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As migrants came into the city and the population had an unexpected growth Manchester became known as the most unhealthy industrial city and become notorious for this

Life threatening diseases like cholera and typhoid made people die off quickly and life expectancys lower to just 17 years old

Less than half of all housing had water supply inside their homes, the rest of the people had to rely on bacteria filled water from rivers and wells were sewage and waste was being dumped, which is why so many people were being killed

The waste being dumped in the river raised the water level and increased the risk of flooding, and created great floods drawing attention to how bad to river pollution was

The demand for water was growing and the people began to revolt and they were forced to fix there water supply

Manufactures wouldn’t adrenaline the river pollution saying that it would be bad for the economy

Many people got Cholera, a water born disease caused by drinking the same water waste was dumped into which made the population stay at the same rate because of the amount of deaths,

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1.The kids who wore them never owned them they were Just borrowed
2.they struggled to buy basic necessity’s.
3.the clogs were stamped with loan
4.they were work shoes
5. Surprisingly good pay but not guaranteed
6.had to go without money
7.people tried to pawn them

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Tiny clogs and child poverty in Manchester - Nikhil Thummala

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Tiny clogs and child poverty in Manchester - Nikhil Thummala

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- The clogs worn by children never owned them. They were owned by Charter Street Ragged School and lent to children whose families could not afford to buy shoes.

- The clogs were stamped with “CSRS loaned, not to be pawned,” as a safety measure to make sure poor families wouldn’t sell the clogs as they didn’t actually own it, the Charter Street Ragged School did.

- Workers were able to earn good wages in the textile mills of Manchester but there was a catch, work wasn’t always available.

- Cotton shortages or low demand for cloth had the possibility of shutting down mills and this caused worked to survive without wages.

- With the mills shutting down, many workers struggled to afford food, clothes, and a place to live for themselves and their families.

- The purpose of “ragged” schools were to provide food, clothing, and basic education to Manchester’s poorest people.

- Cotton transformed Manchester from nothing to a wondrous city filled with ingenious creators and people always working to make money.

- In this new Manchester, cotton fixed the poverty and brought wealth to the city.

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Water and Sanitation in Manchester - Radhika Sharma 

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Water and Sanitation in Manchester - Radhika Sharma 

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1. Cholera, typhoid and dysentery were deadly diseases that were common during 1832 and 1849 in Manchester.

2. There was only on one water supply for the whole town so many would drink from the unclean rivers or streams.

3. People were drinking water with bacteria which led to the diseases and caused deaths.

4. In Manchester, carbon water filters were made from ceramics for the home and were used to clean the water by removing bacteria.

5. Sewage would end up in the streets and rivers of the town.

6. During this time the rivers were where people released their garbage and sewage. Textile dying caused a lot of pollution.

7.  In 1894 clean water from Thirlmere was able to reach Manchester after the engineer John Fredrick Bateman created a way for the Thilmere reservoir to supply Manchester too.

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Air Pollution in the Industrial City - Janani Devkumar 

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Air Pollution in the Industrial City - Janani Devkumar 

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- Despite having positive effects on the city, Industrialization in Manchester was the cause of numerous health issues

- Almost everyone was impacted by the air pollution. However, lower and middle-income countries were most affected and caught diseases due to being exposed to the hazardous particles in the unclean air.

-The main source of air pollution comes from fossil fuels(coal) being burned so that they can be used as a source of energy.

- The series of chimneys emitted smoke, dirt, and smells that surprised visitors. The uncleanliness also leads to coughing and stinging eyes.

- Manchester has a history of having urban air pollution. Coal-powered steam engines were the force that helped to drive cotton mills, which results in soot and smoke to be present in the air

-The aftermath of these mills and factories were hazy, dark skies as well as filthy homes. Diseases were targeted towards the respiratory system, and at this time was referred to as “the smoke nuisance”.

- Scientific discoveries have led to analysis of the effects of smoke from coal on the body. They had figured out that the small particles of smoke posed a threat to human health and could eventually cause heart and respiratory issues and diseases.

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AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY, Lance Losey 

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AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY, Lance Losey 

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People at the time didn’t know the long term affects of burning fossil fuels but very quickly noticed the dreadful effect of poor air quality.

People in the city started to have synonyms from the air quality becoming poor, there synonyms were coughs stinging eyes and perpetual gloom.

The urban air pollution was know at the time as ‘the smoke nuisance’.

The first ever steam-powered cotton mill was built at Shudehill in Manchester in 1782 by Richard Arkwright.

By the mid-1840s, there were about 500 smoking industrial chimneys on Manchester’s skyline, and the number was constantly increasing.

As early as 1820 engine-powered cotton mills were first introduced, were trying to encourage mill owners to reduce the quantity of smoke their mills produced

Although legislation to limit smoke was often ineffectual, there were some efforts to monitor and curb the smoke produced by industry in Manchester.

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Tiny Clogs and Poverty in Manchester (Aliya Gorman)

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Tiny Clogs and Poverty in Manchester (Aliya Gorman)

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Clogs were working shoes and were rather popular since 1870. They were even worn by children.

Working children who wore clogs did not actually own them. They were a loan from Charter Street Ragged School.

Clogs were expected to be pawned off, so CSRS would stamp them. This prevented the clogs for being pawned off by money by the child or the child’s family.

Work was never guaranteed in textile mills, despite paying good, due to cotton shortages.

Workers would often have to go without wages because of how volatile work was.

Many workers could barely afford necessities like food, clothing and shelter, something that became more of a struggle with odd working hours.

Ragged schools like CSRS would help out slum districts by providing food, clothing and education to poor people.

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How Manchester was not sanitary- Nitya Kudugi

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How Manchester was not sanitary- Nitya Kudugi

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- Manchester was famous for its textile trade but the land was deteriorating. The pollution from the factories and the waste contaminated the rivers in Manchester.
-The water that people had drank was the polluted water in the rivers. As a result, Manchester was filthy, overpopulated and unsanitary.
-People caught Cholera from drinking the polluted water. People were dying as a result of dehydration because of excess vomiting and diarrhea.
- People were dying left and right and because of the living conditions of the populace, there was no way to contain the disease.
- The disease spread like wildfire killing everyone it infected.
- After some time, people attached metal buckets in pail closets to do their business and the waste was taken to produce manure.
- This helped contain the pollution in the river however there was still the factories polluting the city.
- The waste caused the water level to rise causing the risk of floods.

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-around 7 million people die every year from diseases caused by exposure to fine particles in polluted air.
-Nearly everyone is impacted by air pollution
-the people in low and middle income countries, 9 out of 10 deaths from air pollution occur.
-Manchester has a long and difficult history of urban air pollution.
-At the peak of Manchester’s cotton industry
-coal-powered steam engines drove the city’s towering cotton mills, filling the air with noxious, sooty coal smoke.
- By the mid 1840s, there were about 500 smoking industrial chimneys on Manchester’s skyline.

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Meredith Armstrong - Water and Sanitation

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Meredith Armstrong - Water and Sanitation

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• Back then people were very aware of keeping their water clean and safe for everyone to drink from. But later on people stopped taking care of the water and the sanitation overlapped and everyone’s lives were in risk from drinking water.

• factories were a big thing to the water, they kinda made it worse. With all of the smoke from all the burning of coal and etc it had done a lot of harm to the atmosphere which cased it to happen in the water

• During the present day 80% of the worlds water waste gets very untreated before the all the water flows back into ecosystems.

• as the water got worse people started saying that Manchester was one of the filthiest places in Britain.

• This also caused diseases like typhoid and dysentery to spread more rapidly than others which were very large and caused an outbreak from 1832 to 1849.

• During the 19th century they found a medicine that they could use to help everyone that got sick from drinking the bad water.

• in the 19th century Manchester started to grow around the world from all of the outbreaks and the factories that had caused it.

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Tiny clogs and child poverty in the industrial revolution -Kalaeya Jackson 

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Tiny clogs and child poverty in the industrial revolution -Kalaeya Jackson 

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-clogs we’re wore by women, children and men.
-for the kids who couldn’t afford to buy a pair they were lent out by “Charter Street Ragged School”
-each shoe had a stamp that said “CSRS loaned, not to be pawned”
-people could earn good wages but the work was never guaranteed
-many were impoverished and could not afford necessities (food,clothing and a place to live)
-cotton was one main thing made in Manchester
-cotton reshaped Manchester

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance : Air pollution in the industrial city - Julianna Dowd

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance : Air pollution in the industrial city - Julianna Dowd

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- Starting in the 19th-century Manchester started burning fossil fuels as an energy source. The main fossil fuel Manchester used as their energy source for powering industry was coal.

- Manchester factory chimneys produces smoke, dirt and stench which started to effect human health. People started getting coughs and stinging eyes form diseases.

- ‘The Smoke Nuisance’ is the period of time in Manchester where urban air pollution was a major problem. Coal-powered steam, engines filled Manchester’s air with smoke.

- Richard Arkwright was the first person to build the first steam-powered cotton mill. This led to 500 smoking industrial chimneys being built in Manchester by the mid-1840s.

- Mill owners produced bigger engines to burn more coal to increase profits. This produced more pollution.

- There were almost 2,000 industrial chimneys polluting Manchester’s air by the end of the 19th-century.

- Air pollution from smoking industrial chimneys effects people by causing respiratory diseases, dirty homes and clothes and overall bad living conditions.

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-Boddingtons Beer was brewed for 227 years and founded in 1778 by Thomas Castier and Thomas Fray
-The Brewery was built just outside of Manchester because the men were just outside the boundaries of having to pay taxes
-Henry Boddingtons arrived at the brewery in 1832 and became a partner of Boddingtons and his 3 sons joined the business as well.
-In the late 1800s Boddingtons was massively expanded and became Manchesters biggest brewery for the entire City brewing more than 100,000 barrels a year.
-It had become the first business in Manchester to install a telephone link in 2 of its locations
-It was very important to the industrial revolution because many people drank beer in order to kill all of the germs in the water
-Boddingtons brewery was destroyed in 1940 from a German air raid and lost production for 7 months.

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Today, one in three people globally do not have access to clean drinking water and over half the world’s population lives without safely managed sanitation.

Since there was no sewer system the people would throw there sewage into the rivers where people bathed, cocked from and drank some

Back then the people would just throw there trash out of there windows and leave it there for it to rot and pigs, cats, and dogs would go to it and eat it as well as it smelling disgusting

During 1847, out of 47,000 houses, only 11,000 had a piped water supply, the other houses had to rely on shared tap water or standpipe on the street.

Manchester’s manufacturing industries dumped gallons of contaminated water and tonnes of solid waste into the rivers.

The textiles industry is no longer based in Manchester, but it remains one of the world’s  most polluting industries.

93 billion cubic metres of water are used by the industry every year

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In Manchester, the water pollution and sanitation was terrible. People that lived near by would use the rivers and canals as a bathroom, drinking water, and the women used to use the water for cooking. People also threw a bunch of trash in these areas. Back then there was no disease or knowledge of them so when you got sick they would most likely die. There was also no soap or hand sanitizer so their hands would be dirty.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Tiny Clogs and Child Poverty Ryan Bayoumy

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Tiny Clogs and Child Poverty Ryan Bayoumy

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Clogs were the work shoe of a industrial Manchester woman, child, and man.

Workers work was never guaranteed, shortages of items could lead to the mills shutting down.

Many people struggled to afford food, clothes, and a place to live because they couldn’t find work.

Schools did provide education to Manchesters poorest people.

Cotton changed Manchester into a city like no other, it created a new type of community.

Workers in Manchester were able to earn good money when having a job

Shoes were stamped so poor children or families couldn’t pawn their shoes for money.

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Textiles Gallery - Thanushya Sreedharala

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Textiles Gallery - Thanushya Sreedharala

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- Manchester is built on cotton. It was called “Cottonopolis.”
- Cotton transformed Manchester into a urban metropolis.
- It used to be the international center of the cotton industry.
- Places like Preston and Boston were manufacturing centres and textile machines for mills were built all around the world.
- The North West’s culture is still shaped by the textile heritage today.
_ The textiles story brought innovations in design, printing and finishing and excitement through life in Manchester.

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The primary source of air-polluting emissions is the practice of burning fossil fuels as an energy source. It was in 19th-century Manchester that coal was established as the dominant source of energy for powering industry. Although people at the time didn’t understand the long-term climate consequences of burning fossil fuels, contemporary observers very quickly noticed the dreadful immediate effect of poor air quality on human health.
As the world’s first industrial city, Manchester has a long and difficult history of urban air pollution. At the peak of Manchester’s cotton industry, coal-powered steam engines drove the city’s towering cotton mills, filling the air with noxious, sooty coal smoke. Residents and workers suffered the consequences of living with industrial air pollution, including dismal, dark skies, dirty homes and clothes, and respiratory disease and increased mortality. This urban air pollution was known at the time as ‘the smoke nuisance.’

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Water Pollution and Sanitation - Shantanu Kurma 

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Water Pollution and Sanitation - Shantanu Kurma 

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- Water pollution was great in Manchester, people threw their trash in to nearby rivers and sewers that led into rivers.

- With the lack of a proper plumbing system and sewers, waste ended up in the rivers.

-Clean water was becoming scarce to the people, the water quality was just getting worse and worse.

- The people also had little to no sanitation, their health wasn’t the best, and the consumption of polluted water made it worse.

- Only the rich and some of the middle class had proper plumbing and access to clean water.

- The poor had to share water tabs on the streets and take some water home.

- After so much waste being dumped into them, their water levels rose, and sometimes even flooded the town.

- People didn’t do much to fix this problem, they left it as it is, and the water quality never got better.