# data[].attributes.body
We will begin this NEW schedule on Monday, April 6th.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hello Students & Parents/Guardians of Team 8C,                                      Your teachers would like to provide you with lessons and activities to help keep you on track to learning the remaining standards and still prepare you for high school while you are sheltered in place at home. Now is the time to truly show how disciplined and tenacious you are! We know that each of you are hard-working students and will do your best. Please continue to visit the specific learning platforms for each of your individual classes (ex: Padlet for math & history, Edmodo for science, or Google Classroom for ELA) so that you are always informed and where you may ask questions.  Stay safe & healthy! We look forward to seeing you soon. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Hello Students & Parents/Guardians of Team 8C,                                      Your teachers would like to provide you with lessons and activities to help keep you on track to learning the remaining standards and still prepare you for high school while you are sheltered in place at home. Now is the time to truly show how disciplined and tenacious you are! We know that each of you are hard-working students and will do your best. Please continue to visit the specific learning platforms for each of your individual classes (ex: Padlet for math & history, Edmodo for science, or Google Classroom for ELA) so that you are always informed and where you may ask questions.  Stay safe & healthy! We look forward to seeing you soon. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Quiz Tuesday on EM Waves and Interactions

# data[].attributes.subject
Quiz Tuesday on EM Waves and Interactions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Transmission Transmission of waves occurs when waves pass through a given point or medium. Sound waves are transmitted through solids, liquids, and gases. Light waves are transmitted through ...

# data[].attributes.body
Heat Transfers.

Please continue to check Edmodo daily!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In this animated activity, learners explore three major methods of heat transfer and practice identifying each.

# data[].attributes.body
Review the notes and follow the instructions on each page.

https://www.kyrene.org/cms/lib2/AZ01001083/Centricity/Domain/968/Physical%20and%20Chemical%20Properties%20of%20Matter%20PP%20v2.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Go to EDMODO for daily agenda.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hopefully you have "ALL" checked your class Edmodo page.

# data[].attributes.subject
Hopefully you have "ALL" checked your class Edmodo page.

# data[].attributes.body
Sign in to your SOS portal (CLEVER) for a ZOOM session that I will host tomorrow at

9:30 a.m. for 1st & 2nd pds
JOIN
https://hcbe.zoom.us/j/4592309918
USE     Personal Meeting ID 459-230-9918

and 10:30 a.m.  for 3rd and 4th pds
JOIN

https://hcbe.zoom.us/j/4592309918 and

USE--- Meeting ID 459-230-9918) .

# data[].attributes.body
Science student grade summaries went home today. All missing assignments are due by Wed. Sept 4th. Students are asked to return the reports signed by a parent/guardian.
Please continue to check Edmodo for the daily agenda and class activities.

# data[].attributes.body
The Georgia Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is holding its 8th Annual Civil Engineering Competition, and I’m hoping that "MY" students will participate! This is a tremendous opportunity for YOU to learn about the engineering sciences and civil engineering as a profession while you create a project (earn a 100% test coupon for your effort) and compete for cash prizes.The competition basically challenges middle school students (6th, 7th, and 8th graders) to tell  “What DO Civil Engineers Do?” This can be in the form of an essay, project, video, or even piece of related art – it’s up to the student or team. The teams can be no greater than 3 members. Cash prizes will be awarded for 1st, 2nd and 3rd place for each grade level.  The deadline for submission is Thursday, April 11, 2019.The top winners will be presented with the award at the ASCE Georgia Section lunch meeting  at the Carlyle House in downtown Norcross.http://www.ascega.org/civil-engineering-contest/

# data[].attributes.headline
The Georgia Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is holding its 8th Annual Civil Engineering Competition, and I’m hoping that "MY" students will participate! This is a tremendous opportunity for YOU to learn about the engineering sciences and civil engineering as a profession while you create a project (earn a 100% test coupon for your effort) and compete for cash prizes.The competition basically challenges middle school students (6th, 7th, and 8th graders) to tell  “What DO Civil Engineers Do?” This can be in the form of an essay, project, video, or even piece of related art – it’s up to the student or team. The teams can be no greater than 3 members. Cash prizes will be awarded for 1st, 2nd and 3rd place for each grade level.  The deadline for submission is Thursday, April 11, 2019.The top winners will be presented with the award at the ASCE Georgia Section lunch meeting  at the Carlyle House in downtown Norcross.http://www.ascega.org/civil-engineering-contest/

# data[].attributes.subject
The Georgia Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is holding its 8th Annual Civil Engineering Competition, and I’m hoping that "MY" students will participate! This is a tremendous opportunity for YOU to learn about the engineering sciences and civil engineering as a profession while you create a project (earn a 100% test coupon for your effort) and compete for cash prizes.The competition basically challenges middle school students (6th, 7th, and 8th graders) to tell  “What DO Civil Engineers Do?” This can be in the form of an essay, project, video, or even piece of related art – it’s up to the student or team. The teams can be no greater than 3 members. Cash prizes will be awarded for 1st, 2nd and 3rd place for each grade level.  The deadline for submission is Thursday, April 11, 2019.The top winners will be presented with the award at the ASCE Georgia Section lunch meeting  at the Carlyle House in downtown Norcross.http://www.ascega.org/civil-engineering-contest/

# data[].attributes.headline
2ND period ONLY (TODAY YOU WILL have a sub, Mrs. Johnson)

# data[].attributes.subject
2ND period ONLY (TODAY YOU WILL have a sub, Mrs. Johnson)

# data[].attributes.body
Students will NEED:

1. Their own copy of ….to write on.

i.       “Distance-Speed-Time Graphs: Ms. Fergie’s Bike Ride”

ii. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

2. TAPE down in their iSNb at the end of class.  DO NOT COLLECT ANY STUDENT WORK!!!

3.  Clean up!!!

# data[].attributes.headline
NEW tiger time schedule is posted on Edmodo

# data[].attributes.subject
NEW tiger time schedule is posted on Edmodo

# data[].attributes.body
Next week is an abbreviated week...we have MUCH to do in very little time. You will have to do HW this week to stay ahead!!!

REMINDERS:

Wednesday, 2/21...Your GLIDERS & STEM journals are due and will be graded as a TEST!!!

REGULAR Ed Class: You will also complete a Check For Understanding on the differences between distance-time and speed-time graphs.

HONORS CLASSES: You will also complete a Check For Understanding on Law of Conservation of Mass & Types of Chemical Reactions).

Thursday, 2/22...The Ladies from the Museum return for their final visit (you will test your gliders and do a posttest).

Friday, 2/23...Career Day & Field Trip.

# data[].attributes.body
This weeks' quiz covers "ATOMS"..use your ARTICLE and practice sheets as study guides.

https://www.slideshare.net/dumouchelle/how-to-draw-bohr-diagrams-slideshare?next_slideshow=1

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiHu6TN_JDgAhUSZN8KHRr4A00QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com%2Fslide%2F8248622%2F&psig=AOvVaw0SPRZRi8j2rzo-E6x0qz7n&ust=1548781966834752

# data[].attributes.body
TEST TOMORROW!!!

# data[].attributes.body
**OPENING:

–1. CHECK:  14.2 Parallel Circuits Practice

–2. BRAIN POP: Electric Circuits (SPG: Graded Quiz)

**MINI-LESSON: EQ: What are the pros & cons of series versus parallel circuits?

**WORK SESSION:

-1. Check For Understanding: Calculating Ohm’s Law

**PRACTICE: https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/z8b2pv4/test

# data[].attributes.body
SPS10. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the properties of and relationships between electricity and magnetism.

a. Use mathematical and computational thinking to support a claim regarding relationships among voltage, current, and resistance.

# data[].attributes.body
SPS10. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the properties of and relationships between electricity and magnetism.
b. Develop and use models to illustrate and explain the conventional flow (direct and alternating) of current and the flow of electrons in simple series and parallel circuits. (Clarification statement: Advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits should be addressed.)

# data[].attributes.body
You guys are rocking this week!...I love your progress!
This week's common asmt test covers "Waves & EM Spectrum".
HW: Tonite complete 1-25 of your study guide.

Check out the following links...be sure to complete your "GALLERY WALK" that you got yesterday.

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zpmyw6f/large
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/z32f4qt/revision/2

# data[].attributes.body
NASA’s InSight successfully lands on Mars after ‘seven minutes of terror!

Be prepared to discuss in class

https://apple.news/AAIsrjRbgRUa-exkh5f00yw

Wear a NASA T-shirt for bonus points tomorrow!!!

# data[].attributes.headline
Check Edmodo for details of today's STEM Lesson!

# data[].attributes.subject
Check Edmodo for details of today's STEM Lesson!

# data[].attributes.headline
Check Edmodo for extra credit opportunity & study guide answers for tomorrow's quiz!

# data[].attributes.subject
Check Edmodo for extra credit opportunity & study guide answers for tomorrow's quiz!

# data[].attributes.body
We reviewed in class today---task #4 Notes!!! Check Edmodo for tutorial and practice activities.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Heat Transfer - Heat Transfers Lesson - Heat Transfer Fluids - Flocabulary

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about thermal energy and the three methods of heat transfer with Flocabulary's educational hip-hop song and lesson resources.

# data[].attributes.body
If you are locked out of the Edmodo group for the field trip, the new code is ksrbx2 and expire in 2 weeks.

# data[].attributes.headline
Today's continuation f our ENERGY topic was interrupted by the field trip to Macon. However, students are to complete the STEMquest they began in class on yesterday. See yesterday's EDMODO post for details.

# data[].attributes.subject
Today's continuation f our ENERGY topic was interrupted by the field trip to Macon. However, students are to complete the STEMquest they began in class on yesterday. See yesterday's EDMODO post for details.

# data[].attributes.headline
Today we began a NEW Georgia Standard of Excellence (SPS7) on ENERGY. Check Edmodo for the details of today's lesson and STEM Quest.

# data[].attributes.subject
Today we began a NEW Georgia Standard of Excellence (SPS7) on ENERGY. Check Edmodo for the details of today's lesson and STEM Quest.

# data[].attributes.body
h

# data[].attributes.body
International Fair

Tuesday, Oct 2, 2018

6:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m.

FMMS cafeteria

1200 Feagin Mill Road in Warner Robins

Sponsored by HCAGC

You will experience an interactive exchange of world cultures!

Sample cuisine with food from around the world.

Engage in traditions.

Learn from local families who have lived around the world.

It will be fun for the whole family!

Everyone is invited.

HCAGC is the booster club for the students in gifted education classes!

Check out Facebook at

“HCAGC” and “HCBOE Gifted and Talented.”

HCAGC Membership Applications and T-shirts!

To summarize:

Come and join us for our International Fair with Cultural Performances, Food Tasting with food from around the world, and more.

See you Tuesday, Oct 2, 2018 at FMMS at 6:00 pm.

Visit FB

# data[].attributes.headline
This week is pretty busy for HS student given today's field trip and other activities...however, we start a new element of the standard which covers "WORK, MACHINES, MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE".

# data[].attributes.subject
This week is pretty busy for HS student given today's field trip and other activities...however, we start a new element of the standard which covers "WORK, MACHINES, MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE".

# data[].attributes.body
Yesterday students were given:
1. Mid-term study guide (We will complete some questions each day in class. Yet, students are responsible for working on this at home.)
2.Notes and study guide for "Work, Machines, & Mechanical Advantage"
3. Glencoe min1-pages
4. Access to "NEW" Edmodo folder with all of the related element's resources

PLEASE CHECK EDMODO for further info

# data[].attributes.body
See Edmodo for details.

# data[].attributes.body
ROARING REMINDERS:

NEW!!!...Newton’s Laws Quiz   (Thurs. 9/13/18)

Motion RETEST Friday

Check Edmodo today's agenda

# data[].attributes.body
ROARING REMINDERS:

NEW!!!...Quiz #4!!! (Fri. 9/7/18)

STUDY: Graphing Motion & Newton’s Laws

Be sure to create your data table (names, laps, distance, time) for tomorrow's STEM Lab! Also, runners and walkers make sure you've downloaded the MAPMYFITNESS app. Dress comfortably; bring a water bottle.

# data[].attributes.body
Check Edmodo!

# data[].attributes.body
See Edmodo for the complete lesson.

# data[].attributes.body
See EDMODO for details

# data[].attributes.body
HW ---You've got to finish your EOC Rev #2 (Force & Motion)

When you arrive to class...you will KEY IN your answers.

Tomorrow---Nuclear Fission and EOC Rev.#3

Check EDMODO for the document questions)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The SOLUTIONS Song - Based on the melody, "Don't Stop Believing!"  Mr. Edmonds

# data[].attributes.body
How Temperature Influences Solubility

# data[].attributes.body
https://chemdemos.uoregon.edu/sites/chemdemos1.uoregon.edu/files/charles_law.swf

# data[].attributes.headline
All classes---Check Edmodo for today's agenda, m=notes, & handout.

# data[].attributes.subject
All classes---Check Edmodo for today's agenda, m=notes, & handout.

# data[].attributes.body
Electricity
Quizziz code: 491639

# data[].attributes.body
Share & Like each video for 5 tiger bucks each. Show me proof on your device.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9T39T7HDlI

# data[].attributes.body
HW Practice---Balancing Equations (10 tiger buck if you show proof of a passing score of at least 80%)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enter your answers in the gaps. Every space will require a coefficient. Unlike when we balance equations in class, you will have to include coefficients of "one" by typing in a value of "1." When you have entered all the answers, click on the "Check" button.

# data[].attributes.body
See EDMODO for notes & HW

# data[].attributes.body
Practice HW ---quizziz....types of chemical reactions Quizizz code: 274305

# data[].attributes.body
HW: Mid-term STUDY GUIDE: MATTER UNIT Sample Items (pg. 42) & CHARGE

Sample Items, pg. 60-62

# data[].attributes.body
HW:
1. Watch the 3 STUDY JAMS for Newton's Laws (See Edmodo for link)
2. COMPLETE---STUDY Guide: Newton's Laws, Q# 66-90

# data[].attributes.body
Check Edmodo for details of your study guide & HW

# data[].attributes.body
https://youtu.be/KjoQHqgzda8

# data[].attributes.body
Tomorrow we will start on NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION.
1. Check EDMODO for the reading chapter...that you will use for the guided (fill in the blanks) notes.
2. There is a Brainpop Movie...your notes outline (FLOW MAP) and brainpop graded quiz are due Friday (March 2).

QUIZ #2 on DISTANCE-TIME graphs TOMORROW!!!

# data[].attributes.body
Covalent Bonding

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ionic Bonding

We have learned that atoms tend to react in ways that create a full valence shell, but what does this mean? Sodium (Na), for example, has one electron in its valence shell. This is an unstable state because that valence shell needs eight electrons to be full. In order to fill its valence shell, sodium has two options:

1. Find a way to add seven electrons to its valence shell, or

2. Give up that one electron so the next lower energy shell (already full) could become its new valence shell.

Which do you think is more easily accomplished?

Right, giving up one electron! Atoms like sodium, with only one or two electrons in a valence shell that needs eight electrons, are most likely to give up their valence electrons to achieve a stable state. All these atoms need is another atom that can attract their electrons!

An atom such as chlorine (Cl), that contains seven electrons in its valence shell, needs one more electron to have a full valence shell. If we use the same logic as we did for sodium, we should conclude that chlorine would rather gain one more electron than lose all seven of its valence electrons to achieve stability. Under the right conditions, atoms like chlorine will steal an electron from nearby atoms like sodium. This ability to pull electrons away from other atoms is termed electronegativity. Atoms with a valence shell that is almost full are more likely to be electronegative because they have greater reason to pull electrons towards them. Electronegative atoms are not negatively charged, but they are more likely to become negatively charged.

When an electron moves from one atom to another, both atoms become ions. An ion is any atom that has gained electrons to have a negative charge () or lost electrons to have a positive charge (). An easy way to remember that a cation has a positive, or +, charge is to think of the letter t in the word cation as a + sign.

Once an atom becomes an ion, it has an electrical charge. Ions of opposite charge are attracted to one another, forming a chemical bond, an association formed by attraction between two atoms. This type of chemical bond is called an ionic bond because the bond formed between two ions of opposite charge. The sodium cation (Na⁺) and the chlorine anion (Cl⁻) are attracted to one another to form sodium chloride, or table salt.

Although ionic bonds are very strong, they can be relatively easily broken if another attractive ion (or polar molecule) comes around. An ionic bond is formed when two ions of opposite charge come together by attraction, NOT when an electron is transferred.

Think of ionic bond formation as the second step in a two step process:

1. Two atoms each become ions. The atoms could have become ions in previous reactions with other atoms or the atoms may have reacted with each other, transferring the electron(s) from one to the other.

2. The two ions of opposite charge "see" one another and become attracted enough to form the bond.

Ionic Bonding

This video visually illustrates how atoms form ionic bonds.

Create an Ionic Bond

In this activity, you'll create cations and anions and watch the ionic bond form.

Covalent Bonding

In ionic bonding, we looked at atoms with either one or two electrons in their valence shell and atoms that only needed one or two electrons to fill their valence shell. What happens when an atom, carbon (C) for example, has four valence electrons? Carbon would need to either lose four electrons or gain four electrons in order to have a full valence shell. Both of these situations would cause carbon to have a very strong charge, which would probably make it as unstable as having an incomplete valence shell! For atoms like carbon, there is another option: sharing.

When two atoms each need additional electrons to fill their valence shells, but neither is electronegative enough to steal electrons from the other, they can form another kind of chemical bond called a covalent bond. In covalent bonds, two atoms move close enough to share some electrons. The electrons from each atom shift to spend time moving around both atomic nuclei.

In the most common form of covalent bond, a single covalent bond, two electrons are shared, one from each atom's valence shell. Double covalent bonds where four electrons are shared, and triple covalent bonds where six electrons are shared, are also commonly found in nature.

How do we know if and when covalent bonds will form? Atoms will form as many covalent bonds as it takes to fill their valence shell. This means that carbon, our previous example, will need to form four covalent bonds in order to fill its outermost shell. In each of the four bonds, carbon will contribute one electron and the other atom will contribute one electron, supplying carbon with eight electrons effectively orbiting its nucleus. Atoms like oxygen (O) will form two covalent bonds because they already have six valence electrons and only need two more electrons obtained by sharing. Put another way, oxygen shares two of its six valence electrons in covalent bonds while keeping four valence electrons for itself (4 unshared oxygen electrons + 2 shared oxygen electrons + 2 shared electrons from the other atoms = 8 total electrons).

In shell models, the shared electrons are shown within the overlapping region of the valence shells to represent the fact they are shared, but the electrons are actually moving around both nuclei and could be found anywhere around either nucleus at a given time.

For simplicity, we often draw covalent bonds as straight lines between atoms to represent the structural formula. Each line represents a single covalent bond (two shared electrons), so double lines represent a double covalent bond (four shared electrons).

Covalent bonds are usually found in atoms that have at least two, and usually less than seven, electrons in their outermost energy shell, but this is NOT a hard and fast rule. Hydrogen, for example, is a unique atom that bears closer examination. Because hydrogen only has one electron surrounding its nucleus, its valence shell is the first energy shell, which only needs two electrons to be full. Hydrogen tends to form covalent bonds because a single covalent bond will fill its shell. However, the one-proton nucleus is very weak and has trouble keeping the shared electrons around the hydrogen atom for very long.

Covalent Bonding

This video visually illustrates how atoms form covalent bonds.

Other Kinds of Bonding

When a covalent bond forms between atoms of similar electronegativity, the shared electrons tend to spend equal time around each nucleus. What happens if a bond is formed between atoms like oxygen, which is highly electronegative, and hydrogen, which is not? The oxygen atom tends to pull the shared electrons over to its side of the bond more often than the hydrogen atom does, resulting in polarity, or a partial separation of charge between atoms. The electrons don't actually leave the less electronegative atom, but they do spend less time on that side. This results in two poles, one slightly positive and one slightly negative. This is called a polar bond, while covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally are called nonpolar.

Polar covalent bonds are the source of an additional kind of association called a hydrogen bond. In a hydrogen bond, the partially positive end of a polar covalent molecule is attracted to the partially negative end of another polar covalent molecule. For example, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom. In a container full of water molecules, the hydrogen atoms of each water molecule are attracted to the oxygen atoms of other water molecules, forming hydrogen bonds between all of the molecules in the container of water. Hydrogen bonds are weak compared to covalent bonds, but they are strong enough to affect the behavior of the atoms involved. This leads to many important chemical properties in water and other molecules.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We have learned that atoms tend to react in ways that create a full valence shell, but what does this mean? Sodium (Na), for example, has one electron in its valence shell. This is an unstable state because that valence shell needs eight electrons to be full.

# data[].attributes.headline
All science classes...go to EDMODO for details about today's class.

# data[].attributes.subject
All science classes...go to EDMODO for details about today's class.

# data[].attributes.body
NOTES ...there are 4 pages to follow.

# data[].attributes.body
notes 2/4

# data[].attributes.body
NOTES 3/4

# data[].attributes.body
NOTES...4/4

# data[].attributes.body
Tonight's HW...finish your model. Check Thur/Fri's EDMODO post for notes and details.

# data[].attributes.body
See Edmodo for HW details, and copy of notes. Today we discussed "Describing & Measuring Motion"

# data[].attributes.body
See Edmodo for details.

# data[].attributes.body
Check this site out as we begin the new unit.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
SPS5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion. a. Ask questions to compare and contrast models...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Watch the following presentation about Sound. Be prepared to take a few notes as you listen. You may pause, fast-forward, and rewind at anytime. After you've finished viewing the presentation continue reading the notes below.

Video source
Sound
Image source
A sound wave is a type of wave that our ears can detect and our brain can interpret information from.

A sound wave is a longitudinal wave and has all the general properties of waves. Since sound is a longitudinal wave, it consists of regions of matter that are compact (compressions) and regions of matter that are loosely packed (rarefactions). A sound wave moves through matter just like a longitudinal wave moves.

If a sound wave is moving through air, the regions of compression consist of air molecules that are very close to each other and will therefore create a region of high air pressure. The regions of not-so-dense air (rarefactions) create a region of low pressure. As the air molecules of the high-pressure region expand and press into the surrounding regions (low pressure), the air molecules will collide and the sound (energy) will be transferred through the matter.

Since sound is a longitudinal wave, it must have a material medium (matter) to exist. Sound can move through air, water, steel...anything that is "matter". However, sound can't travel in space as there aren't any molecules in space to transmit the energy in the wave. In real life, you can't hear anything in space (unless you're inside a spaceship or space suit that has an atmosphere).

Like all waves, the velocity of a sound wave only depends on the material it's traveling through. In general, the denser the material, the faster the sound wave will travel (the molecules of the material are closer together so they can collide faster and transfer the energy faster).

The speed of sound in air is generally around 343 m/s, but the air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity will affect it. The speed of sound in a vacuum (space) is 0 m/s. It can't move if it can't exist

Sound waves, like all waves, will experience "interference" (either constructive or destructive) if they move through each other. The interference between sound waves will create regions of really loud sound (in constructive interference) and regions of very low sound/no sound at all (in destructive interference). Recording studios get around the interference problem by coating the room with a super-absorbent material (insulation) that absorbs sound waves so they won't hit a wall, reflect, and possibly cause interference. By doing this, the only sound waves that hit the microphone are the ones that are supposed to and the music comes out perfect (as long as the person behind the mike has talent).

Pitch vs. Loudness

The pitch of a sound refers to the frequency of the sound wave as humans detect it. A high pitch (like a flute) corresponds to a high frequency sound wave, and a low pitch (like a tuba) corresponds to a low frequency sound wave. For you music people, the note "C" on a piano (one of them) has a frequency of 262 Hz and the next-in-line note "E" has a frequency of 327 Hz. That particular C-note is a lower pitch than the next E simply because of their differing frequencies.

The loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of the sound wave. Very loud sounds have a lot of energy (think how loud noises can damage your ear), therefore their waves must have large amplitudes. Remember from the last lesson that the amplitude of any mechanical wave tells how much energy it has (the larger the amplitude, the more energy in the wave). The amplitude of a sound wave (which is a longitudinal mechanical wave), however, isn't shown in the size of the crests or troughs as there aren't "crests" or "troughs" in a longitudinal wave. Instead, the amplitude of a longitudinal wave is seen in the pressure variations of the wave. Regions of either higher or lower than normal air pressure in a longitudinal wave are regions of large amplitude, which are regions of large energy. The further away the pressure in the wave is from "regular air pressure", the larger the amplitude and the more energy in the longitudinal wave.
Image source
How loud is too loud? You'll need to know about decibels to answer that question. We use the decibel scale to measure the energy in or intensity level of a sound wave. The scale ranges from 0 dB (the unit for decibel is dB) to 120 dB. Our ears are sensitive from around 0dB (threshold of hearing) to ~130dB (threshold of pain).

Properties of Sound

Intensity - The amount of energy in a wave.

Intensity determines the amplitude of a wave.

Intensity relates to the loudness of a sound - the greater the intensity, the louder the sound.

Decibels - the units of intensity.

Sounds over 120 decibels will cause pain in the ears.

Ear damage can begin with exposure to sounds as low as 85 decibels.

Pitch - How low or high the sound is.

The frequency of a wave determines its pitch. Pitch is related to frequency - the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.

The human ear can hear sounds ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Sounds over 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic.

Thunder has a low pitch with a frequency less than 50 Hz.

A whistle has a high pitch with a frequency close to 1000 Hz.

Timbre - Timbre can be described as sound quality.

An object vibrating to produce sound is actually vibrating at several frequencies at once.

The blending of these "pitches" gives a sound its timbre. The better these "pitches" blend, the better the sound quality.

Interactions of sound waves:

Acoustics - The science of sound.

Resonance - The ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing energy of its own natural frequency.

Natural frequency - Every medium has its own vibration frequency.

Reverberation - A combination of many reflected waves.
Image source Image source
Music - Sound with a pleasing quality, a definite identifiable pitch, and a definite repeated rhythm.
Applet source
Noise - Noise has no pleasing quality, definite identifiable pitch, or definite repeated rhythm.The Doppler Effect - A change in the frequency and pitch of a sound due to the motion of either the sound source or the observer.

For more information about the Doppler Effect, visit the webpage devoted to the topic.

A sound source moving toward an observer compresses the sound waves in front of it. This causes the observer to "hear" a higher frequency and pitch. A sound source moving away from an observer stretches the sound waves behind it. This causes the observer to "hear" a lower frequency and pitch.

Use the following University of Colorado PhET applet below to observe the behavior of sound waves. If you adjust the frequency, volume, and harmonic content and you can see and hear how the wave changes. Move the listener around and hear what the character on the creen hears.

NOTE: If you have trouble opening the applet above, click here to access the file directly from the University of Colorado's PhET Interactive Simulations site.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Watch the following presentation about Sound. Be prepared to take a few notes as you listen. You may pause, fast-forward, and rewind at anytime. After you've finished viewing the presentation continue reading the notes below. Video source Image source A sound wave is a type of wave that our ears can detect and our brain can interpret information from.

# data[].attributes.body
HIGH SCHOOL...Parallel Circuits

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Going over Question 2 on Parallel Circuits worksheet 2. Use the parallel circuit pictured right to answer questions (a)-(d) a)What is the voltage across each bulb? b)what is the current in each branch? c)what is the total current provided by the battery?

# data[].attributes.body
HW: SOUND Thinking Map https://www.brainpop.com/science/energy/sound/
Study for "WAVE BEHAVIOR" quiz

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Resistors (1 of 11) in Series, Calculating Voltage, Resistance and Current

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shows how to calculate the voltage, resistance and current in an electric circuit containing resistors in series. You can see a listing of all my videos at my website, http://www.stepbystepscience.com

# data[].attributes.body
Wave Behavior THINKING MAP directions

# data[].attributes.headline
Frequency, wavelength, amplitude and wave speed

# data[].attributes.subject
Frequency, wavelength, amplitude and wave speed

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/physics/telecommunications/communication_using_waves/revision/5/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
BBC - Standard Grade Bitesize Physics - Communication using waves : Revision, Page 5

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A BBC Bitesize secondary school revision resource for Standard Grade Physics on communication using waves: transverse, longitudinal, frequency, amplitude.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.physics.nyu.edu/~ts2/Animation/doppler.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Doppler Effect: Click on the triangle to show animation

# data[].attributes.body
WAVES Animation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Transverse, Longitudinal, and Periodic waves

# data[].attributes.body
Take a look at he PhET simulation on "TRANSFERRING ELECTRIC CHARGES"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The beauty of general theories is that if the theory applies to two different phenomena, you can use one to understand the other. They will behave the same way. So, waves before they reach the beach are waves and light can be described as waves.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Electricity? - learn.sparkfun.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Electricity is a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout nature and takes many different forms. In this tutorial we'll focus on current electricity: the stuff that powers our electronic gadgets. Our goal is to understand how electricity flows from a power source through wires, lighting up LEDs, spinning motors, and powering our communication devices.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum encompasses all wave frequencies, including radio, visible light and X-rays. All EM waves are made up of photons that travel through space until they interact with matter; some waves are absorbed and others are reflected. Though the sciences generally classify EM waves into seven basic types, all are manifestations of the same phenomenon.

Radio waves are the lowest-frequency waves in the EM spectrum. Radio waves can be used to carry other signals to receivers that subsequently translate these signals into usable information. Many objects, both natural and man-made, emit radio waves. Anything that emits heat emits radiation across the entire spectrum, but in different amounts. Stars, planets and other cosmic bodies emit radio waves. Radio and television stations and cellphone companies all produce radio waves that carry signals to be received by the antennae in your television, radio or cellphone.

Microwaves are the second-lowest frequency waves in the EM spectrum. Whereas radio waves can be up to miles in length, microwaves measure from a few centimeters up to a foot. Due to their higher frequency, microwaves can penetrate obstacles that interfere with radio waves such as clouds, smoke and rain. Microwaves carry radar, landline phone calls and computer data transmissions as well as cook your dinner. Microwave remnants of the "Big Bang" radiate from all directions throughout the universe.

Infrared waves are in the lower-middle range of frequencies in the EM spectrum, between microwaves and visible light. The size of infrared waves ranges from a few millimeters down to microscopic lengths. The longer-wavelength infrared waves produce heat and include radiation emitted by fire, the sun and other heat-producing objects; shorter-wavelength infrared rays do not produce much heat and are used in remote controls and imaging technologies.

Visible light waves let you see the world around you. The different frequencies of visible light are experienced by people as the colors of the rainbow. The frequencies move from the lower wavelengths, detected as reds, up to the higher visible wavelengths, detected as violet hues. The most noticeable natural source of visible light is, of course, the sun. Objects are perceived as different colors based on which wavelengths of light an object absorbs and which it reflects.

Ultraviolet waves have even shorter wavelengths than visible light. UV waves are the cause of sunburn and can cause cancer in living organisms. High-temperature processes emit UV rays; these can be detected throughout the universe from every star in the sky. Detecting UV waves assists astronomers, for example, in learning about the structure of galaxies.

X-rays are extremely high-energy waves with wavelengths between 0.03 and 3 nanometers -- not much longer than an atom. X-rays are emitted by sources producing very high temperatures like the sun's corona, which is much hotter than the surface of the sun. Natural sources of x-rays include enormously energetic cosmic phenomena such as pulsars, supernovae and black holes. X-rays are commonly used in imaging technology to view bone structures within the body.

Gamma waves are the highest-frequency EM waves, and are emitted by only the most energetic cosmic objects such pulsars, neutron stars, supernova and black holes. Terrestrial sources include lightning, nuclear explosions and radioactive decay. Gamma wave wavelengths are measured on the subatomic level and can actually pass through the empty space within an atom. Gamma rays can destroy living cells; fortunately, the Earth's atmosphere absorbs any gamma rays that reach the planet.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum encompasses all wave frequencies, including radio, visible light and X-rays. All EM waves are made up of photons that travel through space until they interact with matter; some waves are absorbed and others are reflected. Though the sciences generally classify EM waves into seven basic types, all are manifestations of the same phenomenon.

# data[].attributes.body
HIGH SCHOOL

Page 6--STEM Journal (DEFINE the problem, RESEARCH the problem, & BRAINSTORM possible solutions)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ORION - NASA's Deep Space Exploration Spacecraft - Explained in Detail

# data[].attributes.body
https://evantoh23.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/thermal-transfer-summary.jpg?w=611

# data[].attributes.headline
HIGH SCHOOL    Online practice for the FINAL

# data[].attributes.subject
HIGH SCHOOL    Online practice for the FINAL

# data[].attributes.body
https://quizlet.com/189279708/physics-unit-quiz-2-flash-cards/

# data[].attributes.body
Check out this TUTORIAL on Wave Behaviors (Reflection, Diffraction, & Refraction)
http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/schools/teacher/lesson3/flash/whiteboardcomplete.swf

# data[].attributes.body
Wave Behavior & Interaction---FOLDABLE directions & Notes

# data[].attributes.body
Final exams will be Dec. 19th and 20th

*Cumulative from the full semester

*1st, 3rd and 1st connection finals on Tuesday Dec. 19th

*2nd, 4th, and 2nd connection finals on Wednesday Dec. 20th