# data[].attributes.body
Power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sound functionality can also be integrated onto the motherboard, using components similar to those found on plug-in cards. The integrated sound system is often still referred to as a sound card. Sound processing hardware is also present on modern video cards with HDMI to output sound along with the video using that connector; previously they used a SPDIF connection to the motherboard or sound card.

# data[].attributes.body
it connects host adapters to other mass storage devices like HDD and SDD.

# data[].attributes.headline
Identifying the Internal Parts of a Computer

# data[].attributes.subject
Identifying the Internal Parts of a Computer

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Identifying the Internal Parts of a Computer

# data[].attributes.body
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to aselectric power converters.

# data[].attributes.body
where all internal component process -hariza

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit board, MB, mboard, backplane board, base board, system board, mobo; or in Apple computers logic board) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use.

Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards: sound cards, video cards, network cards, host bus adapters, TV tuner cards, IEEE 1394 cards, and a variety of other custom components.

Dell Precision T3600 System Motherboard, used in professional CAD Workstations. Manufactured in 2012

Similarly, the term mainboard describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other embedded systems with limited expansion abilities.

Motherboard for a personal desktop computer; showing the typical components and interfaces which are found on a motherboard. This model follows the Baby AT (form factor), used in many desktop PCs.

Mainboard of a NeXTcube computer (1990) with microprocessor Motorola 68040 operated at 25 MHz and a digital signal processor Motorola 56001 at 25 MHz, which was directly accessible via a connector on the back of the casing

Prior to the invention of the microprocessor, the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a backplane containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged; In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripherals were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplane.

In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: PS/2 keyboard and mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components.

Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after the turn of the century (like the tablet computer and the netbook). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems.

The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993.[1] This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for ISA cards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors. Note the large AT keyboard connector at the back right is its only peripheral interface.

The motherboard of a Samsung Galaxy SII; almost all functions of the device are integrated into a very small board.

A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.

A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.

An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.

Modern motherboards include:

CPU sockets (or CPU slots) in which one or more microprocessors may be installed. In the case of CPUs in ball grid array packages, such as the VIA Nano and the Goldmont Plus, the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.

Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips. Can be DDR3, DDR4, DDR5, or onboard LPDDRx.

The chipset which forms an interface between the CPU, main memory, and peripheral buses

Non-volatile memory chips (usually flash memory in modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS

The clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components

Slots for expansion cards (the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)

Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007, some graphics cards (e.g. GeForce 8 and Radeon R600) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.

Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives, typically SATA and NVMe now[when? ]

Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as USB for mouse devices and keyboards. Early personal computers such as the Apple II or IBM PC included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PCjr. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards.

Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called form factors, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2005, most desktop computer motherboards use the ATX standard form factor - even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and power supply unit (PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a microATX motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard.

Block diagram of an early 2000s motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots

With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers.

A typical motherboard will have a different number of connections depending on its standard and form factor.

Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia) and Crossfire (for AMD). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc.

A motherboard of a Vaio E series laptop (right)

A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors

Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to crash. Passive cooling, or a single fan mounted on the power supply, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until the late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on heat sinks, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional computer fans and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Alternatively computers can use a water cooling system instead of many fans.

A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation, an issue termed capacitor plague.

Modern motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F) a lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors, which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime.

Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on the other hand, use solid capacitors exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F). These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors.

In desktop PCs and notebook computers, the motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a super I/O chip or an embedded controller.

Motherboards contain a ROM (and later EPROM, EEPROM, NOR flash) that stores to initialize hardware devices and boot an operating system from a peripheral device.

Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor unit would load its program counter with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed RAM checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from a peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had Cassette BASIC (ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk.

The boot firmware in modern IBM PC compatible motherboard designs contains either a BIOS, as did the boot ROM on the original IBM PC, or UEFI. UEFI is a successor to BIOS that became popular after Microsoft began requiring it for a system to be certified to run Windows 8.

When the computer is powered on, the boot firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This Power-On Self Test (POST) may include testing some of the following things:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit board, MB, mboard, backplane board, base board, system board, mobo; or in Apple computers logic board) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is a Vapor Chamber as Fast As Possible

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Vapor chambers allow us to achieve better performance in high heat flux applications, which basically lets us take a very hot, very small surface (top of a CPU anyone?) and spread that heat out so it can be dissipated more effectively!

# data[].attributes.body
Serial Advanced Technolgy Attachment

# data[].attributes.body
keeps komputer kool  by Haris

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A sudden rise in fan noise is a cause for concern

QUESTION I have a one-year-old Packard Bell desktop PC with a Pentium dual-core CPU and 3GB of RAM. If I have only one web page open and nothing else, CPU usage fluctuates between 0- and 5 percent. The fan is on, but it's very slow and quiet. I trade foreign exchange during the week and have two platforms open; during busy hours the CPU usage can be between 50- and 75 percent, and the fan is on constantly, spinning very fast and loudly. I close down all other applications to reduce the load on the processor, but there are still lots of processes using a small percentage of the CPU. I'm worried about the machine overheating. If I were to upgrade the PC, should I be looking for more RAM, a larger hard drive or a faster CPU? Bturner

HELPROOM ANSWER It's normal for your CPU fan to increase in speed and volume when the PC is under load. It's probably no cause for concern unless this has started to happen only recently. If the PC used to be much quieter and is getting progressively louder, you may find that a significant amount of dust has built up inside the machine over time, causing the fan to have to work much harder to force cooling air through the system.

Check any vents and fans visible from the outside for dust. If you're confident about looking inside your PC, then you should also remove the case door and check the CPU cooler and fan. A can of compressed air can help clean out any inaccessible areas. Do make sure that the PC is switched off when you do this, since these cans can often spray out a little liquid propellant along with the compressed air. This will evaporate very quickly, but you don't want it making contact with any live components.

What's more important than the fan speed is the temperature of your PC's internal components - the processor in particular. You can use a software application to monitor the temperature sensors on your PC's motherboard, such as CoreTemp (free download).

This will provide you with a wealth of system information, as well as real-time temperature readouts. You can find the safe operating temperatures for your processor by searching ark.intel.com. Typically, CPUs can handle running at around 60 percent C.

If your processor temperature is within safe limits, but the level of fan noise is uncomfortably high, you may like to consider replacing the CPU cooler with a third-party model. You can usually find quieter and more efficient coolers than the one supplied with your PC, but there may be physical constraints on which coolers can be installed - some enthusiast coolers are very large indeed.

Another option is to install some adhesive sound-absorbing material inside your PC case. Quiet CPU coolers, sound-absorbing material and compressed air dusters can be purchased from many outlets, including quietpc.com.

If you have a laptop or all-in-one PC we wouldn't recommend opening the case, especially if your PC is still under warranty. Try blowing out some dust from the vents, and if the situation doesn't improve you may need to have it professionally serviced.
See all How to articles. Get free tech support in the Visit Windows 7 Advisor for more Windows advice. Helproom Forum.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
QUESTION I have a one-year-old Packard Bell desktop PC with a Pentium dual-core CPU and 3GB of RAM. If I have only one web page open and nothing else, CPU usage fluctuates between 0- and 5 percent. The fan is on, but it's very slow and quiet.

# data[].attributes.body
A video card alternatively known as a display adapter, graphics card, video adapter, video board, or video controller, a video card is an IC or internal board that creates a picture on a display. Without a video card, you would not be able to see this page.

# data[].attributes.body
the motherboard holds together all the crucial parts of the computer (such as the CPU

# data[].attributes.body
i am jamil

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Internal parts of the CPU of a desktop computer (Hindi) (हिन्दी)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This lesson will explain the various parts of the CPU of a desktop computer. इस पाठ में आप डेस्कटॉप कम्प्युटर के सी.पी.यू के अंधरूनी भागों के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्थ करेंगे।

# data[].attributes.body
It handles all the instructions you give your computer, and the faster it does this, the better.

# data[].attributes.body
this is a Hard Disc Drive (HDD)