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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [SMM]

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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [SMM]

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1. The attached map image shows the tribal lands of the Germanic and Scandinavian Tribes during the period described in Beowulf. The tribes fought each other for territory and authority, but also made alliances through marriage and trade.

2 "Then it fell to Beow to keep the forts. He was well regarded and ruled the Danes for a long time after his father took leave of his life on earth" (53-56).

3. What does this passage tell us about the king's role with respect to his land? The passage indicates the role of the King to be the primary guardian of the lands that his forefathers had conquered. His leadership role was a warlike one.

4. Image Citation: https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-a90c048913f34ef1dbb9f4ee72a62fb5

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Fyrkat in Hobro, Denmark (Mead Hall) [Nawal]

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Fyrkat in Hobro, Denmark (Mead Hall) [Nawal]

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1. The image below portrays what was known as a viking fortress. The inside had four walls, and four houses. The Danish king in Beowulf built a great wooden mead hall where his people could eat and celebrate with each other. It also serves as the kings hall.

2. "So his mind turned to hall-building: he handed down orders for men to work on a great mead-hall meant to be a wonder of the world forever..." (67-70)

3. How did Anglo-Saxon culture feel about mead halls?
They enjoyed it. It was a time where they all came together to feast and celebrate and talk with each other. They could drown their sorrows and forget their worries.

4. Image citation: http://www.euro-t-guide.com/See_Photo/Denmark/JUT-N/Fyrkat_Hobro_2011_18.jpg

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1. The attached image is of the oldest known clinker boat ever. It was found in the Nydam Bog in South Jutland, Denmark and is well preserved in the Gottorff Castle in Germany.

2. "A ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor, ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince. They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ships well furbished with battle-tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail" (32-40).

3. How does this passage help us to understand that boats meant more to the Anglo-Saxons than just a mode of transportation?

4. Image citation: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nydam-Boot.JPG/1000px-Nydam-Boot.JPG

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1.  Below is a picture of the Sutton Hoo Sword. This sword was brought into battle many times. Every person who yielded this sword during battle was never defeated with it in their hand. One of the main features of the Sutton Hoo Sword, is the blood trailing down it's iron blade.

2. "...a rare and ancient sword names Hrunting. The iron blade with its ill-boding patterns had been tempered in blood. It had never failed the hand of anyone who hefted it in battle" (1458-1461).

3.What does it suggest that the Anglo-Saxons had names for their swords? The Anglo-Saxons naming their swords, is like their trusting it, as one would a person. It symbolizes a deeper connection between the fighting and his weapon.

4. Image citation: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Sutton_Hoo_Sword.JPG

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1. The image is an Anglo-Saxon shield. This shield was made  delicately with lots of intricate designs and aspects. For example, soft lime wood is used to make the shield be able to absorb hard impacts. The shield was used in battle and for ceremonial purposes.

2. “Swaddled in flames, it came gliding and flexing and racing toward its fate. Yet his shield defended the renowned leader’s life and limb for a shorter time than he meant it to: that final day was the first time when Beowulf fought and fate denied him glory in battle” (2569-2575).

3. Why do you think shield's were so important to warriors that they were often buried with them?
I think they were important because they helped them in battle and showed the emphasis on war, battle, and courage during that time period. They were buried with warriors possibly to recognize them for their bravery.

4. Image citation:
http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/kids/images/shield_sutton.gif

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Ancient Scandinavian Torque (token of honor) [Haley]

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Ancient Scandinavian Torque (token of honor) [Haley]

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1. An Ancient Scandinavian Torque was a metal ring that could be worn as either a necklace or bracelet. Usually this necklace had a opening in the middle and was a permanent piece of jewelry that signified a person on higher rank. Some of the necklaces were made of silver and were very popular during the Viking and Celtic times.

2. "Far and wide through the world, I have heard, orders for work to adorn that wallstead were sent to many peoples. And soon it stood there,
finished and ready, in full view,
the hall of halls. Heorot was the name he had settled on it, whose utterance was law. Nor did he renege, but doled out rings and torques at the table. The hall towered, its gables wide and high and awaiting a barbarous burning" (74-84).

3. Why might Anglo-Saxon culture valued something like a torque?
An Anglo-Saxon might have valued a torque as much as they did in this passage because it signified such high class. This was important because power and rule were precious during this time.
4. Image citation:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg/1200px-Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation [Abigail]

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation [Abigail]

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1. Below is an image of the Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornament that was found in the Sutton Hoo, the largest Anglo-Saxon ship burial every found, and is currently in the British Museum. The ornament was used as decoration on a battle shield.

2. "They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail. The massed treasure was loaded on top of him: it would travel far on out into the ocean's sway" (34-42).

3. Why might a "Bird of Prey"be seen as a good animal to use as an ornament on a battle shield?
A "Bird of Prey" would be a good animal to use as an ornament on a battle shield because it is a fast, and mobile, yet also strong animal

4. Image citation: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/anglo-saxon-bird-shield-ornament-from-the-sutton-hoo-ship-news-photo/501585757#anglosaxon-bird-shield-ornament-from-the-suttonhoo-ship-burial-from-picture-id501585757

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1. Below is an image of the Sutton Hoo silver bowls that were buried in the Sutton Hoo ship burial. The bowls were usually buried near where the head would be because it had some special meaning that has yet to be discovered. The silver bowls were separated from the other objects buried and appeared to come in a set of ten.

2. "They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail. The massed treasure was loaded on top of him: it would travel far
on out into the ocean's sway" (34-42).

3. Why would the Anglo-Saxons consider bowls as treasure worth burying with a king? They might think that the silver is associated with glory, wealth and power and then the details on the bowls could symbolize the great achievements the kings completed and so the silver bowls have a special meaning for each burial.

4. Image citation:
http://www.medievalists.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Byzantine-bowls-found-at-Sutton-Hoo.jpeg

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1. Below is a picture of a women wailing. The word keening means wailing in grief of a dead person or to sing a keen which is a funeral song. The picture shows a mother wailing for her dead son

2. "And they set a gold standard up high above his head and let him drift to wind and tide, bewailing him and mourning their loss" (47 - 50).

3. What sense does it make to turn the natural sounds of mourning into a song?
The usage of songs during times when almost all the population was illiterate was to have the people remember the the past. The tune helps express emotions and by incorporating the natural sound that comes with mourning invoking a feeling of sorrow.
4. Image citation:
https://winteriscoming.net/wp-content/blogs.dir/385/files/2015/08/Catelyn-Stark-screams-at-the-Red-Wedding.jpg

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1. The Sutton Hoo Harp has a triangular frame and was used during the Anglo - Saxon period. It is very light weight, not large, and is made with 6 strings. It is often associate with Old English Poetry, like Beowulf.

2. "Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet telling with mastery of man's beginnings . . ." (86-91)

3. What roles do you think poet's played in the culture of the Anglo-Saxons? Poets played a big role because from what I have heard there was a lit of invasions and fighting and the poets were there to help sooth everything that was going on along with helping promote the art of literature.

4. Image citation: http://bagbybeowulf.com/images/harp1.jpg

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1. Below is a picture of the Sutton Hoo Purse Lid. This purse represents wealth and was used to determine stature in society. This type of purse lid is the richest of its kind.

2. "Boar-shapes flashed
above their cheek-guards, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men. They marched in step,
hurrying on till the timbered hall
rose before them, radiant with gold" (303-308).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons valued gold so highly?
I think the Anglo-saxons valued gold so highly because it represented who you were in society. The more gold you had the more prominent figure you were.
4. Image citation: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/early-medieval/a/the-sutton-hoo-purse-lid

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Read and learn for free about the following article: The Sutton Hoo purse lid

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Sutton Hoo Gold Coins and Ingots [Alison]

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Sutton Hoo Gold Coins and Ingots [Alison]

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1. The image shows golden coins from the burial of then ship, Sutton Hoo. There were 37 coins, three coin-shaped blanks, and two small gold ingots found in a purse in the ship.

2. "They marched in step, hurrying on till the timbered hall rose before them radiant with gold" (305 - 308).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons valued gold so highly?
I think that the Anglo-Saxons valued gold and gold coins so greatly because it is very rare and worth a lot. Gold was most likely a form a currency that only certain wealthy individuals possessed, thus gold secured a social status. Gold probably also had other uses, such as weaponry.
4. Image citation: https://lh6.ggpht.com/h8rSt-KPnnP-LoF4L_4b58I4S80UoF0NbzpmKJNyoKHGCZcRsyjJ1qm7PQ

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The Sutton Hoo Great Golden Buckle [Gracie]

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The Sutton Hoo Great Golden Buckle [Gracie]

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1. The image below is the Sutton Hoo Great Golden Buckle. It was worn to express and man's status and wealth. It is made of gold and weighs 400 grams. It is really a hollow box that opens on the back. It is said to have possibly contained Christian relics or precious items.

2. "Boar-shapes flashed above their cheek-guard, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men" (303-306).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons valued gold so highly?
I think that the Anglo-Saxons valued gold so highly because it was worth a lot and they used it to show status in society. I also think they valued it because they used it for some of there armor like the belts and swords.
4. Image citation:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bd/ae/ef/bdaeefa99bced144baae5f054e424df4.png

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1. The image shows the Sutton Hoo Helmet. The burial site where is was found is one of the most important links to Anglo-Saxon life. The helmet is extremely precious and rare because there are only four full helmets of it's kind. It is known to have two "puzzles." One being the human face laid out on the helmet and the other being the dragon/bird flying upwards on the face. The helmet is known as an icon to the early medieval period.

2.)" He began to remove his iron breast-mail, took off the helmet and handed his attendant the patterned sword" (671-673)

3. Why do you think helmets held such symbolic value for Anglo-Saxon warriors?
A big part of it is the fact that is protected face protection in battles. Also because it showed physical strength and courage which was very valued in the time period. It also represented power and strength.

4. Image citation: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwiYmdqr9LjWAhVrzIMKHdUsA44QjBwIBA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc390e19b551255c3bc1eec9dbdcb43c5ca72fdf5.jpg&psig=AFQjCNH_qJGIl3GGOmewTzPdNivUusrkfA&ust=1506173665126087

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The Dancing Warrior Helmet Plate [Kate T.]

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The Dancing Warrior Helmet Plate [Kate T.]

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1. The image below shows a helmet and face covering with many intricate designs and depictions on it. The dancing warrior in particular was used commonly on helmets, along with another portrayal called "the fallen warrior". These two engravings of warriors showed off the fierce and war-like nature of the Anglo-Saxons.

2. "You are free now to move forward to meet Hrothgar in helmets and armor, but shields must stay here and spears be stacked until the outcome of the audience is clear" (395-398).

3. Why do you think Anglo-Saxons decorated their armor and weapons?
Anglo-Saxons probably decorated their armor and weapons in this intricate style to show off the glory and importance of the warriors in their society.

4. Image citation: https://bbk12e1-cdn.myschoolcdn.com/ftpimages/289/topics/thumb_topic_111631_d16081914234162.jpg

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1. I choose this picture because it shows a crowd captivated by the "poet". This is what i would imagine the crowd would look like.

2. "Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him
to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck
and the clear song of a skilled poet, telling with mastery of man's beginnings..."(86 -91)

3. What roles do you think poet's played in the culture of the Anglo-Saxons?
I believe that poet's played a very important role in the culture of the Anglo Saxons. They were sometimes the only source of entertainment and it was their job to memorize the stories of ancestors to tell to the next generations.
4. Image citation:

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1. The Sutton Hoo Iron Stand is one of the items that was found with the Sutton Hoo ship burial. The stand has a rectangular shaft towards the bottom. The grille consists of animal heads that face each other inward. The grille was also connected to the shaft by four rods to form a cage.

2. “And they set a gold standard up
high above his head and let him drift to wind and tide, bewailing him
50 and mourning their loss" (47-50).

3. What do you think it means that the kind described was given a funeral with a golden standard rather than an iron standard as was the king buried at Sutton Hoo?
I think they did this because all soldiers were required to work hard which they did, so, losing a soldier was like losing someone who was very powerful and important like a king. I also think the iron standard represented how much respect you got because of its intricate detail and build which could have symbolized that the person was very honorable.

4. Image citation:
https://cgi.stanford.edu/group/rufus-project/cgi-bin/images/imagedatabase/ironstand.JPG