammatory activity by suppressing the cyclooxygenase (COX) activity that caused to inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators production. Therefore, it is widely used for the treatment of several skin diseases like acne, psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, calluses, keratosis pilaris, and warts due to its keratolytic, fungicidal, bacteriostatic, and photo-protective properties [3,4]. Salicylic acid is also a phytohormone and useful in growth and development of whole plant [5].

Sparfloxacin is a difluorinated quinolone antibiotic with broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Additionally, it also possesses a good in vitro activity against several unusual pathogens such as legionellae, chlamydia, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, mycobacteria, etc. [6,7]. Sparfloxacin showed good topical absorption and had excellent penetration into upper and lower respiratory tissues; therefore it is extensively used in respiratory infections. It inhibits DNA replication and transcription in bacteria by inhibiting the DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV enzyme [8]. The gastrointestinal discomfort and CNS effects are the most common adverse effects associated with sparfloxacin [9]. Chemical stability of pharmaceutical drugs or active ingredients is a matter of great concern as it affects the safety, efficacy, and shelf life of drugs or drug products [10]. Therefore, it is important to find out an alternate approach, which could enhance the stability of drugs by changing the structural (bond strength, bond length, dipole moment etc.) properties of these compounds.

Recently, biofield treatment has been reported to alter the physical and structural properties of various living and non-living things [11,12]. Biofield is the electromagnetic field that permeates and surrounds the living organisms. It is the scientific term, used for biologically created electromagnetic energy, essential for regulation and communications within the organism [13]. As per Planck M, electrical current exists inside the human body in the form of vibratory energy particles like ions, protons, and electrons. These moving particles generates a magnetic field in the human body [14,15]. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object around this Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responding into useful way, this process is known as biofield treatment. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine considered this biofield treatment (therapy) in subcategory of energy therapies [16].

Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has substantially changed the antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotype number of different human pathogens [13,17]. It also showed a significant impact in the field of agriculture and biotechnology, with respect to yield, nutrient value, and quality of products [18- 20]. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has also changed the various physicochemical and structural properties of metals and ceramics [12,21-23].

By conceiving the impact of biofield treatment on structural property of metals and ceramics, the present study was aimed to further explore the biofield treatment on two pharmaceutical drugs i.e., salicylic acid and sparfloxacin with respect to effects on their structural property. The effects were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic techniques.
Materials and Methods Study design
Salicylic acid was procured from Qualigens Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India), and sparfloxacin was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (MA, USA). Each drug sample was divided into two parts i.e., control and treatment. The control groups were remained as untreated and treatment groups were handed over in sealed pack to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups without touching the samples. After that, both the control and treated samples of salicylic acid and sparfloxacin (Figure 1) were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy.
FT-IR spectroscopic characterization
FT-IR spectra of salicylic acid and sparfloxacin (control and treated) were recorded on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with the frequency range of 4000-500 cm₋₁. The FT-IR spectroscopic analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment at atomic level like bond strength, and stability of the structure of both drugs [24].
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
UV spectroscopic analysis of salicylic acid and sparfloxacin were acquired on a Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. The analysis was performed using wavelength range of 200-400 nm. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on the structural property of tested drugs with respect to functional groups and their position.
Results and Discussion FT-IR spectroscopic analysis
The FT-IR spectra of salicylic acid (control and treated) are shown in Figure 2. FT-IR spectrum of control sample (Figure 2a) showed characteristic vibrational peaks at wavenumber 3233 cm⁻¹ and 2999- 2831 cm⁻¹ that were assigned to OH and C-H stretching, respectively. The C=O (COO-) asymmetric and symmetric stretching were assigned to IR peaks observed at 1652-1670 cm⁻¹ and 1386 cm⁻¹, respectively. Further, IR peaks appeared at 1558-1610 cm⁻¹ were attributed to C=C (phenolic) multiple peaks. The C-C stretching peaks were observed at 1444-1503 cm⁻¹. The O-H (phenolic) bending was assigned to IR peak appeared at 1324 cm⁻¹. The COO- (C-O) stretching and C-OH (phenolic) stretching were assigned to IR peaks appeared at 1296 cm⁻¹ and 1156-1248 cm⁻¹, respectively. The vibrational peaks appeared at 759-669 cm⁻¹ were attributed to =C-H bending. The observed FT-IR data of control salicylic acid was well supported by the literature data [25].

The FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated salicylic acid (Figure 2b) showed the IR absorption peaks at 3233 and 2837-3004 cm⁻¹ that were assigned to O-H and C-H stretching, respectively. Vibration peaks observed at 1662-1683 cm⁻¹ and 1558-1612 cm⁻¹ were attributed to C=O asymmetric stretching and C=C (phenolic) stretching peaks, respectively. In addition, C-C stretching peak was appeared at 1445- 1501 cm⁻¹ and C=O (COO-) symmetric stretching peak was observed at 1387 cm⁻¹. The O-H (Ph-OH) and =C-H bending peaks were appeared at 1324 cm⁻¹ and 760-669 cm⁻¹, respectively. Vibrational peaks observed at 1296 cm⁻¹ and 1157-1249 cm⁻¹ were assigned to COO- (C-O) stretching and phenolic (C-OH) stretching, respectively.

Overall, the FT-IR data indicates a significant impact of biofield treatment at atomic level of salicylic acid as compared to control. The FT-IR data of treated salicylic acid exhibited the shifting in wavenumber of some bonds with respect to control sample. For instance, an upstream shifting in wavenumber of C-H stretching from 2999 (control) to 3004 cm⁻¹ (treated) and 2831 to 2837 cm⁻¹; and C=O asymmetric stretching vibrations from 1670 to 1683 cm⁻¹ and 1652 to 1662 cm⁻¹. The frequency of vibrational peak (ν) depends on two factors i.e., force constant and reduced mass, which can be explained by following equation [26].

ν=1/2πc √(k/μ)

here, c is speed of light, k is force constant and μ is reduced mass.

If reduced mass is constant, then the frequency is directly proportional to the force constant; therefore, increase in frequency of any bond suggested a possible enhancement in force constant of respective bond [24]. Based on this it is speculated that the force constant and bond strength of C-H and C=O bond might increased after biofield treatment as compared to control. Additionally, the intensity of peaks at 1558 cm⁻¹ (aromatic C=C stretching) and 1501 cm⁻¹ (C-C stretching) was significantly increased in biofield treated sample, as compared to control. This might be due to alteration in ratio of change in dipole moment (∂μ) to change in bond distance (∂r) [27].

The FT-IR spectrum of control sparfloxacin is shown in (Figure 3a), which showed the characteristic vibrational peaks at 3093-3462 cm⁻¹ that were collectively assigned to O-H and N-H stretching. Vibrational peaks appeared at 2848-2961 cm⁻¹ were assigned to C-H (CH3) stretching. Further, the vibrational peaks observed at 1715 cm⁻¹ and 1641 cm⁻¹ were attributed to C=O (COO-) asymmetric stretching and C=O (pyridone) stretching, respectively. The IR peaks appeared at 1586, and 1533 cm⁻¹ were assigned to C=C (benzene ring) stretching and N-H bending, respectively. The C-H asymmetrical bending and C=O (COO-) symmetric stretching peaks were observed at 1437 and 1334 cm⁻¹ respectively. The C-N (aryl) stretching and C-F stretching peaks were assigned to IR peaks observed at 1186-1293 cm⁻¹ and 1151 cm⁻¹, respectively. Further, the IR peaks appeared at 1084, 1029, and 668 cm⁻¹ were assigned to C-O (COO-) stretching, C-N (alkyl) stretching, and =C-H bending, respectively. The FT-IR data of control sparfloxacin was well supported by the literature data [28,29].

Figure 1: Chemical structure of (a) salicylic acid and (b) sparfloxacin.

The FT-IR spectrum (Figure 3b) of treated sparfloxacin showed the characteristic vibrational peaks at 3084-3462 cm⁻¹, were attributed to overlapped peaks of O-H and N-H stretching. The vibrational peak appeared at 2818-2955 cm⁻¹ were assigned to C-H (CH ₃) stretching. Further, the vibrational peaks appeared at 1715 cm⁻¹ and 1648 cm⁻¹ were attributed to C=O (COO-) asymmetric stretching and C=O (pyridone) stretching, respectively. The IR peaks observed at 1628, 1586, and 1533- 1507 cm⁻¹ were attributed to C=C (pyridone) stretching, C=C (benzene ring) stretching, and N-H bending, respectively. The IR peaks observed at 1437 and 1335 cm⁻¹ were attributed to asymmetrical bending of C-H group and symmetric stretching of C=O (COO-) group, respectively. Likewise, the C-N (aryl) stretching and C-F stretching were assigned to peaks observed at 1289-1186 cm⁻¹ and 1135 cm⁻¹, respectively. Further, the C-O (COO- ) stretching, C-N (alkyl) stretching, and =C-H bending were assigned to absorption peak observed at 1084, 1030, and 652 cm⁻¹, respectively.

Figure 2: FT-IR spectra of salicylic acid (a) control and (b) treated.

Overall, the FT-IR results of biofield treated sparfloxacin exhibited the shifting in wavenumber of some bonds with respect to control sample. For instance, a downstream shifting in frequency of vibrational peaks like C-H stretching from 2961 to 2955 cm⁻¹ and 2848 to 2818 cm⁻¹; C-F stretching from 1151 to 1135 cm⁻¹; and upstream shifting in wavenumber of C=O (pyridone) stretching from 1641 to 1648 cm⁻¹. This slight change in wavenumber of peaks referred to corresponding changes in the force constant of that bond as compared to control. Increase in the force constant of stretching peaks, suggests the enhancement of bond strength and vice versa; likely, increasing in the force constant of bending peaks referred to increase in rigidity of bond in a molecule [25]. Additionally, C=C stretching (pyridone) peaks at 1628 cm⁻¹ and N-H bending 1507 cm⁻¹ were not observed in the control sample of sparfloxacin. However, these were significantly observed in treated sample. This might be observed due to very low intensity to be detected in control sample. It indicates a possible change in the ∂μ/∂r of these peaks [27], which might be occurred due to impact of biofield treatment at the atomic level (dipole moment) of treated sparfloxacin as compared to control.

Figure 3: FT-IR spectra of sparfloxacin (a) control and (b) treated.
UV-Vis spectroscopy
UV spectra of control and treated samples of salicylic acid are shown in Figure 4. It revealed that UV absorption peaks of treated sample were shifted to higher wavelength (λ max) from 295.8 → 302.4 nm and 231.2 → 234.4 nm. The existing literature on principle of UV spectroscopy suggests that a compound can absorbs UV light due to presence of either or both conjugated pi (π) -bonding systems (π - π* transition) and nonbonding electron system (n-π* transition) in the compound. The UV absorption phenomenon occurred when electrons travelled from low energy orbital (i.e., σ, n and π) to high energy orbital (i.e., σ* and π*). There is certain energy gape between σ-σ*, σ-π*, π -π* and n-π* orbitals. When this energy gap altered, the wavelength (λ max) was also altered respectively [24]. Based on this, it is speculated that, due to influence of biofield treatment, the energy gap between π - π* and n - π* transition in salicylic acid might be altered, which causes shifting of wavelength (λ max) in treated salicylic acid as compared to control.

Figure 4: UV spectra of salicylic acid (a) control and (b) treated.

UV spectra of sparfloxacin (control and treated) are shown in Figure 5. It showed the shifting of lambda max (λ max) of UV absorption peaks in treated sample from 373.8 → 380.6 nm and 224.2 → 209.2 nm; and absorption peak at 304.4 were appeared at the same wavelength in both samples. This suggests a possible alteration in the energy gap between π-π* and n-π* transition in treated sparfloxacin as compared to control.

Figure 5: UV spectra of sparfloxacin (a) control and (b) treated.
Conclusion
The FT-IR data of both drugs showed an alteration in the wavenumber of some functional groups like C-H and C=O (COO-) in treated salicylic acid, and C-H, C=O (pyridine), and C-F in treated sparfloxacin as compared to their respective control. The increased intensity of peaks at 1558 and 1501 cm⁻¹ was found in treated salicylic acid. While the increased intensity of peaks at 1628 and 1507 cm⁻¹ was found in treated sparfloxacin, as compared to respective control. The UV spectra of both drugs showed a biofield induce shifting of wavelength (λ max) as compared to control. This might be occurred due to some possible alteration in structural properties like force constant, bond strength, dipole moments etc. of treated drugs through the biofield treatment. Due to possible alterations in structural properties of treated drugs, the chemical stability might also be altered, which could be beneficial for the shelf life of pharmaceutical drugs.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility.
References
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2. Davies M, Marks R (1976) Studies on the effect of salicylic acid on normal skin. Br J Dermatol 95: 187-192.
3. Vane JR (1971) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol 231: 232-235.
4. Madan RK, Levitt J (2014) A review of toxicity from topical salicylic acid preparations. J Am Acad Dermatol 70: 788-792.
5. Raskin I (1992) Salicylate, A new plant hormone. Plant Physiol 99: 799-803.
6. Johnson JH, Cooper MA, Andrews JM, Wise R (1992) Pharmacokinetics and inflammatory fluid penetration of sparfloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36: 2444-2446.
7. Cooper MA, Andrews JM, Ashby JP, Matthews RS, Wise R (1990) In-vitro activity of sparfloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial agent. J Antimicrob Chemother 26: 667-676.
8. Hooper DC (2000) Mechanisms of action and resistance of older and newer fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 31: S24-S28.
9. Stein GE, Havlichek DH (1997) Sparfloxacin: Potential clinical and economic impact in the treatment of respiratory infections. Pharmacotherapy 17: 1139-1147.
10. Blessy M, Patel RD, Prajapati PN, Agrawal YK (2014) Development of forced degradation and stability indicating studies of drugs-A review. J Pharm Anal 4: 159-165.
11. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC-23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: an experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6-13.
12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powders. J Material Sci Eng S11, 001.
13. Garland SN, Valentine D, Desai K, Langer C, Evans T et al. (2013) Complementary and alternative medicine use and benefit finding among cancer patients. J Altern Complement Med 19: 876-881.
14. Planck M (1903) Treatise on Thermodynamics, (3rdedn) translated by Alexander OGG, Longmans, Green, London (UK).
15. Einstein A (1905) Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content. Ann Phys 18: 639-641.
16. Hok J, Tishelman C, Ploner A, Forss A, Falkenberg T (2008) Mapping patterns of complementary and alternative medicine use in cancer: an explorative crosssectional study of individuals with reported positive "exceptional" experiences. BMC Complement Altern Med 8: 48.
17. Trivedi MK, Bhardwaj Y, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bulbule, A (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC-51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-an experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
18. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
19. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
20. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of bio field treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
23. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the atomic and crystalline characteristics of ceramic oxide nano powders after biofield treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 1000161.
24. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS (2001). Introduction to spectroscopy. (3rd edn), Thomson learning, Singapore.
25. Guan XH, Chen GH, Shang C (2007) ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide. J Environ Sci (China) 19: 438-443.
26. Stuart BH (2004) Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and applications (analytical techniques in the sciences (AnTs). John Wiley & Sons Ltd; Chichester, UK.
27. Smith BC (1999) Infrared Spectral Interpretation: A systematic approach. CRC Press 1-288.
28. Gupta H, Aqil M, Khar RK, Ali A, Bhatnagar A, et al. (2010) Sparfloxacin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for sustained ocular drug delivery. Nanomedicine 6: 324333.
29. Salgado HRN, Moreno, PRH, Braga AL, Schapoval EES (2005) Photodegradation of sparfloxacin and isolation of its degradation products by preparative HPLC. J Basic Appl Pharm Sci 26: 47-54.
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Spectral Properties | Salicylic Acid & Sparfloxacin

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Harish Shettigar, Khemraj Bairwa and Snehasis Jana* DOI: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000186 ISSN: 2329-6836 Citation Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, et al. (2015) Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Treated Salicylic Acid and Sparfloxacin. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 186.

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  Stainless
  Steel Powder | Physical & Structural Characteristics

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  Stainless
  Steel Powder | Physical & Structural Characteristics

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Read about the significant impact of an alternative energy treatment on the structural, physical and mechanical properties of SS powder.

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Applied Mechanical Engineering
Received July 07, 2015; Accepted July 20, 2015; Published July 25, 2015

Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 173. doi:10.4172/2168-9873.1000173

The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder

Manuscript Link:
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/the-potential-impact-of-biofield-treatment-on-physical-structural-and-mechanical-properties-of-stainless-steel-powder-2168-9873-1000173.pdf

Stainless steel (SS) has gained extensive attention due to its high corrosion resistance, low maintenance, familiar lustre, and superior mechanical properties. In SS, the mechanical properties are closely related with crystal structure, crystallite size, and lattice strain. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural, physical and mechanical properties of SS powder. SS (Grade-SUS316L) powder was divided into two parts denoted as control and treatment. The treatment part was received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated SS samples were characterized using particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Result showed that biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size, below which 10, 50, 90, and 99% particles were present, respectively) of SS powder up to 7.42, 12.93, 30.23, and 41.38% respectively, as compared to control. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume of SS was altered after biofield treatment. Moreover, crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 70% in treated SS as compared to control. The yield strength calculated using Hall-Petch equation, was significantly increased upto 216.5% in treated SS, as compared to control. This could be due to significant reduction of crystallite size in treated SS after biofield treatment. In FT-IR spectra, intensity of the absorption peak at wavenumber 1107 cm-1 (control) attributing to Fe-O-H bond was diminished in case of treated SS. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the structural, physical and mechanical properties of treated SS powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Austenitic stainless steel; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR; SUS316L
Introduction
Stainless steel (SS), invented in the beginning of the 20 th century, is known for high resistance to corrosion and staining. It primarily consists of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo). Based on microstructure, SS is classified into three categories: austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. The austenitic SS is mainly responsible for corrosion resistance properties and nonmagnetic behaviour. It exist in the form of face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure with nickel (12-15 wt.%), chromium (16-18 wt.%). Due to high content of Cr, it is suitable for high corrosion resistance applications [1]. Beside this, the superior mechanical properties of austenitic SS is very useful for nuclear fuel clad tubes and fuel assembly [2]. Nano crystalline austenitic SS is mainly consist of large volume fraction of crystallite and crystallite boundaries, which significantly alters their physical and mechanical properties [3]. Further, it is well known fact that the crystallite size of metals are inversely proportional to its yield strength and hardness [4]. Additionally, the mechanical properties of austenitic SS strongly depends on the chemical composition and lattice strain i.e. higher the lattice strain, higher is yield strength. Thus, it is possible to change the mechanical properties of metals by modulating the crystallite size and lattice strain. Currently, in steel industries, mechanical properties of austenitic SS are mainly controlled through various heat treatment process such as annealing, normalizing and quenching etc [5-7]. In heat treatment process, crystallite refinement is strongly required by steel industries in order to increase the strength of material [8]. Furthermore, the heat treatment processes require costly equipment set up and high power supply, to modulate the mechanical properties. Due to this, it becomes important to study an alternative and economically safe approach that could be utilized to modify the physical and structural properties of SS powder.

Recently, several researchers have reported that human body functions as macroscopic quantum system [9-13]. The famous Physicist Feyman had explained the scientific aspects behind quantum biology using quantum-electrodynamics and quantum-chromo dynamics [14]. In other words, each quantum system consists of quantum-domains that have some oscillators within, which generate the potential field. Due to this, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or nonliving) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment.

Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has known to alter the characteristics in various things at atomic, molecular and physical level in many fields such as material science [15-22], microbiology [23-25], biotechnology [26,27] and agriculture [28-30]. The biofield treatment has also shown significant results in graphite carbon, for instance, the unit cell volume was decrease by 1% and crystallite size was increased by 100% after treatment [16]. In the present study, we evaluated for the first time, an impact of biofield treatment on physical, structural and mechanical properties SS powder.
Experimental
The SS powder (Grade-SUS316L) was purchased from Alfa Aesar, USA. The sample was equally divided into two parts, considered as control and treated. Treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. The control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Four parameters of particle sizes viz. d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size below which 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent change in particle size were calculated using following equation:

Where, (d ₁₀) Control and (d10) Control Treated are the particle size, d ₁₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₅₀, d ₉₀ and d ₉₉ were calculated. For particle size analysis treated part was divided into four parts, referred as T1, T2, T3, and T4.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ ⁰), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter=[(a t-a c)/a c]×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume=[(V t-V c)/V c]×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size=[(G t-G c)/G c]×100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. XRD analysis was carried out for control, T1, T3, and T4.
FT-IR Spectroscopy
To study the impact of biofield treatment at atomic bonding level in SS the FT-IR analysis was carried out using Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000 cm⁻¹. FT-IR analysis was carried out for control and T1.
Results and Discussion Particle size analysis
Particle size analysis result of SS powder are presented in Table 1, Figures 1 and 2. In order to study the effect of biofield treatment on various sizes of particles, four kind of particle size (d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉) were analyzed. Data result showed that smaller particle size d ₁₀, was reduced from 18.58 μm (control) to 17.74, 17.36, 17.20, and 17.55 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively (Table 1). It indicates that d ₁₀ was reduced up to 7.42% (T3) as compared to control (Figure 1). Medium particle size, d ₅₀ was reduced from 44.15 μm (control) to 39.64, 38.53, 38.44, and 38.65 μm in treated T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. It suggests that average particle size, d ₅₀ was reduced up to 12.93% (T3) as compared to control. Further, large particle size, d ₉₀ was decreased from 93.61 μm (control) to 68.80, 65.99, 65.95, and 65.31 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. Data showed that d ₉₀ was significantly reduced upto 30.23% (T4), as compared to control. In addition, larger particle size d ₉₉ was reduced from 152 μm (control) to 99.15, 95.47, 94.93, and 89.11 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. It suggests that d ₉₉ was substantially reduced upto 41.38% (T4), as compared to control (Figure 2). Overall, the particle size result indicates that particles of each size i.e. d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced in all treated samples T1, T2, T3, and T4. It could be due to breaking down of all kind of powder particles into smaller particles. It is assumed that an energy might be transferred to SS powder through biofield treatment. This energy might induce milling in SS powder and that resulted into breaking down of large particles to smaller [16-18]. Furthermore, average percent changes in particle size are illustrated in Figure 3. It was found that average of percent change in particle sizes d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 6.01, 12.08, 28.9, 37.7%, respectively, as compared to control in treated SS powder. Similar results of particle size reduction in titanium and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [15,17].

T1, T2, T3, and T4 are biofield treated stainless steel samples.
d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ are the sizes below which 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively.

Table 1: Particle size of stainless steel (SS) powder.

Figure 1: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size d ₁₀ and d ₅₀ of stainless steel powder.

Figure 2: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size d ₉₀ and d ₉₉
Figure 3: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change of particle sizes of stainless steel powder with respect of control.
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
XRD results of control and treated SS samples are depicted in Figures 4-6. It was found that the lattice parameter of unit cell slightly altered in biofield treated samples (T1:-0.02%, T2: 0.05%, T3: 0.04%) as compared to control. This change in lattice parameter led to alter the unit cell volume slightly by -0.06%, 0.13%, and 0.12% in treated T1, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control (Figure 4). It indicates that both kind of stress (compressive and tensile) might present in treated SS powder, after biofield treatment [15,16]. Thus, it is hypothesised that the high-energy milling induced through biofield treatment may lead to generate tensile and compressive stress in SS powder that resulted into alteration of lattice parameter and unit cell volume. Besides this, the crystallite size was computed using Scherrer formula is presented in Figure 5. It was found that crystallite size was 148.44 nm in control, whereas crystallite size of treated samples was 74.2, 44.53, and 63.61 nm in T1, T3 and T4, respectively. It indicates that crystallite size was significantly reduced by 50, 70, and 57.15% in treated T1, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 6). The existence of severe lattice strains are evidenced by the change in lattice parameters (Figure 4). Thus, it is assumed that presence of these internal strain may leads to fracture the grains into sub grains and decrease the crystallite size [21]. On the other hand, the relation between strength of material and crystallite size is given by Hall-Patch equation as given below:

Where, σ is strength of the material, σ o is a material constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement, k is the strengthening coefficient, G is crystallite size.

Singh et al. reported the k=575 MPa μm 1/2, σ o=150 MPa for true strain less than 0.02 [31]. Yield strength was computed using these constants and results are shown in Figures 7 and 8. It was found that yield strength of 2086.8 Mpa in control, which increased to 4024.6, 6606.3, and 4669.7 MPa in treated SS samples T1, T3 and T4, respectively. This indicates that the yield strength was significantly enhanced by 92.86, 216.5, and 123.7% in treated SS samples T1, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control. It is already reported that the strength of materials can be modulated by changing the crystallite size. The decrease in crystallite size in treated SS powder results into increase the crystallite boundaries. Thus, higher crystallite boundaries in treated SS powder hindered the dislocation movement gliding along the slip planes and thereby increased yield strength [4]. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treated SS powder could be more useful in automobile parts and nuclear reactor applications.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated SS powder are shown in Figure 9. The absorption peaks observed at wavenumber 3786 and 1606 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3759, 3450, and 1542 cm⁻¹ (treated) were assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by sample. Another peak observed at wavenumber 506 cm⁻¹ in control and treated SS sample were due to Cr-O bond vibrations [32]. Peak found at wavenumber 1107 cm⁻¹ (control) attributed to Fe-O-H bond vibrations, was completely diminished in treated SS. It may be due to alteration in F-O-H bond at atomic level through biofield treatment [32]. Thus, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic level to cause these alteration.
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size and crystallite size in SS powder. Average particle size was reduced upto 12.93% in treated SS powder as compared to control. In addition, the reduction in crystallite size upto 70% after biofield treatment led to increase in yield strength by 216.57% as compared to control (Hall-Petch effect). This could be due to increase in crystallite boundaries after biofield treatment, which hindered the dislocation movement and thereby increased yield strength. FT-IR spectra showed peak at wavenumber 1107 cm⁻¹ in control, which assigned to Fe-O-H was significantly reduced in treated SS. It might be due to alteration of bond properties in treated SS after biofield treatment. Based on these promising results, it is expected that biofield treatment could be applied to improve the mechanical properties of SS powder for nuclear reactor, appliances, and automobile.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD data.
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20. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
23. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
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29. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
30. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
31. Singh KK, Sangal S, Murty GS (2002) Hall-Petch behaviour of 316L austenitic stainless steel at room temperature. Mater Sci Technol 18: 165-172.
32. Junqueira RMR, Loureiro CRDO, Andrade MS, Buono VTL (2008) Characterization of interference thin films grown on stainless steel surface by alternate pulse current in a sulphochromic solution. Mat Res 114: 421-426.
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physical properties of stainless steel powder

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structural properties of stainless steel powder

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Stainless Steel Powder | Physical and Structural Properties

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Applied Mechanical Engineering Received July 07, 2015; Accepted July 20, 2015; Published July 25, 2015 Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 173.

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  Barium
  Oxide & Zinc Sulfide | Biofield Treatment Analysis

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  Barium
  Oxide & Zinc Sulfide | Biofield Treatment Analysis

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This present study was an attempt to evaluate the change in various properties of barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) under the influence of an alternative energy treatment.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana *

DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X
Citation
Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide. J Laser Opt Photonics 2:122. doi:10.4172/2469-410X.1000122
Abstract
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder. The study was carried out in two groups, one was set to control, and another group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples of BaO and ZnS were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and surface area analyzer. XRD data showed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume of BaO powder were reduced upto 0.42% and 1.26%, respectively as compared to control. Whereas, density of treated BaO was increased upto 1.27% as compared to control. Besides, the unit cell volume was changed in treated ZnS from -0.55 to 0.24% as compared to control that led to change in density from -0.24 to 0.55% after biofield treatment. However, the crystallite size was substantially increased upto 40.5% and 71.4% in treated BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data exhibited that absorption peaks at wavenumber 862/cm (control) was shifted to 858/cm in treated BaO. Upward shifting of absorption peaks corresponding to Zn-S stretching bond was observed in treated (617/cm) as compared to control (592/cm). Furthermore, surface area result showed that it was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Hence, these, findings suggest that biofield treatment has altered the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powders.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Barium oxide; Zinc sulfide; Particle size; Surface area; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Introduction
Metal oxides and sulfides are considered as one of interesting class of ceramics due to their versatile applications [1-5]. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and barium oxide (BaO) gain attention among the researchers due to their unique optical and electrical properties and wide applications in electrical industries. ZnS exist as zinc blend structure (wurtzite crystal structure), whereas BaO exists as rock salt type. Recently, researchers had developed the self-cleaning techniques using barium oxide, in which coal gas provides the power directly to solid oxide fuel cells [6]. This is a cleaner and efficient way to generate electricity from coal reserves. Further, the BaO is hygroscopic in nature which enables it to use for chemical reactions on anode surface [1]. ZnS possess a particular place due to its application as wide band gap semiconductors, blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), and electroluminescent devices [7-9]. It also become promising material for various other fields such as solar cell, phosphor etc. Currently, there are several methods of producing the metal oxides and sulfides powder such as sol gel chemical bath deposition technique, pulsed-laser deposition vacuum arc deposition and chemical vapor deposition [10-14]. Furthermore, it is well known that electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of ceramics are directly related to its density, crystal structure, crystallite size, and physical parameters [15-17]. After considering the applications and properties of BaO and ZnS, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically viable approach that could be beneficial to modify the physical and structural properties of these powders.

Research converging from many fields of investigation indicates that the human body is a complex energy system. It has been demonstrated that short lived electrical events or action potential exist in several type of mammalian cells such as neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells [18]. For instance, the cells present in central nervous system of human body communicate with another by means of electrical signals that travel along the nerve processes. Thus, human has ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responds in a useful way that is called biofield energy and this process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect® . Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has significantly transform the characteristics of various living and non-living things using his biofield treatment. Biofield treatment has substantially altered the atomic, crystalline, physical properties in various metals and ceramics [19-24]. In addition, biofield treatment has also transform the molecular and cellular characteristics microbiology [25-27], biotechnology [28,29], and agriculture [30-32]. In metals and ceramics the biofield treatment has shown the excellent results at physical, thermal, and atomic level. In addition, the biofield treatment had increased the particle size by six fold and enhanced the crystallite size by two fold in zinc powder [19]. Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of BaO and ZnS, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of BaO and ZnS.
Experiment
The BaO and ZnS powders used in present experiment were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Each powder samples were divided into two groups, referred as control and treatment. Control group was remained as untreated and treatment group received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment.
Biofield treatment
The treatment group was handed over in sealed pack to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment group without touching the samples. After that, both control and treated samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Surface area analyzer.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis of control and treated samples were performed using Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD diffractometer, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The wavelength of X-ray radiation used 1⋅54056 Å. Data obtained from the XRD was in chart form of intensity vs.2θ°, with a detailed Table 1 containing d value (Å), number of peaks, peak width 2θ°, peak count, relative intensity of peaks, etc. Further, lattice parameter and unit cell volume were computed using PowderX software. Weight of the unit cell was calculated as, atomic weight multiplied by the number of atoms present in a unit cell. Density of the unit cell was computed as follows:

Crystallite size (G) was calculated as follow:

Crystallite size (G)=k λ/b Cosθ.

Where, λ is the wavelength of X-ray (=1.54056 Å) and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

Besides, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of control and treated sample respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size were calculated.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR analysis of BaO and ZnS samples were performed on Shimadzu, Japan, FT-IR Spectrometer with frequency range of 400-4000/cm.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of BaO and ZnS powder.
Surface area analysis
The surface area was measured by the Surface area analyzer, Smart SORB 90 based on Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), which had a detection range of 0.2-1000 m ²/g. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following equations:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated samples respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
XRD patterns of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figures 1a-1e. The XRD pattern exhibited peaks at 2θ=13.90°, 18.88°, 22.83°, 25.58°, 26.82°, 29.82°, 30.83°, 34.58° in control; 19.06°, 22.09°, 24.76°, 26.16°, 26.53°, 26.78°,27.97°, and 32.4° in T1; 19.07°, 22.10°, 24.78°, 26.14°,26.73°, 27.98°, and 32.42° in T2; 19.05°, 22.06°, 24.67°, 26.08°,26.70°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T3; 19.09°, 22.09°, 24.70°, 26.12°, 26.77°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T4. Further, XRD patterns of control and treated ZnS samples are presented in Figures 2a-2e. Control sample showed XRD peaks at 2θ=28.62°, 33.14°, 47.58°, and 56.42°. Whereas treated sample showed peaks at 2θ=28.61°, 33.18°, 47.5°, and 56.50° in T1; 28.62°, 33.12°, 47.59°, and 56.37° in T2; 28.58°, 33.1°, 47.58°, and 56.41° in T3; 28.74°, 33.25°, 47.77°, and 56.50° in T4. Furthermore, the various parameters of unit cell of BaO and ZnS were computed using PowderX software using above XRD peaks, which are presented in Table 1. Moreover, the percent change in lattice parameter; unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size as compared to control are illustrated in Figures 3-6. Data exhibited that the lattice parameter in treated BaO was significantly reduced by 0.42, 0.42, 0.41, and 0.32% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 3). This reduction of lattice parameter led to decrease the unit cell volume of treated BaO by 1.26, 1.26, 1.22, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 4). Furthermore, this reduction in unit cell volume resulted into increase in density by 1.27, 1.27, 1.23, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 5). It is well known fact that the density is inversely proportional to volume of a substance for a given mass. The reduction in volume of unit cell and increase in density suggest that BaO lattice was contracted after biofield treatment. It is previously reported that internal strain in ceramics can be produced through high temperature, doping, and milling [33,34]. In addition, it is also reported that some material respond to electric and magnetic field in form of strain such as piezoelectric material [35]. Thus, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment might transfer the energy in form of electromagnetic waves, which consist of electric and magnetic field and that field may push the positive barium ion and negative oxygen towards each other. Hence, the movement of both ions toward each other may lead to reduced lattice parameter. XRD data of ZnS showed that the percent change in lattice parameter was -0.08 and 0.18% in T2 and T4 respectively, whereas no change was found in T1 and T3, as compared to control. Percent change in unit cell volume of treated ZnS was 0.24 and -0.55 in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. This change in unit cell volume led to change the density by -0.24 and 0.552% in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. These changes in lattice parameter suggest that both kind of stress: compressive and tensile possibly applied through biofield treatment. In addition, result also indicated that the permanent lattice strain probably induced in BaO and ZnS crystals through biofield treatment. Furthermore, data exhibited that crystallite size was change from 66.5 nm (control) to 35.9, 93.4, 93.4, and 93.4 nm in treated BaO samples T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO was -46% in T1 and 40.5% in T2, T3 and T4 as compared to control (Figure 6). This indicates that crystallite size of treated BaO was increased in three out of four sample tested. Nevertheless, the crystallite size in treated ZnS was substantially increased from 35.6 nm (control) to 61, 42.7, 61, and 47.4 nm in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively (Table 1), as compared to control. It indicates that crystallite size was increased by 71.4, 20, 71.4, and 33.4% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 6). Overall data suggest that crystallite size was increased in both BaO and ZnS powder after biofield treatment. Similar results of increase in crystallite size in silicon dioxide and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [36,37]. Furthermore, it is well known that the crystallite size of ceramics powder increased with increase in temperature [38]. Furthermore, it is assumed that internal strains present in treated powder made dislocations to move unhindered that results into reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries. Further, this reorientation of neighboring planes into same planes may lead to increase crystallite size. Moreover, it is also reported that alteration in crystallite size in ZnS leads to change the energy band gap [39]. Hence it is assumed that band gap in treated ZnS sample may be changed after biofield treatment. Moreover, based on the above findings in XRD analysis, control, T1 and T2 were analyzed using FT-IR.

Figure 1a: XRD pattern of control BaO sample.

Figure 1b: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T1).

Figure 1c: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T2).

Figure 1d: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T3).

Figure 1e: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T4).

Figure 2a: XRD pattern of control ZnS sample.

Figure 2b: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T1).

Figure 2c: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T2).

Figure 2d: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T3).

Figure 2e: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T4).

Figure 3: Percent change in lattice parameter in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percent change in unit cell volume in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 5: Percent change in density of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 6: Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR spectra of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figure 7. IR spectra showed the peaks at wavenumber 3497, 3580, and 3576/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, which could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. Peaks observed at 1683, 1683, and 1672/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively can be assigned to O-H bending vibrations. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by BaO powder. Furthermore, absorption band observed at wavenumber 862/cm (control), 740-970 cm⁻¹ (T1), and 507, 661, 769, 858/cm (T2) that could be due to Ba-O bonding vibrations [40]. Data suggest that number of peaks and intensity corresponding to BaO vibration were changed in T1 and T2 after biofield treatment. The absorption peaks found at 1398, 1425, and 1444/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, could be due to formation of BaCO ₃ after C O2 absorption by BaO sample from atmosphere [41]. Besides, IR spectra of ZnS powder is illustrated in Figure 8, in which absorption peaks observed at 592/ cm (control), 617/cm (T1) and 590/cm (T2) that were assigned to Zn-S stretching vibrations [42,43]. It indicates that absorption peaks were changed in treated sample as compared to control, which could be due to alteration in Zn-S bond length after biofield treatment. Absorption peaks observed in range of 3000-3500/cm in control, T1 and T2 could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. The O-H bending peaks were observed at 1618, 1616, and 1608/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by ZnS powder. In addition, the peaks observed at wavenumber 1114, 1116, and 1234/cm in control, T1 and T2, respectively, are possibly the characteristic peaks for ZnS particles [44,45]. Recently, our group reported that the biofield treatment has changed the bond length in ceramic nano oxides (ZnO, Fe ₃O ₄) [46]. Thus, based on current data, it is assumed that biofield treatment may alter the bonding properties in BaO and ZnS, that possibly resulted into alteration in IR peaks in treated as compared to control.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of BaO. (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of ZnS (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.
Surface area analysis
Surface area analysis in term of percent change of BaO and ZnS powder are shown in Figure 9. Data showed that the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control (Table 2). It is possible that biofield energy transferred through treatment, which might induce energy milling. Due to which BaO and ZnS powder particles might be agglomerated after biofield treatment and increased particle size. Further, this increase in particle size probably reduced surface area in treated samples as compared to control.

Figure 9: Percent change in surface area of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Table 2: Surface area of BaO and ZnS powder.
Conclusion
Overall, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and structural properties of both BaO and ZnS samples. XRD result showed that density of treated BaO and ZnS powder was increased upto 1.27% and 0.55% as compared to control. It could be due to reduction of lattice parameter in unit cell after biofield treatment. In addition, crystallite size was significantly increased by 40.5% and 71.4% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data showed the shifting of absorption peaks in treated BaO and ZnS corresponding to Ba-O and Zn-S stretching vibrations, respectively, as compared to control. Thus, it is hypothesized that bond length of Zn-S and Ba-O, possibly altered after biofield treatment. Besides, the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Thus, based on the alteration found in density, crystallite size, surface area, and bond length in treated BaO and ZnS, it is assumed that biofield treatment could alter the optoelectronics characteristics in ceramics.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction data. Authors also would like to thank Trivedi science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their support during the work.
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Barium Oxide, Zinc Sulfide | Structural & Physical Properties

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana * DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X Citation Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide.

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  Morganella
  Morganii | Antibiogram & Genotypic Analysis

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The results of antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical study, biotype study and 16s rDNA sequencing showed the changes in various biochemical characteristics of Morganella Morganii due to the impact of an alternative energy treatment.

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  Assessment
  of Physical Properties p-Dichlorobenzene

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  Assessment
  of Physical Properties p-Dichlorobenzene

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This research paper shows the influence of an alternative energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene and suggests that the energy treatment could make it more useful in the production of various pharmaceutical products.

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  Bronze
  Powder Analysis under The Trivedi Effect

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  Bronze
  Powder Analysis under The Trivedi Effect

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This research was conducted with an idea to study the impact of an alternative energy treatment on the characteristics of Bronze powder considering its physical, mechanical and thermal properties.

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S*

DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000119 ISSN: 2167-7670
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119
Abstract
Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, widely utilizing in manufacturing of gears, bearing, and packing technologies due to its versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder. Bronze powder was divided into two samples, one served as control and the other sample was received biofield treatment. Control and treated bronze samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% on day 78 in treated bronze as compared to control. Further, the crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 49.96% in treated bronze sample on day 106 as compared to control. In addition, the biofield treatment has significantly reduced the average particle size upto 18.22% in treated bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed agglomerated and welded particles in control bronze powder, whereas fractured morphology at satellites boundaries were observed in treated bronze. The yield strength of bronze powder calculated using Hall- Petch equation, was significantly changed after biofield treatment. The FT-IR analysis showed that there were three new peaks at 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ observed in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that the biofield treatment may alter the bond properties in bronze. Therefore, the biofield treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Bronze; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR; Particle size; SEM
Introduction
Bronze is a metallic alloy, primarily consist of copper and tin in 90:10 ratio, which is also known as "true bronze". Some other elements such as arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon are also blended in bronze to enhance its mechanical properties [1,2]. The variation in elemental composition in bronze significantly affects its mechanical and chemical characteristics [3]. Furthermore, the bronze, primarily exist in FCC (face centred cubic) crystal structure, and the different size of the tin atoms as compared to copper substantially changes this structure, which confers excellent properties. Sidot et al. reported that lattice parameter of FCC bronze unit cell increases with increase in tin content and vice versa [4]. Moreover, the influences of crystallite size on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys have been known for many years. Two scientist Hall and Petch proposed the formula, which demonstrated the inverse relation between yield strength and crystallite size [5]. Nevertheless, bronze is widely utilized in the production of bearing, operating under heavy loads at high speeds. These bearing are used in many rotating parts such as fans, jet engines, automobile parts, industrial equipment, and appliances etc. Beside this, it is also used in filters and decorative paints. Bronze powder is mainly produced via electrolysis process, vapour deposition, and high-energy ball mill method [6]. Further, it is reported that the mechanical properties in bronze can be modulated through various kind of sintering processes [7,8]. In these sintering processes, high temperature and costly equipment setup are required to achieve the desired mechanical properties. After considering of alloy properties and cost aspect, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically safe approach that could be beneficial in global application to modify the structural and mechanical properties of bronze powder.

A physicist, William Tiller proposed the existence of a new force related to human body, in addition to four well known fundamental forces of physics: gravitational force, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force. Fritz-Albert, a German biophysicist proposed that human physiology shows a high degree of order and stability due to their coherent dynamic states [9-12]. Furthermore, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the globe. The objects always receive the energy and responded into useful way and that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment. Mahendra Trivedi's biofield treatment has been applied to transform the structural, physical, and chemical properties of various metals and ceramics [13-20]. In material science, this biofield treatment has substantially changed the particle size, surface area and lattice parameters in various ceramic powders such as vanadium pentoxide (V ₂O ₅), zirconium oxide (ZrO ₂), and silicon dioxide (SiO ₂) [18,19]. The biofield treatment has also transformed the characteristics in several other fields like biotechnology [21,22], microbiology [23-25], and in agricultural science [26-28].

Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of bronze powder, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder.
Experimental
Bronze powder was procured from Alfa Aesar, USA. The bronze powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was considered as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment, referred as treated. The control and treated samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G = kλ / (bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter = [(a t-a c)/a c] ×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume = [(V t-V c)/V c] ×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size = [(G t-G c)/G c] × 100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. The XRD analysis was carried out on day 1, 10, 78, 106 and 117 day referred as control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Three parameters of particle sizes viz. d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent change in particle sizes were calculated using following equation:

Where, (d ₅₀) Control and (d ₅₀) Treated are the particle size, d ₅₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₉₀ and d ₉₉ were calculated. The particle size were evaluated on day 1, 12, 91, 97 and 115 for control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
In order to study the changes in surface morphology of bronze powder after biofield treatment, the control and treated sample were analyzed on day 20 using SEM, the JEOL JSM-6360 instrument.
FT-IR spectroscopy
To study the impact of biofield treatment at atomic bonding level in bronze powder, the FT-IR analysis was done on Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300- 4000 cm⁻¹. FT-IR analysis was carried out on day 1, day 71 and day 82 for control, T1, and T2, respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
The XRD results are presented in Table 1. It was observed that the lattice parameter of the unit cell reduced by 0.2%, 0.26%, 0.19%, and 0.07% in treated bronze T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control. The percent change in lattice parameter is also known as lattice strain. Further, the decreased lattice parameter led to reduce the volume of unit cell by 0.61%, 0.78%, 0.56%, and 0.21% in treated samples T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control (Figure 1). The percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume was found maximum on day 78 (T2). In general, when the applied stress is compressive the change in strain is negative while a positive value indicates a tensile stress. Thus, negative strain in all treated bronze sample indicated that a compressive stress was probably acted on treated bronze sample after biofield treatment. It is possible that biofield treatment could be transferred the energy to bronze powder and that may induced milling in the powder. Hence, this high energy milling may lead to persuade the compressive stress and changed the lattice parameter [16-19]. Moreover, the crystallite size was 88.96 nm in control sample, however it was changed to 148.96 nm, 111.30 nm, 44.52 nm, and 148.38 nm in treated samples on day 10 (T1), day 78 (T2), day 106 (T3), and day 117 (T4) respectively. The percent change in crystallite size is presented in Figure 2, it showed that the crystallite size was increased upto 66.79% on day 10, then started to decrease upto 49.96% on day 106 (T3) as compared to control. It is possible that the tin (Sn) atoms might be diffused into copper (Cu) due to biofield energy that may lead to coalescence of grains and increase the crystallite size [7]. Furthermore, the existence of severe lattice strains is evidenced by the change in lattice parameters (Figure 1). The presence of this internal strain may lead to fracture the grains into sub grains and decrease the crystallite size upto day 106 [19]. Moreover, the relation between strength of material and crystallite size is given by Hall-Patch equation as given below:

Where, σ is strength of the material σ ° , is a material constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement, k is the strengthening coefficient, G is crystallite size.

Dybiec et al. reported the material constant, σ ° =58.9 MPa and k=0.3689 MPa m 1/2 for bronze [29]. These parameters were used to calculate the yield strength of control and treated bronze powder. The yield strength of all samples were calculated using equation (1) and percent change in treated bronze powder as compared to control. It was observed that the yield strength was reduced by 9% on day 10 (T1) and then increased upto 16.50% on day 106 (T3), as compared to control, after biofield treatment. Nevertheless, the yield strength was again decreased by 8.99% on day 117 as compared to control. Overall, the graph indicates that bronze showed the higher yield strength in time period of day 82 to day 115 (Figure 3). This variation in yield strength in treated bronze powder could be due to change of crystallite size after biofield treatment as explained by Hall and Petch. The strength of materials can be modulated by changing the crystallite size and this could be due to interactions of dislocations with crystallite boundaries as they move. In this phenomenon, the crystallites boundaries hindered the movement of dislocation gliding along the slip planes and increased the yield strength [30]. It is also reported that the reduction in crystallite size leads to increase the grain boundaries and vice versa. Thus, it is hypothesized that the change in crystallite size after biofield treatment in bronze could alter the yield strength.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of bronze powder.

Figure 1: Percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 2: Percent change in crystallite size in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.
Particle size analysis
In order to understand the effect of biofield treatment on particle size, several range i.e. d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were calculated and results are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4. It was observed that the particle sizes of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were increased by 5.15, 8.21, 12.17% respectively, as compared to control on day 12. It may be due to agglomeration of finer particles through high energy milling that probably induced by biofield treatment. Furthermore, the d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 16.24, 18.71, 18.75% respectively, as compared to control on day 91. This can be possible if coarser particles get fracture to smaller particle size. Further, on day 97 the particle size of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 18.22, 12.89, and 11.95% respectively as compared to control. In addition, particle sizes of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were also reduced by 13.47, 8.78, and 9.96% respectively on day 115, as compared to control. Overall, the graph showed that particle of each size i.e. finer to coarser, were reduced as increase in number of days after biofield treatment (Figure 4). It is well known that the bronze powder particles are polycrystalline i.e. it consist of many grains. In polycrystalline particles, crystallite boundaries are the structural weak points [16,17]. Hence, it is hypothesized that these weak boundaries may fracture under stress and reduced particle size.

d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉, size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively

Table 2: Particle size analysis of bronze powder.

Figure 3: Percent change in yield strength of biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percent change in particle size in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 5: The SEM images of (a) control and (b) treated bronze powder.
SEM analysis
The SEM images of control and treated bronze samples at magnification of 500x are shown in Figure 5. The diffusion welded and agglomerated particles were observed in control bronze with size range of 1-100 μm. However, in treated bronze powder, fractured surface morphology along with satellites and intra-particle boundaries were observed. Furthermore, the treated bronze particles were in the size range of 1-75 μm. It indicates that the coarser particles may fracture into finer after biofield treatment that possibly reduces the particle size [17]. Furthermore, in order to study the bronze powder at atomic bonding level, samples were analyzed using FT-IR.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated bronze samples are shown in Figures 6-8. In all these spectra, absorption bands in region of range 4000-300 cm⁻¹ were observed. The FT-IR spectra showed an absorption peak at wavenumber 1541 cm⁻¹ (Control and T1) and 1550 cm⁻¹ (T2), which characterized the O-H bending. However, the bands at wavenumber 3734 cm⁻¹ (control and T1) and 3749 cm⁻¹ (T2) were assigned to O-H stretching vibration that may be due to moisture absorption by samples [31,32]. Furthermore, the peak at 648 cm⁻¹(control) and 650 cm⁻¹ (T1), and 663 cm⁻¹ (T2) can be attributed to Sn-O stretching vibrations [32]. This indicates that wavenumber shifted toward higher side, after biofield treatment, which could be due to alteration in Sn-O bond strength. Besides this, the IR spectra of treated (T2) showed three new peaks at wavenumber 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ (Figure 8). The peaks at 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ can be attributed to Cu-O-H bending mode, whereas the emergence of peak at 464 cm⁻¹ could be due to Cu-O vibrations [33,34]. Thus, it is presumed that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic bonding level to cause these modifications.

Figure 6: FT-IR spectrum of control bronze powder.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T1).

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T2).
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the lattice strain, crystallite size, particle size and surface morphology in bronze powder as compared to control. XRD data revealed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% as compared to control. This could be due to compressive stress generated during high energy milling through biofield treatment. Besides this, the reduction in crystallite size upto 49.9% may lead to increase the mechanical strength of the bronze powder after biofield treatment. In addition, biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size upto 18.22% in bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed fractured surfaces in treated sample whereas welded particles were observed in control sample. Furthermore, the FT-IR analysis data suggest that there were three new peaks at 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ found in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that there might be an alteration of bond properties in bronze after biofield treatment. Overall, the biofield treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level. Thus, it is postulated that the biofield treated bronze powder could be more useful in bearing and gear applications in automobiles.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction data.
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Physical & Structural Properties of Bronze Powder

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S* DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000119 ISSN: 2167-7670 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119.

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  Biofield
  Analysis of Imidazole & 2-Methylimidazole

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  Biofield
  Analysis of Imidazole & 2-Methylimidazole

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Two imidazole derivatives, i.e. imidazole & 2-methylimidazole were studied for the physical and structural characterization under the influence of biofield energy treatment.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Gunin Saikia and Snehasis Jana*

DOI: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000187 ISSN: 2329-6836
Citation
Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Saikia G, et al. (2015) Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187
Abstract
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods. The biofield treatment was done by Mr. Trivedi on both the compounds and both control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were characterized with respect to physical, and structural properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). X-ray diffraction study revealed that crystallite size varied in a different way for imidazole and 2-methylimidazole due to the presence of methyl group in 2-c position although their core was same. Treated sample of imidazole showed a slight increase in crystallite size (6.5%); however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a significant increase (166.68%) in crystallite size along with decrease in peak intensity as compared to control. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of imidazole was increased up to 0.62% in treated sample as compared to control; whereas in treated 2-methylimidazole, the ΔH was decreased by 22% as compared to control. Maximum degradation temperature (T max) from TGA of imidazole was remained same but 2-methylimidazole was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. FT-IR spectra showed slight change in stretching frequencies of treated imidazole and 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. Both the imidazole and 2-methylimidazole showed similar UV absorbance maxima as compared to respective control sample. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of either ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole was significantly increased up to 232.51% as compared to control, however, isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) of treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change from -1.68 upto 1.68% as compared to control. Overall, the experimental results suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect on structural and thermal properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

Keywords: Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction
Abbreviations
XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole)
Introduction
Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 -electrons. The nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons bringing the required 6 -electrons for aromaticity. The hydrogen atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to resonance structures of imidazole [1]. Synthetic chemistry based on medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological activity. The biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular level [2]. The introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities. Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [3]. Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al. reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole- 4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens [4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine [5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani, at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. This compound has identified as the most potent candidate with an EC ₅₀ of 2.63 µg/mL against Rhizoctonia Solani [6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group, vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [7].

The chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase its shelf life and effectiveness there is a need to increase the stability of the compound both chemically as well as physically. The stability could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment which is already known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living and non-living substances [8]. The biofield is the electromagnetic field which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make the changes [9,10]. This phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography, electrocardiography and electroencephalogram [9]. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into any object, living or nonliving things [11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect ® which has been applied in various research fields including microbiology [12], agriculture, [13,14] and biotechnology [15]. The stability of the complexes with both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring [16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other heterocyclic moieties [17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.
Materials and Methods Study design
Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and coded as control and treatment. The control samples were remained as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment in laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups. The control and treated samples were evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). The average value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study
DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at flow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equation

Where, ΔH Control are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)
TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5° C/min from room temperature to 400° C under air atmosphere (sample mass 5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change in temperature at which maximum weight loss occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

% change in T max=[(T max, treated − T max, control) / T max, control] × 100

Where, T max, control and T max, treated are temperature at which maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample, respectively.
FT-IR spectroscopic characterization
FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm⁻¹. The imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the diluent.
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.
GC-MS analysis
The Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass, USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3 and T4. The GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance vs. mass to charge ratio (m/z), which is known as mass spectrum. The isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in treated samples as compared to the control. The collective effect of the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance

Where, R Treated and R Control are the ratio of intensity of masses from the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction studies
X-ray diffraction study was conducted on both control and treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diffractograms are shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole (control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray diffractograms. The X-ray diffractogram of control imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89° , 19.14° , 20.31° , 20.74° 25.66° , 25.91° and 30.73° whereas the X-ray diffractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 13.01° , 20.31° , 20.93° , 26.08° , 30.74° , and 30.87° . In control sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diffractogram showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.49° , 17.76° , 21.77° , 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated 2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34° , 17.59° , 17.80° , 21.19° , 25.88° and 26.16° . XRD studies showed that crystal structure of imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for 2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature data [18].

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased significantly up to 166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that biofield energy may be absorbed by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity of the peaks [19,20]. After biofield treatment imidazole derivatives may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the treated imidazole. The volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased from 485.83 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ to 497.32 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ as 2.37% compared to control.

Figure 1: XRD diffractogram of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

Table 1: XRD analysis of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. -: Not reported.
DSC analysis
The DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to 159.5 J/g whereas, ΔH decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106 J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. There may be biofield energy favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [21]. This result cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less energy in the form of ΔH to undergo the process of melting. However, imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in ΔH have not seen of melting for control and treated samples. The DSC result of treated imidazole (90.19° C) did not show significant change in melting temperature as compared to control 89.86° C. However, melting point of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147° C as compared to control (145° C), i.e., change in 1.4% [22]. It is hypothised that biofield energy may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

Table 2: DSC analysis of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.
TGA/DTG analysis
TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole compound was less thermally stable than control sample. The onset degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170° C for control but 160° C for treated sample. The end-set degradation temperature was observed at 250° C for control and 235°C for treated sample, respectively. The decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6% may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started degrading around 140° C (onset) and stopped at 245° C (end-set). Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation temperature at ~152° C and end-set around 240° C. It indicated that onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control 2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of its weight. DTG thermogram showed T max~192° C in control, whereas, it was increased to ~195° C in treated 2-methylimidazole. Thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole from T max was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. The increase in onset temperature, T max, and endset temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. The overall increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine and synthetic biopolymers.
UV-Vis spectroscopy
UV spectra of control and biofield treated imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π - π* transition) and nonbonding electron system (n - π* transition). There are certain energy gaps between π - π* and n - π* orbitals. From the above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not sufficiently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic effect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λ max) at 207 nm compared to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited bathochromic shift at the absorbance maxima (λ max) 206 nm compared to 205 nm for control.
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis
FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively. Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm⁻¹ for control and 3020 cm⁻¹ for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching at 1448 cm⁻¹ and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm⁻¹. In case of 2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3018 cm⁻¹ (treated). These data indicated that there was slight changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. The broad absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400- 2600 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples [23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in the C-H stretching at 2791 cm⁻¹ for control and 2794 cm⁻¹ for treated one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency was observed at 2681 cm⁻¹ for control and 2690 cm⁻¹ for treated sample. The N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H bending was observed at 1595 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated. The C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm⁻¹ in and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. The FT-IR results showed little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal after biofield treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated here.
GC-MS spectrometry
The mass spectrum of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are shown in Figures 5a-5d. Treated samples were divided into four parts (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and analyzed at different times. Isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole, determined using equation (1) is shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Analysis of isotopic abundance of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). PM: primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole).

It showed that the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) in imidazole was significantly increased by 232.51% in sample T4, while it was increased by only 1.68% in treated (T4) 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. The biofield treatment may have altered the natural abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of T4-imidazole from the control samples. Furthermore, it is assumed that imidazole molecule with higher isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM), (T4), might have higher stability due to the increased µ (reduced mass) and binding energy in molecules with heavier isotopes. The heavier isotopes may form one of the following bonds like ¹³C- ¹²C, ¹³C- ¹³C, ¹³C- ¹⁴N, ¹²C- ¹⁵N, ¹³C- ²H, ¹⁵N- ²H, and ¹³C-H as compared to control. [24]. This higher binding energy may lead to increase the heat of reaction for imidazole T4 and reverse might happen in treated T1. Thus, GC-MS data suggested that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H(PM+1/PM) to 232.51%, in treated imidazole molecule whereas isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM has remained same in treated 2-methylimidazole as compared to control.

Figure 2 (a): TGA thermogram of control and treated imidazole.

Figure 2 (b): TGA thermogram of control and treated 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 3: UV spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 4 (a): FT-IR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole.

Figure 4 (b): FT-IR spectra of control and treated samples of 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 5 (a): GC-MS spectra of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples of imidazole.

Figure 5 (b): GC-MS spectra of treated (T3 and T4) samples of imidazole.

Figure 5 (c): GC-MS spectra of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples of 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 5 (d): GC-MS spectra of treated (T3 and T4) samples of 2-methylimidazole.
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment offers a remarkable means to alter the properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole at molecular level. Due to biofield treatment on 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size was significantly increased up to 166.68% by means of increasing the volume of unit cell in a crystal but imidazole has very small change in crystallite size up to 6.5% in XRD study. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole was significantly changed 232.51% of T4 sample as compared to control, however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change (1.68%) as compared to control. It is assumed that the enhancement in thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole could be more useful as a building block in various pharmaceutical products and biopolymers of pharmaceutical importance, which ultimately affect the shelf-life and efficacy of drug. Moreover, the treated imidazole found to be thermally less stable compared to control may be useful as reaction intermediate for various chemical reactions or it can be converted to 2-substituted imidazole for better stability. Furthermore, due to high isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) of treated (T4) imidazole, bond might have highly stable with higher binding energy may lead to higher chemical stability than the control.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility. We would also like to thank Trivedi Science TM, Trivedi Master Wellness TM and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.
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Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives | Mahendra Trivedi

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Gunin Saikia and Snehasis Jana* DOI: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000187 ISSN: 2329-6836 Citation Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Saikia G, et al. (2015) Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187.

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  XRD,
  DSC Analysis of 1,2,4-Triazole

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  XRD,
  DSC Analysis of 1,2,4-Triazole

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The XRD analysis of 1,2,4-Triazole showed a reduction in unit cell volume and molecular weight and the DSC analysis results of 1,2,4-Triazole showed a significant increase in latent heat of fusion after the sample was treated with The Trivedi Effect.