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This padlet is about the changing ideals of what the male body should look like and how it is changing the structure of modern masculinity. I centre my work around the article 'Body Projects and the Regulation of Normative Masculinity' by R. Gill, K. Henwood and C. McLean (2005); particularly the notion that 'the male (body) has become an object of the gaze rather than simply the bearer of the look' (pp. 39). Gill, Henwood and McLean detail how men's bodies have gone from 'near invisibility to hypervisibility' (pp. 39) over the course of a decade, and examine how this recent saturation of men's bodies in the media has had a negative impact on boys and men.

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The Men’s Fitness Industry Is Missing Out on the Body-Positivity Movement. And It Sucks

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The Men’s Fitness Industry Is Missing Out on the Body-Positivity Movement. And It Sucks

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The insecurity that men face when it comes to self-esteem and body issues is noted as being absent from men's fitness writing and magazines; something which is sorely needed to balance the current literature outlining what is the desirable male body. As men start to feel the effects of being an object of gaze - whether it be from the media, women or other men - the pressures that men face to maintain their bodies is not supported by messages of body-positivity; or at least certainly not to the extent that women's magazines and media extol.

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It's hard to argue men can ever experience more difficulty than women, but let's talk a little bit about male empowerment.

There's something lacking in men's fitness writing: insecurity. Women's content seems to have it in spades, but believe me, that's a good thing.

Finding self-love through weightlifting is something I just never hear male trainers discuss.

I'm not saying that female fitness writers are insecure, at least, not more than anyone else. What I'm saying is that when they write, they connect with their audience by recognizing their vulnerabilities, fears, and shortcomings. The most popular women's blogs acknowledge insecurity; they commune with it; and they frame strength training not as a way to find validation, or perfection, or a body worth loving, but instead as a way to honor and love their bodies. And finding self-love through weightlifting is something I just never hear male trainers discuss.

This is the kind of stuff I'm talking about:
"In a world that encourages us to value ourselves solely on how we look, strength training, if we allow it, will shine a blinding light on the things we can do. As a result, you'll value yourself in a new, wonderful, empowering way." -Nia Shanks, Lift Like a Girl "[Weightlifting] is a practice in shedding your old skins that no longer serve you, in living in the moment, and in believing in yourself... Lifting weights can be the practice of loving yourself, if you let it." -Jessi Kneeland, Remodel Fitness "Embrace, nourish, praise, and honor your body, and it will change accordingly. Remember, the things we love thrive because of the love we give them." -Neghar Fonooni "Train because you love your body, not because you hate your body." - Molly Galbraith
Beautiful, right? But how often do we see those sentiments on the other side of the gender divide? I've spent the last ten years devouring as much fitness content as possible, but no male writer has resonated with me the way women have.

Looking for Abs in All the Wrong Places

I'm Nick, by the way. I was your standard gangly zit farm in high school. I never played sports. I cry listening to emotional podcasts. I lost my virginity really, really, really late. I still can't grow a goddamn beard. Masculinity is something that never really made sense to me. I was so unpopular in high school and so far down from the ruling jock class that fitness and manliness wound up synonymous with "thuggish moron" in my mind. Any time I was told to " be a man," it always meant to stop thinking and stop feeling.

It wasn't until my mid-20s that I even tried exercise, and that was just because I was unemployed, broke, living with my parents, and felt like I needed to control something.

I felt naked and exposed when I exercised; I hated how weak I looked when I struggled against resistance. I couldn't even step foot in a gym-all my exercise took place at home in solitude, where I combined bodyweight and resistance band training with high-intensity intervals on a secondhand bike. Eventually, I was working out for two hours straight every single day.

The main point of exercise, I always thought, was for people to like you with your shirt off.

I shredded my abs, shaved my head, and managed to graduate from self-loathing drunk to self-loathing narcissist. But nothing I read or did brought me closer to actually loving myself; I just became more critical. It took years for me to deal with the underlying insecurities driving me to restrict my diet and maniacally hack away at my body fat.

Male fitness bloggers just didn't write about that sort of stuff. The main point of exercise, I always thought, was for people to like you with your shirt off. See, for example, below:
"The reward [of diet and exercise] is a set of abs that are the envy of everyone you know." -Muscle and Fitness "Something is hardwired into women's brains so that when they see the [abdominal] V-lines, they somehow throw all inhibitions to the wind and go wild!" -Greg O'Gallagher "Fifteen percent body fat [is] well within healthy levels, but it's not going to turn many heads on the beach." -Men's Fitness "[Guys with 'wimpy legs'] not only look unbalanced and deformed but they also look like girlie-men. Ask any female and she'll tell [you] a good-looking body is not complete without ripped legs and a solid set of calves. Strong, cut, and muscular legs give you an athletic look that boast confidence, aggressiveness, and control." -Vince del Monte
"I don't know if people aren't aware of it as an issue, or if people who know it's an issue aren't talking about it because it doesn't seem profitable, but I do think it's not being talked about to a large degree."

That last quote is actually Rog Law, a Massachusetts-based trainer who thinks and writes a lot about modern masculinity. He told me the fact that men's fitness writing is less emotional reflects gender roles at large.

Women like to "overshare" right from the start, he says. On the other hand, "guys take a while to warm up to the idea that there's something deeper that's really driving them. And they might not be at the point where they're honest enough with themselves to even tell someone about it."

But there is an expectation for men to do just that: to play the part of the stoic leader who feels no wounds and leaves their emotions unexamined.

"Real Dudes Don't Have Feelings"

Could that be why men's fitness writing tends to keep things on the surface?

"I think a lot of it comes down to like, dudes don't ever wanna feel like a pussy. That's the worst thing!" Law says. "It's definitely cultural-that's beaten into us, but it's shitty advice. It's essentially saying, 'Hey, stuff down your emotions and just get through it.' But it's not like the emotions are there to be stuffed down. That's not how people are, regardless of gender."

If it's not clear already, we're talking about gender, not sex-our learned roles, not our biology. Women aren't, as far as we know, genetically predisposed to overshare and hug at hello. But there is some evidence that women bond with each other more quickly than men do, likely because both sexes have reason to find male strangers a little threatening.

It's not like the emotions are there to be stuffed down. That's not how people are, regardless of gender.

Here's a "feminine" thing I do to try and bring guys closer together: I compliment men on how they look. Have you noticed how readily women say nice things to each other about their outfit, their makeup, or their figure? I want guys to do that. Is it girly? Maybe, but let me tell you, when a dude compliments a dude on his haircut, his shirt, or his biceps, he f*cking loves it.

Guys want more emotional connections with other guys, and that's the kicker: There's evidence men are just as emotionally sensitive as women, we're just better at hiding our emotions. And when we do let feelings surface, psychologists say we're also a lot more likely to turn our "feminine" feelings, like sadness and vulnerability, into emotions like anger or pride, which are more socially acceptable. (Remember that "Big legs boast aggressiveness" quote from above?) Law is right: Guys have a harder time expressing vulnerability than women, and it shows in the fitness industry.

Isn't women's media problematic too? Oh, hell yes. But you can't deny that the tide is very deliberately turning for women-even Women's Health has banned the phrases "bikini body" and "drop two sizes" from their product. There remains a ton of work to do and things sure as sh*t aren't perfect, but we can probably agree that the voices asking for kindness, self-love, and body positivity in fitness are a lot louder among female trainers than men.

Can We Turn This Around?

A recurring theme in men's fitness content, and in my own journey, is that of gaining a sense of control. The message behind "Gain muscle and impress everybody" is that this is a way to control how others see you. You'll be noticed. You'll matter.

Exercise is an ongoing form of self-improvement that can be a source of profoundly important life lessons.

That's a message that works, but according to Law, it's more of a temporary solution. A better alternative is to see weightlifting as a practice that helps men to be more introspective. Rather than a means to an end, fitness is a beautiful way to learn how to enjoy the process, to examine one's flaws and shortcomings, and to work on them, rather than ignore them or pave over them with rock-solid muscle. Exercise is an ongoing form of self-improvement that can be a source of profoundly important life lessons.

"It sounds kinda woo-woo, but the intention you put behind the action matters a lot," says Law. "If you have the intention to lift weights in order to get chicks, but you're not really learning anything about yourself in the process, it's like putting a Band-Aid on the problem. I think a lot of the writing out there ignores that side of it, but the truth is, you can't solve an internal problem with an external approach."

The Bottom Line

It's time for men to follow women's lead for a change. We should quit seeing the gym as a means to build a rockin' body that turns heads on the beach and instead use it as an approach to know more about ourselves, to seek out our flaws, and to engage with them as we strive to improve ourselves each and every day.

As for me, I eventually let go of my frantic, two-hours-per-day workout schedule and fell in love with powerlifting. Instead of chasing a six-pack for its own sake, I embraced strength: It felt more like I was adding to my body, rather than taking away from it. I'm a little doughier, but I'm a lot happier. And the people who inspired me to make that change and love my body were women, not men.

As personal trainer and writer Neghar Fonooni says, "Fitness isn't about ego. It isn't about hustling for validation or recognition, internally or externally. It isn't about competition to the point of destruction. It's about honoring our bodies and doing our best."

Man, I'd love to see more guys talk like that.

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The Men's Fitness Industry Is Missing Out on the Body-Positivity Movement. And It Sucks

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It's hard to argue men can ever experience more difficulty than women, but let's talk a little bit about male empowerment. There's something lacking in men's fitness writing: insecurity. Women's content seems to have it in spades, but believe me, that's a good thing.

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I Gained 20 Pounds Of Muscle In 12 Weeks And This Is What Happened

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I Gained 20 Pounds Of Muscle In 12 Weeks And This Is What Happened

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Spencer Althouse's personal article about his efforts to 'gain 20 pounds of muscle and self-confidence' is a stark reminder that many men do in fact have issues with body confidence and self-esteem. However, men do not seem to have the same level of support and understanding that is reflected in magazines, websites and social media that women do, exacerbating the tendency to feel as though their struggles are "unmanly", and that it is weak to have any doubts about their bodies.

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I've always felt betrayed by my body. I didn't hit puberty until the end of high school, so I was always the smallest kid in class. I worked out longer than the other guys in the gym and ate twice as much, but I was left half their size. I didn't look like everyone else, and as a teenager, that's all anyone ever wants.

My body image issues resulted in a severe lack of confidence that made me question my self-worth. I did not think I deserved to feel good. I constantly compared myself to my two older brothers and my identical twin, who somehow always seemed to look a few years older than me. I was also hypnotized by the media's portrayal of how men were "supposed" to look.

Now, at 25 years old, I decided to try and find myself. I enlisted the help of a nutritionist and trainer, giving myself 12 weeks to transform my body and gain as much muscle mass as possible.

I wanted to finally gain confidence. Also, to be honest, I wanted to look good naked.

Note: Not everyone's body composition goals and confidence revolve around getting swole, so don't think of this as a one-size-fits-all Get a Better Body plan. Everyone has different goals and motivations, and these are mine. If they work for you too, awesome.

To get started, I met with fitness expert and nutritionist Albert Matheny. Here he is showing off.

First, 4 sets of 5-10 reps of:

* Goblet squats with kettlebell

* Walking lunges with dumbbells

* Alternating push-ups and pull-ups

Next, 4 sets of this circuit, working up to a minute for each one:

* Forearm plank

* Dead hang from pull-up bar

* Squat hold (sit in the bottom of a squat)
Here's a post on how to do all of these exercises.
First, 4 sets of 5-10 reps of:

* Deadlifts

* Bulgarian split squats with kettlebells

* Alternating push-ups and chin-ups

Next, 4 sets of this circuit, working up to a minute for each one:

* Tricep dip hold

* Dead hang from pull-up bar

* Squat hold (sit in the bottom of a squat)
Here's a post on how to do all of these exercises.
First, 4 sets of 5-10 reps of:

* Barbell back squat

* Farmer's carry (minimum 20-second hold each rep)

* Alternating push-ups and pull-ups

Next, 4 sets of this circuit, working up to a minute for each one:

* Hand plank

* Dead hang from pull-up bar

* Squat hold (sit in the bottom of a squat)
Here's a post on how to do all of these exercises.
Here's what a typical day on my new 3,500-calorie meal plan looked like.

I felt great about my progress, but then, 10 weeks in, I was majorly thrown off...

A random man on the subway came up to me and yelled at me to get away from him. He screamed at me, got in my face, and insulted me in a way that hit on everything I had been self-conscious about my entire life. I was left shaken and speechless and stopped riding that train altogether, in fear of running into him again.

This confrontation made me want to skip the gym and just give up. But then something clicked inside my head, and I decided to use this man from the subway to fuel me.

This was a tough week because I got super sick, and the last thing I wanted to do was go to the gym.

I was that annoying kid you grew up with who only missed one day of school from first grade through college. I never broke the rules, and I was never late for anything, so having to skip two days at the gym made me feel insanely guilty. I didn't want people to read this post and not be impressed with my results, because if they saw me fail then they might not think they could succeed either. I didn't want to disappoint anyone.

My perception of manliness used to revolve around chiseled cheekbones and cheese-grater abs. I thought my identity was bound in my physical appearance and I would not exist until I looked like a real man. I've finally realized that there's no such thing as a "real" man.

There's no simple or sexy way to put it: If you want to see progress, you have to put in the work. That's it. You don't have to wait for New Year's Eve to make your resolutions and change your life. I plan on continuing my journey, and my next goal is to put on another 20 pounds of muscle.

I learned very early on that you shouldn't compare yourself to other people at the gym. The only person you need to focus on is yourself. So, instead of revealing the exact number of weights I lift now, I'll tell you this: I'm squatting well more than my body weight, and I'm deadlifting twice as much as when I first started. But more importantly, I'm finally starting to like myself.
Training, nutrition plans, and ProMix protein shakes were provided to me free of charge.

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I Gained 20 Pounds Of Muscle In 12 Weeks And This Is What Happened

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I've always felt betrayed by my body. I didn't hit puberty until the end of high school, so I was always the smallest kid in class. I worked out longer than the other guys in the gym and ate twice as much, but I was left half their size.

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UK Recession May Drive Young Men to Get Ripped

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UK Recession May Drive Young Men to Get Ripped

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This poignant article details the rise in young British males going to the gym and working on their bodies as a way of 'feeling valuable in society' (para. 6) and how "Austerity Britain" has eroded traditional routes of success. The male body in this instance has become a vehicle for masculinity, stepping away from the traditionally 'masculine' markers such as being the breadwinner, working your way up the career ladder and providing for your family, which has been made all the more difficult given the current economic climate after the Global Financial Crisis.

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A new UK study suggests that the ongoing economic troubles in Britain are having an unexpected consequence as more young men strive for gym-fit, photo-perfect bodies to create a social media brand.

The new research posits traditional routes to success and power have been eroded in "Austerity Britain," causing young men to seek value through their bodies rather than intellect.

Since the 2008 financial crash, there has been an empirically observable rise in young men sharing images of their worked-out bodies on social media platforms, said the study's author, Dr. Jamie Hakim.

His paper appears in the Journal of Gender Studies.

Hakim, a lecturer in media studies from the University of East Anglia (UEA), said, "One of the most interesting aspects of this development is the power-shift of a segment of society who have historically defined themselves through their mind, whilst at the same time defining those they have subordinated - women, gay, and working-class people - through their bodies.

The former group has historically been employed as high-paid decision-makers, whilst the latter relied on physical attributes to perform manual and domestic labor, slavery, and sex work.

"Austerity has eroded young men's traditional means of value-creation so they have become increasingly reliant on their bodies as a means of feeling valuable in society.

In theoretical terms, so-called 'spornosexuality' is an embodied response to material changes brought about by neoliberal austerity."

The term "spornosexuality," a portmanteau of "sports star" and "porn star," was coined in July 2014 by media commentator Mark Simpson, in an article in The Daily Telegraph about the rise of men attending the gym primarily for reasons of appearance, rather than for health or fitness.

Hakim examined data from Sport England that showed a significant year-on-year increase in the amount of 16 to 25-year-old men attending the gym between 2006 and 2013.

Meanwhile, the market research company Nielsen found that sales of sports nutrition products that are used to strip body fat and build muscle increased by 40 percent in Britain's 10 largest supermarkets - the second-largest growth in sales of any product sold in supermarkets in 2014.

Likewise, Hakim found that this demographic is both consuming and producing print and digital media that relates to body building.

The print version of Men's Health magazine became the best-selling title in the British men's magazine market in 2009, selling nearly twice as many copies as its nearest competitor, the well-established GQ magazine.

At the same time, the overall consumer magazine market was dramatically decreasing in circulation, while fitness-related hashtags on social media sites numbered in the multi-millions.

The research shows that young men have become increasingly adept at building a social media brand based around their worked-out bodies and similarly savvy about marketing themselves through social media.

Nevertheless the sweat equity provides little guarantee.

Large amounts of time and constant labor are necessary to maintain both body and brand, but the pleasures yielded are only fleeting. But with little else of enduring value available in the current economy, these men feel compelled to continue to pursue these activities.

Hakim said, "The rise of men going to the gym and sharing images of their worked-out bodies began around 2008, coinciding with the intensification of neoliberalism that occurred in response to the 2008 economic crash and the following austerity measures. This is no coincidence.

"There is a correlation between the rise of young men fashioning muscular bodies and sharing them online, and the austerity measures experienced by their generation. These economic tactics are widening inequality, especially for those born after 1980, with prohibitively high house prices, the loss of secure long-term contracts, tuition fees, and other hurdles to economic security.

"The projection of what constitutes a 'good life' has become so spectacular even while the means of achieving home ownership, a prestigious career, and a high income are radically diminishing."

Through interviews with young British men who regularly use the gym and have built a social media "brand" based on their worked-out bodies, Hakim found each man talked about the importance of peer response to the images they circulated.

"They continue to addictively pursue these fitness goals because the joys of accumulating spornosexual capital are one of the few remaining for young men in Britain's post-crisis austerity economy," he said. "This is an embodied and mediated response to the precarious feelings produced by neoliberal austerity."

Source: University of East Anglia

UK Recession May Drive Young Men to Get Ripped

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UK Recession May Drive Young Men to Get Ripped

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A new UK study suggests that the ongoing economic troubles in Britain are having an unexpected consequence as more young men strive for gym-fit, photo-perfect bodies to create a social media brand. The new research posits traditional routes to success and power have been eroded in "Austerity Britain," causing young men to seek value through their bodies rather than intellect.

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At the Olympics, Everyone's Looking. Especially at the Men

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At the Olympics, Everyone's Looking. Especially at the Men

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This article epitomises the recent furore about the objectification of the bodies of male athletes during the Rio Olympic Games. Social media erupted at the start of the games during the Opening Ceremony, in which the flag bearer for Tonga become an internet sensation for his traditional - and revealing - outfit; his oiled-up muscles quickly became a meme. A recent feature in the women's magazine Cosmopolitan depicting the 'Best Olympic Bulges' is also mentioned in this article as evidence that there is a 'role-reversal' in the objectification of bodies. However, it should that noted that whilst there has seemingly been a surge in the sexualisation of the bodies of male athletes, these men are seen as athletes first; potential sex-objects second, in comparison to the objectification of female Olympic athletes.

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Critic's Notebook

Call them the "Magic Mike" Olympics.

The Games have always meant different things to different people, whether they are fans of popular sports, passionate adherents of niche activities like air rifle shooting or the hammer throw, or those who enjoy tracking any athletic endeavor at the championship level.

Another cohort following the Olympics, though, does so without much knowledge or even interest in the rules and arcana. They are the armchair voyeurs, excited by the sight of bodies at the peak of perfection. That those bodies are often clad in uniforms leaving little to the imagination is part of the appeal.

It's hard to imagine in earlier and more puritanical times a feature like "36 of the Greatest Summer Olympic Bulges" appearing in a mainstream American magazine, even one as prurient as Cosmopolitan. Yet fashions shift in all things. And a Cosmo slide show that captures and rates the genital endowments of various male athletes almost immediately went viral across social media. Unprintable here, the subheadline even suggests awarding gold medals for exceptional, uh, performance.

Bulges are as inevitable a part of the Summer Games as Bob Costas - still soothingly and reliably prating from the control booth like an automaton from "Tomorrowland." There is a decided change, however, in the way performance fabrics have increased the visibility of virtually any body part they purport to cover and equally in the frankness of a contemporary viewer's gaze.

Even before Sam Mikulak of the United States men's gymnastics team remarked to The Wall Street Journal that his teammates might garner something like the attention paid their more obviously mediagenic female colleagues if they performed shirtless, Mr. Mikulak and his teammate Jake Dalton were regularly posting Instagram shots of their ripped torsos during training.

"People make fun of us for wearing tights," Mr. Mikulak told The Journal. "But if they saw how yoked we are maybe that would make a difference."

Consider "yoked" ( Urban Dictionary: "well muscled, powerfully built") a keyword for an Olympics whose stark objectification of the male body is in line with the runaway success of feminist stealth blogs like "Hot Dudes Reading" and, for that matter, with the billions of images proliferating across social media of hot dudes doing practically anything.

Women and gay men are assumed to be the audience for these displays. The truth is, everybody's looking. You can judge that by how quickly the image of the shirtless, oil-slicked Pita Taufatofua - the Tongan taekwondo champion with the body of a bendable action figure - as the flag bearer for his country's Olympics delegation not only stole the show at Friday evening's Parade of Nations but also soon enough thereafter stoked the internet.

Much of the commentary after Mr. Taufatofua's later appearance on "Today" wearing traditional Tongan garb focused on the giddiness of the show's female hosts - Hoda Kotb, Natalie Morales and Jenna Bush Hager - as they lasciviously stroked the shiny torso of an athlete who looked ready to be deep-fried.

Yet there was Matt Lauer, stepping forward gingerly to run a finger over the athlete's biceps. (Al Roker, who had eagerly supplied the sunscreen with which his female co-hosts rubbed Mr. Taufatofua, stood flummoxed on the sidelines.)

Role reversal has been an unacknowledged dimension of the Summer Games. Now it is the men's turn to be objectified as hotties: divers like David Boudia, a gold medalist in 2012, or the Briton Tom Daley - each clad in suits so brief that they make the modest swimwear of the 1960s look like girdles - or Michael Phelps, whose anatomical particulars are not only a subject of ceaseless internet exegesis but are also burned into many viewers' brains.

A century ago, male swimmers wore singlets to compete in the Olympics. Male runners wore voluminous shorts. These days, even the male equestrians, surely the most fully attired of all Olympians, favor skintight breeches over the flapping jodhpurs of yesteryear. Full body depilation for all guys - not merely the swimmers who shave to eliminate drag in the water - is so widely accepted a cultural practice that an "Access Hollywood" reporter in Rio submitted to a Brazilian waxing on the air.

Women are not the only ones expected anymore to present themselves with what the satirist Charles Ludlam once termed "all the nudity of a statue." Such is the modish feminization of even the world's top male athletes that the most startling sight at the XXXI Olympiad may be a guy with hairy pits.

Correction:

An earlier version of this article misspelled the surname of one of the divers competing in the Olympics. He is Tom Daley, not Daly.

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At the Olympics, Everyone's Looking. Especially at the Men.

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Critic's Notebook Call them the "Magic Mike" Olympics. The Games have always meant different things to different people, whether they are fans of popular sports, passionate adherents of niche activities like air rifle shooting or the hammer throw, or those who enjoy tracking any athletic endeavor at the championship level.

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Men's Standards of Beauty Around the World

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Men's Standards of Beauty Around the World

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The standards of male beauty are different around the world; however there is a similarity when it comes to the ideal male body; it must exude masculinity as according to definition of masculinity within that culture.

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Men's Standards Of Beauty Around The World

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The Try Guys  Get Photoshopped with their with Ideal Body Types

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The Try Guys  Get Photoshopped with their with Ideal Body Types

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The growing pressures that young men and boys face is highlighted in this viral Youtube video created by The Try Guys, in which they subject themselves to the idealised versions of the male body and are photoshopped to represent their ideal body types. In it,  they come face-to-face with how the male body has become an object of desire and how it personally affects their perceptions of their own masculinity.

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The Try Guys Get Photoshopped With Men's Ideal Body Types