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I know that there are 3 types of rocks - Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic

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There are many characteristics to describe rocks and mineral

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Do you love rocks? Most children enjoy finding and playing with interesting rocks. They can be found in all sorts of shapes and sizes. More importantly, they can also be found in a wide variety of beautiful colors. But exactly how do rocks get their colors?

Here on Earth, we live on a rocky planet. The continents themselves are massive slabs of stone. Mountain ranges jut into the sky all around the world. Even the sea floor consists of rocky bottoms.

Earth is just one of four rocky planets in our solar system. The others are Mercury, Venus, and Mars. The remaining planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - are made mostly of gas. Many of Earth's rocks are covered by grasses, forests, and bodies of water. On other planets and Earth's Moon, is all you see.

Earth's many rocks can take on a - of colors. From bright reds and oranges to browns and grays, Earth's rocks can a beautiful picture in nature.

All those colors are the result of the minerals that make up the rocks. Minerals are the building blocks of . Some rocks consist of just one type of , but most rocks contain a few different types of minerals joined together.

Scientists there are as many as 4,000 different types of minerals. Each has its own chemical composition , which helps to determine what it will be. A 's can also be affected by chemical impurities , interaction with other minerals, and environmental factors.

Like all objects, a 's depends upon which wavelengths of light it absorbs and reflects. The bonds within a generally determine which wavelengths of light will be absorbed and which will be reflected. Those wavelengths that are reflected back to our eyes determine the of the .

Some minerals have free electrons that will absorb certain wavelengths of light. Upon absorption , that extra energy may be emitted as another wavelength of light to get rid of the extra energy. If that combines with impurities or other minerals, its structure can change, thereby affecting what wavelengths of light are reflected and possibly changing its .

Minerals can take on different colors depending upon their internal structure. For example, the in your pencil and diamonds are both pure carbon. Differences in how they formed, however, gave them different structures, and thus very different colors and properties.

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Do you love rocks? Most children enjoy finding and playing with interesting rocks. They can be found in all sorts of shapes and sizes. More importantly, they can also be found in a wide variety of beautiful colors. But exactly how do rocks get their colors?

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all rocks can feel can bit diffrent

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All rocks are smooth and rough.

.

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all different rocks and minerals have different characteristics like different colour's and textures.

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We can make observations about certain rock. look's red and tan
jack

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I found that most rocks and minerals are found in the northern parts of countries.

Tara

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Samantha

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Rocks & Minerals : How Do Crystals Form?

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Eric.v
it has weird white stripes on it

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how rocks are made rocks are made under ground
l. a.u.r.e.n.

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how long do they mine for to find a crystal

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how long do they mine for to find a crystal

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o.w.e.n L.

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i found that most rocks and minerals are found in the northern parts of countries         -Teagan

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rocks are all under the earth and some are deeper than others

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rocks are all under the earth and some are deeper than others

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s.y.r.u.s

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yes

prabh

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o.w.e.n L.

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Wyatt

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o.w.e.n L

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Adrian Giudice

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Mineral Collecting at the Smart Mine (Rocks and Minerals in Bancroft, Ontario)

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Eric.v

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some rocks form volcano when lava spites out

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some rocks form volcano when lava spites out

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s.y.r.u.s

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prabh

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how do peaple find gold and diamonds form the ground

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how do peaple find gold and diamonds form the ground

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Eric.V

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prabh

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Samantha

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Eric.V

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every kind of rock is different maybe in size or shapes 

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every kind of rock is different maybe in size or shapes 

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s.y.r.u.s

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rocks are many different sizes.

Grace

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wyatt

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World records. The previous record holder for the most expensive diamond was the 24.78-carat Graff Pink, sold by Sotheby's for $46.2 million in 2010. In 2013, Sotheby's auctioned a pink diamond called the 'Pink Star' for $83.2 million, but the buyer ultimately defaulted on the payment.
Adrian Giudice

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dimonds are so excpiensive be cause they are so hard to mine

James

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Eric.v

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World's largest quartz crystal cluster on display. Crystal gallery, Swakopmund, Namibia. Quartz crystal cluster on display in a museum in Namibia. This is the world's largest quartz cluster, it was discovered in 1985 at the bottom of a 45 metre deep cave in the Otjua mine near Karibib in Namibia.Oct 11, 2015
https://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JPAXetrq0Ts/VhkguexxwUI/AAAAAAAAGkc/hOOl0OPNPJk/s1600/World%252527s%252Blargest%252Bquartz%252Bcrystal%252Bcluster%252Bon%252Bdisplay..jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.geologyin.com/2015/10/the-worlds-largest-crystals.html&h=1006&w=850&tbnid=xt30Z8MhgQBxmM:&tbnh=160&tbnw=135&usg=__HI5NLij5QkA_7x1_9aOKY1g4oGA%3D&vet=1&docid=_oUy42i22JF9QM&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUu4KntYraAhVp_IMKHUmSDPEQ9QEIKjAA
Wyatt

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prabh

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A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere.

Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis or lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed-something that occurs, for example, when continental plates collide.: 31-33, 134-139

The scientific study of the character and origin of rocks is called petrology, which is an essential subdiscipline of geology.

Classification

Rocks are composed primarily of grains of minerals, which are crystalline solids formed from atoms chemical bonded into an orderly structure. Some rocks also contain mineraloids, which are rigid, mineral-like substances, such as volcanic glass, that lacks crystalline structure. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in which it was formed.

Most rocks contain silicate minerals, compounds that include silica tetrahedra in their crystal lattice, and account for about one-third of all known mineral species and about 95% of the earth's crust. The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties.

Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability, texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties are the result of the processes that formed the rocks. Over the course of time, rocks can be transformed from one type into another, as described by a geological model called the rock cycle. This transformation produces three general classes of rock: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Those three classes are subdivided into many groups. There are, however, no hard-and-fast boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in the proportions of their minerals, they pass through gradations from one to the other; the distinctive structures of one kind of rock may thus be traced, gradually merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in rock names simply correspond to selected points in a continuously graduated series.

Igneous rock

Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word igneus, meaning of fire, from ignis meaning fire) is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. This magma may be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting of rocks is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition.

Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories:

Magmas tend to become richer in silica as they rise towards the Earth's surface, a process called magma differentiation. This occurs both because minerals low in silica crystallize out of the magma as it begins to cool ( Bowen's reaction series) and because the magma assimilates some of the crustal rock through which it ascends (country rock), and crustal rock tends to be high in silica. Silica content is thus the most important chemical criterion for classifying igneous rock. The content of alkali metal oxides is next in importance.

About 65% of the Earth's crust by volume consists of igneous rocks. Of these, 66% are basalt and gabbro, 16% are granite, and 17% granodiorite and diorite. Only 0.6% are syenite and 0.3% are ultramafic. The oceanic crust is 99% basalt, which is an igneous rock of mafic composition. Granite and similar rocks, known as granitoids, dominate the continental crust.

Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are formed at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms or as chemical precipitates and organic growths in water ( sedimentation). This process causes clastic sediments (pieces of rock) or organic particles ( detritus) to settle and accumulate or for minerals to chemically precipitate ( evaporite) from a solution. The particulate matter then undergoes compaction and cementation at moderate temperatures and pressures ( diagenesis).

Before being deposited, sediments are formed by weathering of earlier rocks by erosion in a source area and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers (agents of denudation). About 7.9% of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consists of limestone (6%), sandstone and arkoses (12%). Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils. Sedimentary rocks form under the influence of gravity and typically are deposited in horizontal or near horizontal layers or strata, and may be referred to as stratified rocks.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type-sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock-to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. This process is called metamorphism, meaning to "change in form". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by recrystallization. The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures greater than 1500 bars. Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume.

The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism-a temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deep under the ground; pressure is dominant, and temperature plays a smaller role. This is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as jade. Where both heat and pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in mountain-building regions.

Depending on the structure, metamorphic rocks are divided into two general categories. Those that possess a texture are referred to as foliated; the remainders are termed non-foliated. The name of the rock is then determined based on the types of minerals present. Schists are foliated rocks that are primarily composed of lamellar minerals such as micas. A gneiss has visible bands of differing lightness, with a common example being the granite gneiss. Other varieties of foliated rock include slates, phyllites, and mylonite. Familiar examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, soapstone, and serpentine. This branch contains quartzite-a metamorphosed form of sandstone-and hornfels.

The use of rock has had a huge impact on the cultural and technological development of the human race. Rock has been used by humans and other hominids for at least 2.5 million years. Lithic technology marks some of the oldest and continuously used technologies. The mining of rock for its metal content has been one of the most important factors of human advancement, and has progressed at different rates in different places, in part because of the kind of metals available from the rock of a region.

Rock varies greatly in strength, from quartzites having a tensile strength in excess of 300 MPa to sedimentary rock so soft it can be crumbled with bare fingers (that is, it is ). (For comparison, structural steel has a tensile strength of around 350 MPa.) Relatively soft, easily worked sedimentary rock was quarried for construction as early as 4000 BCE in Egypt, and stone was used to build fortifications in Inner Mongolia as early as 2800 BCE. The soft rock, tuff, is common in Italy, and the Romans used it for many buildings and bridges. Limestone was widely used in construction in the Middle Ages in Europe and remained popular into the 20th century.

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an ore body, vein or seam. The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt, potash, construction aggregate and dimension stone. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any resource (e.g. petroleum, natural gas, salt or even water) from the earth.

Mining of rock and metals has been done since prehistoric times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for mineral deposits, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and finally reclamation of the land to prepare it for other uses once mining ceases.

Mining processes may create negative impacts on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after mining has ceased. These potential impacts have led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to manage negative effects of mining operations.

References

1. ^ Harbaugh, John W.; Windley, Brian Frederick. "Geology". Encyclopædia Britannica.

2. ^ Kummakivi, Unusual Places.org.

3. ^

4. ^ Heinen, Wouter; Oehler, John H. (1979). "Evolutionary Aspects of Biological Involvement in the Cycling of Silica". In Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J. (eds.). Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 431. ISBN 9780080874623.

5. ^ Wilson, James Robert (1995), A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah, Utah Geological Survey, pp. 1-22, ISBN 978-1-55791-336-4, archived from the original on 19 November 2016.

6. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Flett, John Smith (1911). "Petrology". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.

7. ^ ""igneous, adj."". OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2021.

8. ^ Condie, Kent C. (2015). Plate Tectonics & Crustal Evolution (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 68. ISBN 9781483100142.

9. ^ Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney (2011), Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 23-24, ISBN 978-3-540-74168-8, archived from the original on 19 November 2016.

10. ^ Gilluly, James (1959). Principles of Geology. W.H. Freeman.

11. ^ Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed (2008). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 438. ISBN 9780495554806.

12. Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, ^ Petrology, W.H.Freeman, 2nd ed., 1996, p. 355 ISBN 0-7167-2438-3

13. William Haviland, Dana Walrath, Harald Prins, Bunny McBride, ^ Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, p. 166

14. ^ Amadei, B. "Strength properties of rocks and rock masses" (PDF). Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering. University of Colorado Boulder.

15. ^ Bjorhovde, Reidar (2004). "Development and use of high performance steel". Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 60 (3-5): 393-400. doi:10.1016/S0143-974X(03)00118-4.

16. ^ Klemm, Dietrich D.; Klemm, Rosemarie (2001). "The building stones of ancient Egypt - a gift of its geology". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 33 (3-4): 631-642. Bibcode:2001JAfES..33..631K. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00085-9.

17. ^ Shelach, Gideon; Raphael, Kate; Jaffe, Yitzhak (2011). "Sanzuodian: the structure, function and social significance of the earliest stone fortified sites in China". Antiquity. 85 (327): 11-26. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067405. S2CID 163488276.

18. ^ Jackson, M. D.; Marra, F.; Hay, R. L.; Cawood, C.; Winkler, E. M. (2005). "The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome*". Archaeometry. 47 (3): 485-510. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x.

19. ^ Ashurst, John; Dimes, Francis G. (1998). Conservation of building and decorative stone. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7506-3898-2.

20. ^ "Welcome to the Limestone City". Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.

21. ^ Gajul, Shekhar (28 July 2018). "Underground Mining Equipment Market 2017 Global Key Players, Share, Challenges, Industry Size, Growth Opportunities & Forecast To 2021". Journalist Book.

22. ^ Wilson, Arthur (1996). The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Developing Civilization. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85573-301-5.

23. ^ Terrascope. "Environmental Risks of Mining". The Future of strategic Natural Resources. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014.

External links

Rocks at Wikibooks

Media related to rocks at Wikimedia Commons

The dictionary definition of rock at Wiktionary

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A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere.

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what are all the different types of materials that rock´s are made from. 

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what are all the different types of materials that rock´s are made from. 

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Wyatt

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Grace

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EricV

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Welcome to BBC Earth, a place to explore the natural world through awe-inspiring documentaries, podcasts, stories and more.

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James

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syrus

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Adrian Giudice

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mount everest view from space satellite map in Google Earth

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Can more than one type of rock be combined into one rock?

-Tara

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by: prabh

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Basics of Geology All About Rocks and Minerals

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Uploaded by Kendra Horner on 2015-11-11.

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I wonder how rocks get their unique shapes???

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I wonder how rocks get their unique shapes???

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Samantha

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hmm

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jack

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how are rocks  and  minerals  made

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how do rocks get as big as the  uluru rock is 

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how do rocks get as big as the  uluru rock is 

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Teagan Bushey

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why do rocks have crystals in side them and why do crystals have colour in side them

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why do rocks have crystals in side them and why do crystals have colour in side them

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divine

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Wyatt

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K2 Mountain || The Second Highest Mountain in the world, with The First Ascent || Vendora

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rocks are the first thing that was on the whole world

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rocks are the first thing that was on the whole world

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by : prabh

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Wyatt

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Where Do Mountains Come From? | Geology for Kids

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Syrus

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James

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how many rocks and minerals are in the world

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o.w.e.n

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the moon is not a cheese it is a rock    

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the moon is not a cheese it is a rock    

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Benjamin explains why the moon is not made of cheese!

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What is the thrid tallest mountian in the world

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What is the thrid tallest mountian in the world

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James

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Minerals Poster 24x36 by Feenixx Publishing. Magnificently Illustrated Poster... This poster shows a whopping 162 specimens, carefully selected to include those most likely to be encountered by the student and collector. Over 20,000 photographs were reviewed to select ones that would best ...

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Wyatt

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o.w.e.n

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an

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James

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o.w.e.n

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Science Corner with Doctor Eccentric: Where do Rocks Come From?

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anoum

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anounumous