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https://www.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/pueblo_history_kids/introduction.asp
http://www.bigorrin.org/pueblo_kids.htm
http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/religious-beliefs-pueblos-4730.html
http://www.dragonflydream.com/puebloindians.html#
http://www.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/peoples_mesa_verde/pueblo_III_overview.asp

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A pueblo site in the Mesa Verde region.

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6) What was the basis of their economy? 

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6) What was the basis of their economy? 

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The Pueblo Indians were cloth weavers before European colonization. Pueblo Indians mostly relied on corn and pumpkins instead of hunting and gathering of wild plants. When a bean crop and the domestication of turkey were introduced, agriculture became more important than hunting and gathering . The basis of the Pueblo economy was based on trade and agriculture. They would trade the crops they grew such as beans, corn, and squash. They would also make weapons such as bows and arrows, spears, and war clubs.

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5) Describe their spiritual beliefs. What makes them unique and different from European beliefs? What ceremonies were practiced and why? Who or what did they worship, revere, or find sacred? 

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5) Describe their spiritual beliefs. What makes them unique and different from European beliefs? What ceremonies were practiced and why? Who or what did they worship, revere, or find sacred? 

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Southwest Pueblo Indians practiced the Kachina religion which forms the center of many traditional Pueblo beliefs. In this religion, there are hundreds of ancestral spirits known as Kaching's , and for half of the year they live and communicate with each tribe. Pueblo people wear masks while performing rituals to represent Kachina spirits to communicate with spiritual beings. They had strong beliefs in nature, and it was one of the most respected aspects. Pueblo ceremonies often took place in sacred underground chambers called Kivas. They practiced religious rituals to cure diseases and ailments, protect tribal welfare and ensure rain. A major Kachina spirit that they worshiped was the serpent god who was believed to control the rain.

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4) What cultural differences and practices made them unique? 

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4) What cultural differences and practices made them unique? 

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Although the Pueblo Indians all have cultures that are similar, they do not all speak the same language. There are 4 languages that are spoken within the different Pueblos. All of the language groups are traditionally oral languages because caciques and elders didn't want their languages to be written down. Men weren't known to have worn a lot of clothing (breechcloths or short kilts), but women wore knee-length cotton dresses called mantas. Men and women wore deerskin moccasins on their feet. For dances and special occasions, women painted their moccasins white and wrapped white strips of deerskin called puttee around their shins as leggings. The men wore cloth headbands tied around their foreheads instead of headdresses. For speacial ceremonies, dancers would sometimes wear pained masks or crowns of feathers.

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3) Who headed the family unit? Who was in the immediate family? Were there any taboo relationships? Who could marry whom? 

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3) Who headed the family unit? Who was in the immediate family? Were there any taboo relationships? Who could marry whom? 

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Typically, the women were in charge of the home and family while the men were in charge of politics, agriculture, and war. Women did have important roles in Pueblo religion and clan governance, but caciques and warriors were traditionally men. Both genders shared the part of storytelling, music and artwork, and traditional medicine. Marriages and divorces were common, but women were also considered more important that in other tribes. Women passed owned the houses, and property was passed down from mother to daughter. Girls were taught to cook and make pottery by their mothers while the boys were taught how to hunt and weave by their fathers. Parents and children had strong bonds with both parents. The extended family included grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

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2) Who had the power? Who did not? What was required to gain leadership? How were the laws or rules determined? Were there different social classes? 

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2) Who had the power? Who did not? What was required to gain leadership? How were the laws or rules determined? Were there different social classes? 

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There are 19 Pueblos in New Mexico and they all belong to a confederation called the All Indian Pueblo Council. The coucil makes joint political decisions on behalf of all of them. However, each Pueblo has their own local government with laws, police, and services. The Pueblos are also US citizens which means they must also follow American law. In the past, the Pueblo Indians had a theocratic government which meant that the cacique, head priest, was also the town chief. There are still caciques for each Pueblo, but they act mainly as a religious leader as most pueblos have an elected governor and tribal council.

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1) Describe or show their original territory. Did they migrate? If so, what factors led them to migrate?

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1) Describe or show their original territory. Did they migrate? If so, what factors led them to migrate?

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The Southwest Pueblo started in the Mesa Verde region which is a region that is located in the Four Corners area. It is called the "Four Corners" because it is the only place in the United States where the corners of four states meet. The four states are Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Pueblo Indians were never forced to leave their homes.