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James Madison- political theorist, American Statesmen and fourth president of the U.S

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James Madison- political theorist, American Statesmen and fourth president of the U.S

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Madison made a major contribution of the Constitution and by writing the Federalists papers.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson- landmark constitutional court case of the Supreme Court which dealt with the issue "separate but equal". 

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Plessy vs. Ferguson- landmark constitutional court case of the Supreme Court which dealt with the issue "separate but equal". 

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The backlash was not as positive as some wanted it to be and just led to more issues.

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Dred Scott vs. Stanford- court issue that was brought about to decide if one was free or not which Dred Scott indeed lose and didn't win his freedom. 

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Dred Scott vs. Stanford- court issue that was brought about to decide if one was free or not which Dred Scott indeed lose and didn't win his freedom. 

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This proved even with all these new laws and amendments some still couldn't beat the mindset of the negative.

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Abraham Lincoln - was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16 president.

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Abraham Lincoln - was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16 president.

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Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which helped many escape the nightmare of slavery.

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Harriet Tubman- famous for helping slaves escape through the underground railroad and will forever be known as a brave and courageous woman. 

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Harriet Tubman- famous for helping slaves escape through the underground railroad and will forever be known as a brave and courageous woman. 

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Soon to take the of the twenty dollar bill Tubman will go down in history for all her assistance of helping free over a hundred slaves

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John Marshall- fourth chief of justice for the supreme court of the U.S. 

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John Marshall- fourth chief of justice for the supreme court of the U.S. 

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Many say his court opinions help lay the basis for the U.S constitutional law.

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Thomas Jefferson- was an American founding father and principle author of the D.O.I, he was elected the 2nd vice president then elected third president of the U.S.

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Thomas Jefferson- was an American founding father and principle author of the D.O.I, he was elected the 2nd vice president then elected third president of the U.S.

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His contribution shaped the ways of the U.S constitution and helped paved the way to our new nation.

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John Locke-philosopher and physician and one of the most well known influential enlightenment thinkers and known as the father of Liberalism.

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John Locke-philosopher and physician and one of the most well known influential enlightenment thinkers and known as the father of Liberalism.

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He supported the claim that all men were created equal and free.

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Lord Baltimore - first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and protestants could live and prosper together. 

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Lord Baltimore - first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and protestants could live and prosper together. 

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He achieved domestic and political success as a member of the Parliament.

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Jim Crow- formed local state of laws enforcing racial segregation.

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Jim Crow- formed local state of laws enforcing racial segregation.

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Made sure to divide the people of color at all times no matter the location or action taking place.

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Poll Tax- tax levied on every adult without reference to income or resources. 

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Poll Tax- tax levied on every adult without reference to income or resources. 

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Constitution extended the voted to blacks in 1870 however many southern states instituted poll tax to prevent this.

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Freedman's Bureau - federal government agency established in 1865 to aid Freedman (freed slaves) in the South during Reconstruction era of the U.S which attempted to change society. 

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Freedman's Bureau - federal government agency established in 1865 to aid Freedman (freed slaves) in the South during Reconstruction era of the U.S which attempted to change society. 

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Assist freed slaves in obtaining relief, jobs, fair treatment and education.

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15th Amendment- U.S constitution forbids the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition. 

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15th Amendment- U.S constitution forbids the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition. 

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This amendment also assisted former slaves or people of color that are being racially discriminated against.

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14th Amendment - amendment defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to forbid the basic rights of citizens of other persons.

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14th Amendment - amendment defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to forbid the basic rights of citizens of other persons.

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This amendment was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

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13th Amendment- abolished slavery in the U.S and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime". 

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13th Amendment- abolished slavery in the U.S and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime". 

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This amendment help end this great crime of slavery and assisted those who were trying to find their way around this new amendment.

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Reconstruction- after the civil war in which states formally part of the confederacy were brought back into the U.S.

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Reconstruction- after the civil war in which states formally part of the confederacy were brought back into the U.S.

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South was divided into military districts of the supervisions of elections to set up new state governments.

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Emancipation Proclamation- executive order issued in January 1, 1863 by president Lincoln freeing slaves in all portions of the U.S not then under Union Control.

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Emancipation Proclamation- executive order issued in January 1, 1863 by president Lincoln freeing slaves in all portions of the U.S not then under Union Control.

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Freeing all slaves within the Confederacy changing so many lives, and better yet stirring the pot of anger for others.

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Abolition- the act or action of abolishing system, practice or institution. 

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Abolition- the act or action of abolishing system, practice or institution. 

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Abolition played a major role during the slavery era involving those who knew it was wrong and tried to put an end to it.

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Second Great Awakening - protestant religious revival movement during the 19th century in the U.S, begun in 1790.'

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Second Great Awakening - protestant religious revival movement during the 19th century in the U.S, begun in 1790.'

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Gained momentum by 1800 and after membership rose rapidly among Baptists and Methodists congregations.

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Manifest Destiny- 19th century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the U.S throughout the American Continents. 

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Manifest Destiny- 19th century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the U.S throughout the American Continents. 

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The U.S was destined by God, some said to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean.

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Mormons- member of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day saints, religion founded in the U.S in 1830 by Joseph Smith. 

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Mormons- member of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day saints, religion founded in the U.S in 1830 by Joseph Smith. 

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These Americans live sacred lives following direct beliefs from the  book of Mormon.

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Trail of Tears- Andrew Jackson's removal policy, Cherokee nation was forced to give up their land east of the Mississippi River.

The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears" due to its devastating effects.

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Monroe Doctrine- principle of U.S policy, originated by president James Monroe in 1823 that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas. 

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Monroe Doctrine- principle of U.S policy, originated by president James Monroe in 1823 that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas. 

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European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.

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Louisiana Purchase- purchase by the U.S from France in 1803. 

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Louisiana Purchase- purchase by the U.S from France in 1803. 

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Thomas Jefferson ordered the purchase negotiations fearing the French then led by Napoleon wanted to establish empire in North America.

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Judicial Review- review of the U.S supreme court of the Constitutional validity of legislative act.

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Judicial Review- review of the U.S supreme court of the Constitutional validity of legislative act.

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Supreme court can exercise this power for example, revoke state laws that deny civil rights guaranteed by the constitution.

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Establishment Clause - clause in the First Amendment of the U.S constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress. 

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Establishment Clause - clause in the First Amendment of the U.S constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress. 

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This clause not only forbids the government from establishing an official religion but also forbids favoring one.

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Free Exercise Clause- refers to the section of the first amendment; Congress shall not make no law respecting the establishment of religion. 

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Free Exercise Clause- refers to the section of the first amendment; Congress shall not make no law respecting the establishment of religion. 

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Pertains to the right of freely exercising ones' religion and no law can prohibit that assisting all citizens during these revolutions.

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Bill Of Rights- first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, ratified in 1791.

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Bill Of Rights- first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, ratified in 1791.

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Provides specific freedoms to citizens and limit power of the government.

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Federalism- federal principle or system of government. 

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Federalism- federal principle or system of government. 

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The U.S government functions according to the principles of federalism.

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Anti-Federalists- a person who opposed the ratification of the Constitution. 

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Anti-Federalists- a person who opposed the ratification of the Constitution. 

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People who allied against Thomas Jefferson's Antifederal party, which opposed extension of the powers of the federal government.

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Federalists- an advocate or supporter of federalism.

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Federalists- an advocate or supporter of federalism.

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A member of a major political party in the early years of the U.S that wanted a strong central government.

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The Great Compromise- (Connecticut compromise) an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. 

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The Great Compromise- (Connecticut compromise) an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. 

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Defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution.

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Articles of Confederation- original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781 which replaced the U.S constitution in 1789.  

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Articles of Confederation- original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781 which replaced the U.S constitution in 1789.  

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Agreement between the original thirteen states that provided loose federal government before the present constitution went into affect.

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Natural Rights- rights that people supposedly have under natural law. 

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Natural Rights- rights that people supposedly have under natural law. 

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D.O.I of the United States lists life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness as natural rights.

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Declaration of Independence- the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. 

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Declaration of Independence- the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. 

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Fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation adopted on July 4, 1776

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American Revolution- political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American colonies rejected British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain.

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American Revolution- political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American colonies rejected British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain.

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The was between American colonies and Great Britain leading to the formation to the independent United States.

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Sons of Liberty- organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American colonies.

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Sons of Liberty- organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American colonies.

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The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.

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French and Indian War- a series of military engagements between Britain and France in North America between 1754 and 1763.

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French and Indian War- a series of military engagements between Britain and France in North America between 1754 and 1763.

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The French and Indian War the American phase of the Seven Years' War, which was underway in Europe.

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Separation of Powers- an act of vesting the executive, legislative and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

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Separation of Powers- an act of vesting the executive, legislative and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

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The first three articles of the U.S constitution call for the federal government to be divided in three branches; executive, legislative and judicial.

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Enlightenment- the action of enlightening, the state of being enlightened. 

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Enlightenment- the action of enlightening, the state of being enlightened. 

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European intellectual movement in the late 17/18 centuries emphasizing indivulalism and reason.