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Series circuits are impractical for homes.

Example: Loads connected in series in a kitchen
if one load (ceiling lamp) burns out:
- The circuit will be open
- Charges stop moving
- No load in the circuit will work

Parallel circuits are practical because each appliance is controlled by its own switch without shutting off others.

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There are two main types of circuits:
- Series circuit (A circuit in which current can only flow along one path)
- Parallel circuit: A circuit that has at least one brand point where the current splits into two or more pathways.

Series circuit (One pathway)
- All of the circuit components are connected in series
- Three light bulbs are connected in series
- There is only one path in which the current can flow through the battery, switch, and loads. Therefore, current remains the same across all loads

Parallel circuit (Multiple pathways)
- The light bulbs are connected in parallel
- The battery and switch are connected in series
- At the branch point, the current splits into two pathways.

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Ohm's Law: The electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit is equal to the current times the resistance between those two points?

V = I x R

V: Electrical potential difference (voltage) in volts (V)
I: Current in amperes (A)
R: Resistance in ohm's (Ω)

Using Ohm's Law
You can rearrange the variables in Ohm's law to calculate any of the other variables.

- To find voltage: V = I x R
- To find current: I = V/R
- To find resistance: R = V/I

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𝟑.𝟒) 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬?

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𝟑.𝟒) 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬?

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I - Loads can be connected in series or in parallel in a circuit.
II - Parallel loads are practical for circuits in the home.
III - Voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit are related by Ohm's law.

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Electrical circuit: A source, a load, and wires in a closed loop that allow current to flow
- Source
- Load
- Wires

Short circuit: A circuit with a resistance that is too low, making the current so high that it is dangerous.

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Load: A device that converts electrical energy into another form of energy

- As electrons pass through a load, they lose energy as electrical energy is converted to another type of energy.
- Light bulb: A load that transforms electrical energy into heat and light energy.

A load resists the flow of current.
- Electrons in the current collide with atoms that make up the load, or with each other
- Collisions interfere with the flow of current.

Resistance: Describes the amount that current is hindered by a load
- Symbol: R
- Units:  Ω

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Chemical energy from a source causes charges to move through a conductor, carrying energy to an electrical device.

- The moving charges are called an electric current
- Symbol for current: I
- Current measured in amperes: A

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- Electrons with either stay on the surface of the new material or travel through it.
- Insulator: a material charges cannot travel through.
- Conductor: a material charges can travel through.

Conductivity: An indication of how easily charges travel through a material.
- electrons can move through almost all metals.
- the higher the conductivity of a material, the more easily electrons can move through.

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Electrochemical cells:
- Transforms chemical energy into electrical energy
- Chemical reactions of two different metals or metal compounds occur on the surface of electrodes.
- Electrodes are in a solution called an electrolyte

Battery:
-  a connection of two or more electrochemical cells
- Electrochemical cells and batteries are sources.

Electrical potential difference:
A quantity that provides a measure of the electrical potential energy a unit of charge gains when passing through a source.
Often called: Voltage
Symbol: V
Units: Volts (V)

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𝟑.𝟑) 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐝𝐨 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭?

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𝟑.𝟑) 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐝𝐨 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭?

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I - Chemical energy separates electrical charges in cells.
II - Charges can flow through conductors, but not insulators.
III - Moving electrical charges form an electric current.
IV - A load resists the flow of electrical current.
V - Conductors must form a closed loop to allow current to flow.

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The Law of Electric charge
- Opposite charges attract each other
- Like charges repel each other
a negative charge attracts every positive charge.
every negative charge repels every other negative charge.
every positive charge repels every other positive charge.

The law of electric charge explains why charged objects attract neutral objects.
- All neutral objects have an equal number of protons and electrons

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Negative charges:
- The charges of electrons
- Surround the nucleus; can be rubbed of a material

Positive charges:
- The charges of protons
- Part of the nucleus of atoms and are held firmly in place.

Charging by friction:
Charging a material by rubbing
- When electrons are rubbed off a materials, the materials becomes positively charged
- Materials that gains electrons becomes negatively charged
- Some materials create more static electricity that others
- Various materials have a tendency of either giving up electron and becoming positive in charge
- Attracting electrons and becoming negative in charge

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𝟑.𝟐)𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐝𝐨 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞?

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𝟑.𝟐)𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐝𝐨 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞?

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I - Electrons carry a negative charge, and protons carry a positive charge.
II - Opposite charges attract each other, and like charges repel each other.

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Different types of energy can be transformed into electrical energy.
- Most of the electrical energy in Canada is generated by transforming Kinetic Energy into electrical energy.
- Source of kinetic energy may be
- Moving water
- Wind
- Moving steam produced by nuclear reactions or burning fossil fuels.

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Energy is neither created or destroyed.
- it is transformed from one kind to another kind of energy.

Types of energy that can be transformed into electrical energy.
- Mechanical energy
- Chemical energy
- Solar energy
- Nuclear energy
- Thermal energy

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The human body uses electrical energy.
- Moving your eyes to read relies on electrical signals in your muscle and nerve cells.
- Different types of technology use electrical energy such as, touch sensitive screens, robots, and maglev trains.

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𝟑.𝟏) 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝?

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𝟑.𝟏) 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝?

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I - Electrical energy has many applications.
II - Many different types of energy can be transformed into electrical energy.
III - Electrical energy is generated in different ways from different sources.