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Reconstruction was brought to a formal end with the permanent removal of federal troops from the South. Southern politicians would play a prominent role in the southern state governments and the federal government. (Redeemers)

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Confederates could vote again but Grant still won reelection

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Confederates could vote again but Grant still won reelection

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The Amnesty Act of 1872 was an act passed that refranchised ex-confederates that previously had been barred from voting after the resolve of the civil war (re-allowed them to vote). It was intended to be an October surprise, as it was an election year, to take votes away from Grant, who had obviously been a Union General. While it did increase the Democrat's numbers by a good deal, since the black vote still outweighed them and Grant's opposition was split between two candidates, Grant still won.

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The Enforcement Acts were criminal codes which protected African-Americans’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. Passed under the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, the laws also allowed the federal government to intervene when states did not act to protect these rights. was done to avoid a nullification by the states.

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Sharecropping was when (usually) freedman would farm part of a plantation owner's land. At harvest time, the sharecropper would receive a portion of the crops. Usually the farmer would provide living quarters for the families. Sharecropping is when a landowner allows a tenant to farm the land, and both share the crops produced. critics believed this as a continuation of slavery.

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They both refer to white people who made money in the South during Reconstruction after the Civil War. The names were insults given by the white people who didn't have much political and economic power then. The difference is in where they were from. Scalawags were Southerners, who'd either never supported the Confederacy or had changed their allegiance after the war was lost. They were considered traitors who'd turned on their family and friends for money--an insufficient reason in those days. Carpetbaggers had come from the North because there was opportunity.

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Was passed in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, "to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights", giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. The law was generally opposed by public opinion except by blacks. It was not effectively enforced. Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled in Civil Rights Cases that the public accommodation sections of the act were unconstitutional, saying Congress was not afforded control over private persons or corporations.

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It is significant because it gave blacks, both former slaves and free blacks the right to vote. The Civil War was now over, the slaves had been freed, but southern states had circumvented the right to vote. This was done through what is called grandfather clauses, literacy test and poll taxes.

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Republicans nominated Civil War commander U.S. Grant, while Democrats chose little known Horatio Seymour of New York
-Key campaign issue was Radical Reconstruction; Republicans for, Democrats against
-Republicans "waived the bloody shirt," reminding voters of the Civil War
-Large numbers of African Americans voted; Grant won

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Military governments in the south stand guard and enforce martial law while state governments revise their constitutions to guarantee civil rights for slaves.

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Military governments in the south stand guard and enforce martial law while state governments revise their constitutions to guarantee civil rights for slaves.

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Congress passed several Reconstruction Acts. Congress overrode a presidential veto of an act that divided the South into military districts and placed the former Confederate states under martial law pending their adoption of constitutions guaranteeing civil liberties to former slaves

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The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress.

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The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. 

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The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. 

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The 13th Amendment was important because it created a constitutional amendment that banned slavery in ALL of the American states. The Emancipation Proclamation, although frequently credited for abolishing slavery in the United States, only declared slavery illegal in rebelling parts of America - so basically within the Confederacy. States fighting for the Union who had slavery systems (Maryland, Tennessee) were not required to free their slaves. The passage of the 13th Amendment addressed this issue and formally outlawed slavery in the territorial US.

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The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

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The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

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Defined citizenship and affirmed that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of freed slaves. This legislation was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two-thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto and the bill therefore became law.

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Acts passed: The reconstruction Act (1865) - placed the south under military rule and forced states to recognize black people's rights to vote.

(With Johnson's Impeachment, the republicans moved to pass as many acts as they could.)

Civil rights act of 1866: Defined citizenship and those who were citizens.
14th amendment (1868): Citizenship to former slaves and the privileges associated with those.

15th amendment (1870): Forbade states from denying citizens the right to vote.

Civil rights act of 1875: Forbid discrimination in public places

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Johnson basically went to war with congress. He vetoed bills that would have helped freed slaves and congress pushed back to override him. John wanted to fire his secretary of war (a republican) and congress knew it so they passed tenure of office act which forbade the president from firing his staff without taking advice from the senate so he was impeached.

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In 1865 President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South. Unjust Black codes were enacted in the south, terrorist groups like the kkk targeted blacks and republicans. Congress was able to pass some laws like the reconstruction act of 1865 and the tenure of office act.The end of the Civil War lead to the US without a settled Reconstruction policy.

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Lincoln's speech contained neither gloating nor rejoicing. Rather, it offered Lincoln's most profound reflections on the causes and meaning of the war. The "scourge of war," he explained, was best understood as divine punishment for the sin of slavery, a sin in which all Americans, North as well as South, were complicit. Continued Lincoln's goal of readmitting the south as equals in a dignified way.

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The Freedmen's bureau was established in 1865 in the aftermath of the civil war with the goal of helping out former slaves by giving them 160 acres and a mule so they could have a chance of making a life for themselves through farming

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The Wade Davis Bill was sponsored by radical Republican and outlined far stricter requirements for re-admission to the United States during the reunification period of Reconstruction. The Wade Davis Bill was a response in opposition to President Lincoln's lenient Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction and his Ten Percent Plan. The Wade Davis Bill was pocket vetoed by President Abraham Lincoln and never took effect.

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The proclamation changed the US with Lincoln setting up a process for political Reconstruction, as in reconstructing the state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists; full presidential pardons for most southerners who either took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, a state government could be reestablished and accepted as legitimate by the US president as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath, each southern state needed to rewrite Constitution to eliminate existence of slavery.

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One of the final battles of the American Civil War, the Battle of Appomattox Court House took place on April 9, 1865. Involving units of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and several corps commanded by General Grant of the Union, the battle resulted in the surrender of Lee's army -- and, within weeks, the final surrender of the South.

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Union General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. The purpose of this “March to the Sea” was to frighten Georgia’s civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Sherman’s soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back. The Yankees were not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, Sherman explained; as a result, they needed to “make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.” Sherman took Atlanta and this was an important triumph, because Atlanta was a railroad hub and the industrial center of the Confederacy: It had munitions factories, foundries and warehouses that kept the Confederate army supplied with food, weapons and other goods. It was clear that the end of the war was near.

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The battle at the Wilderness was important because it was the first battle fought between Grant and Lee, and the first of a series of total war attacks by Grant in an attempt to destroy all Confederate military forces and economic structures. It also terribly messed up both armies due to the high number of casualties. Neither side really won the battle, but the North did get a slight upper hand in the end. This battle made the "right flank" of the Confederate Army apparent, and was ultimately was symbolic of the end of the Confederate Sates and the end of Lee's victories in the Civil War, or the "War of Northern Aggression" as the south called it.

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The Battle of Gettysburg was a significant turning point of the Civil War because it prevented a confederate invasion of the North and eliminated about one-third of General Lee's men. After achieving a major victory over northern forces in Chancellorsville, General Lee decided to push his troops north. His strategy was two fold. First, if he could establish a stronghold in a northern state, he thought he could push his army further into other northern states. Second, since most of the northern troops were actually in the south at the time, he felt that if he could get ahead of the northern troops with a victory in the north and keep them at bay while he dispersed his troops throughout the north. Some northern troops heard of Lee's plan, however, and were able to establish themselves in Gettysburg before Lee and his men got there. he Battle of Gettysburg, the Confederate army suffered a major blow during Pickett's Charge, the primary push of the Southern army against the Union army. Half of the 12,000 Confederate soldiers who were part of the charge died. By the end of the Battle of Gettysburg, more than 28,000 confederate soldiers were dead, and Lee was forced to retreat back into Virginia.

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The Vicksburg Campaign was a significant Union victory in the American Civil War because it gave the Union army complete control over the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in two. The western Confederacy would remain isolated from the east for the rest of the war, unable to provide material support for the Confederate government. By 1863, the city of Vicksburg was the last remaining Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. Jefferson Davis called it "the nail head that holds the South's two halves together." Ulysses Grant captured the city by marching south of the city to cross the river, bypassing the city's natural defenses, and catching the Confederates by surprise. Grant's army besieged the city from May 18 to July 4. Its surrender severed communications with the western Confederacy, depriving the Confederate army of desperately needed supplies and reinforcements.

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Fort Wagner was part of the Confederate defenses of Charleston Harbor. The fort had heavy artillery pieces that could hit warships trying to enter the harbor. The Union Navy attempted to reduce the defenses of Charleston in early 1863 with little success. Gen. Gilmore attempted to capture the batteries again and use them against Fort Sumter in the harbor's entrance. On June 11th, Gilmore ordered an assault on Fort Wagner with one brigade, which met with little success. Gilmore made plans to attack the fort again. At dusk on July 18th, an attack lead by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, a colored regiment, attacked. The unit’s colonel, Robert Gould Shaw, was killed. They fought and entered the fort, but after brutal hand-to-hand combat were driven out with heavy casualties. Unconvinced of the success of frontal assaults, the Federals resorted to land and sea siege operations to reduce the fort. The Confederates abandoned Fort Wagner in September, 1863, after resisting 60 days of shelling. The 54th Massachusetts played a crucial combat role, proving to racists that colored soldiers would fight bravely if given the chance and were just as capable as white people.

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New Orleans was the jewel of the Confederacy. In addition to being the South’s largest city, it boasted considerable industry that produced ironclads, munitions and uniforms, among other items. More important, it controlled access to the Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico. The city was protected by two forts, Jackson and St. Philip each on one side of the river bank into the gulf. Union Officer David Farragut assembled a large fleet of warships, mortar boats and transports at the river’s mouth. Onboard the transports were thousands of soldiers under the command of Gen. Butler. Farragut knew the forts were too strong to run past or to capture. Instead, he chose to reduce them first with the mortar boats commanded by his foster brother, Lt. David Porter, then dash past them to New Orleans.

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For the Union, it was a terrible defeat, and a humiliation for General Joseph Hooker, who had raised high hopes of being able to expel Lee from Virginia. For the Confederates, it was a triumphant win that gave Lee the confidence to plan his invasion of Pennsylvania. In retrospect, Chancellorsville arguably benefited the Union. Lee's essential team-partner Stonewall Jackson had been killed. Hooker was replaced by the more successful George Meade. And Lee's confidence proved to be misplaced, his next battle, Gettysburg, ending as a devastating defeat.

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battle of chancellorsville significance - Bing images

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Fought in the western theater of Tennessee, the Union army of Tennessee under Ulysses S Grant fought the Confederate army of Mississippi under Albert Sydney and Beauregard. The battle was the bloodiest until Antietam which would surpass it. Under Grant the Union army developed the tactic of total war utterly destroying everything in the army's path with the inclusion of a naval force to shell on land forces. Grant gained the nickname Unconditional Surrender due to his tactic and victory during the battle as Confederates retreated. Lincoln would view Grant in this battle as the answer to his pressing need of a Commanding General naming Grant with the title.

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Battle of Shiloh Map Pictures From Battle of Shiloh Battle of Shiloh Bloody Pond Battle of Shiloh Location Battle of Shiloh Hornets Nest Battle of Shiloh Flags Battle of Antietam Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Chickamauga Emancipation Proclamation Fort Sumter Battle of Bull Run Battle of Pea Ridge Second Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Bull Run After Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Cold Harbor Battle of Antietam Map Seven Days Battle Civil War Battles After the Battle Gettysburg Monitor vs Merrimack Robert E.

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The first Ironclad Battleship engagement in history. The Virginia wreck havoc on the wooden Union blockade ships the first day and was mostly undamaged. The next day, the CSS Virginia came back to finish the job but the USS Monitor had arrived to reinforce and protect New England coastal towns. The two fired and bounced canon balls off each other for four hours until the Monitor´s captain got injured allowing the Virginia to escape. It was tracked down and surrounded so the Confederates destroyed it to prevent its capture later in the war. This showed the world that wooden ships were outclassed and metal armored warships were the way of the future. This would later influence Roosevelt's Great White Fleet

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USS Monitor CSS Virginia USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia Clara Barton Franco-Prussian War Map Battle of Hampton Roads Battle of Hampton Roads Location Weapons Battle of Hampton Roads Battle of Hampton Roads Virginia Battle of Hampton Roads Projects Where Was the Battle of Hampton Roads Battle of Antietam Battle of

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Described as a butchery by Lincoln, the battle was extremely one sided with the Union losing 3 times more troops than the confederates. Fought in Fredericksburg Virginia, Robert E Lee held off Union troops under Major General Ambrose Burnside. The union plan was to attack Richmond however he was stopped by Lee's forces leading to another major Union defeat in the East Campaign. Brings massive fear in the Union army of the South along with fear of losing war.

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Battle of Fredericksburg Map Pictures From Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Fredericksburg Marye's Heights Battle of Fredericksburg Casualties Battle of Fredericksburg Diorama Battle of Fredericksburg Location Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Antietam Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Chickamauga Battle of Appomattox Courthouse Ambrose Burnside Stonewall Jackson Emancipation Proclamation Robert E.

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Robert E. Lee's Army faced off against McClellan’s army who outnumbered them 2 to 1. The Union army lead a series of offensives against confederate defensive positions. It soon turned into a blood bath with confederates trying not to be overrun and the union trying not to break. There is massive loss on both sides with no real winner but technically south withdrew first so the Union claimed victory. The European powers spectated the South and they decide that the South will not win the war. The British start to grow cotton elsewhere like India.

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Civil Battle War..Antietam - Bing images

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Civil War Battle of Gettysburg Civil War Battle of Fredericksburg Civil War Battle of Vicksburg Civil War Battle of Chickamauga Copperheads Civil War Sharpsburg Civil War Visual Ai Civil War Civil War Timeline Printable Civil War Prisons Civil War Trench Warfare Civil War Chart Civil War Graphs Civil War Cavalry

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Intended as a Union operation to take the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Virginia campaign led be Union General George B McClellan against Union General Joseph E Johnston turned into the Seven Days Battles as Gen Robert E Lee joined the Confederates to defend his home state of Virginia. At the lands near Richmond Johnston was wounded leading to the final seven days of the battle under the command of Lee starting from June 25 to July 1. With Lee in command and Jackson troops on McClellan's flank, the Union retreated back to Washington DC under Lincolns orders. The battle brought Robert E Lee to the Confederate side while holding onto the capital of Richmond. With McClellan's horrible tactics by giving the Confederates time instead of marching from Washington, Lincoln would fire him saying "he's got a bad case of the slows". This would not be the last time McClellan would get into trouble for his terrible decisions.

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Seven Days Battle Anaconda Plan Battle of Bull Run Second Bull Run Peninsula Campaign Civil War Battle of Peninsula Campaign Peninsula Campaign Timeline The Peninsula Campaign Summary McClellan Peninsula Campaign S Peninsula Campaign in Virginia Map Peninsula Campaign Casualties Peninsula Campaign Location Peninsula Campaign Seven Days Battle Peninsula Campaign of 1862 Vol.

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An army of Union troops marched from Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force near bull run river. The rebels rallied and were able to break the Union flank, sending the Union army into a chaotic retreat towards Washington. The Confederate victory gave the South a surge of confidence and shocked many in the North, who realized the war would not be won as easily as they had hoped.

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First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run Map Battle of Bull Run Location Battle of Bull Run Picnic Battle of Bull Run Drawing Battle of Bull Run Civil War Model Battle of Bull Run Battle of Antietam Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Bunker Hill Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Appomattox Battle of Shiloh Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Atlanta Battle of Little Big Horn Battle of Gettysburg Map Battle of Bull Run Stonewall Jackson Battle of Bull Run Manassas Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address Fort Sumter Confederate Flag Robert E.

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This election was the direct cause of the South seceding from the Union. The democratic party was split between (ironically) north and south. The Northern Democratic party nominated Stephen Douglas and were considered "moderate" while the southern democratic party was so extreme that they threatened secession. They nominated John C. Breckinridge. The Republican Party was now much stronger than they were in 1856 and had good candidates. Lincoln was nominated because of the fame he gained in his debates with Douglas and was the most moderate republican candidate. The South Swore to succeed completely if Lincoln wins the presidency even thought he promised he wouldn't do anything to slavery in southern stats, just limit it's expansion west. Most in the south didn't trust him. The voter turnout was the highest since the US's founding and the stakes were extremely high, essentially, it was perceived that the winner of this election would control the country.

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The American Presidential Election of 1860

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John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)

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John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)

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John Brown's (Abolitionist Extremist) raid on Harper's Ferry was an effort to initiate an armed slave uprising which didn't work since most of the slaves didn't revolt. Robert E. Lee lead a force of soldiers to stop Brown and most of Brown's followers were killed or captured by the citizens of the town. John Brown was trialed and, with mass approval from the south, was sentenced to death. In the north, abolitionists extremists (like Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Tubman) supported John Brown while most supported Brown's message but not the violence. In the South, there was unanimous hatred for Brown. This massive divide in opinion on Brown showed how polarized the country was. The South was convinced that the entire North believed the way Brown did which is a reason they were so ready to succeed.

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John Brown's Raid On Harpers Ferry Civil War - Bing images

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John Brown S Raid On Harpers Ferry History Political Cartoon John Brown's Raid On Harpers Ferry S Images John Brown Raid On Harper's Ferry Images of John Brown S Raid On Harpers Ferry Map of John Brown S Raid On Harpers Ferry John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry John Brown Harpers

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The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a bunch of formal political debates between Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen Douglas, in a campaign for one of Illinois two US Senate seats. Lincoln lost the election but, these debates launched him into national fame which eventually led to his election as President of the United States. This challenge that Lincoln made represented a broader challenge that the union made on the Southern practice of slavery and was perceived as a massive issue to fear which helped lead to the civil war

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Raid On Harpers Ferry Election of 1860 Kansas-Nebraska Act Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Bleeding Kansas John Brown's Raid Dred Scott John Brown Harpers Ferry Uncle Tom's Cabin Harpers Ferry John Brown Freeport Doctrine Wilmot Proviso Confederate States of America Dred Scott Case Dred Scott Decision Fugitive Slave Act Emancipation

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The Dred Scott decision was a supreme court case in 1857 when Dred Scott, a former slave went to court in an attempt to gain his freedom resulting in a landmark decision on the legality of slavery.  The decision of the court was that people who had entered the US as slaves could not rely on the protection of the US Constitution. The decision later became considered to be among the worst verdicts ever handed down by the Supreme Court and helped to show how evil slavery is which only helped propagate the civil war.

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates John Brown's Raid Election of 1860 Compromise of 1850 Missouri Compromise Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott Decision Cartoon Dred Scott Decision Clip Art Dred Scott Decision Symbols Dred Scott Decision Quotes Dred Scott Decision Map Dred Scott Decision Impact Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Abolitionist Fugitive Slave Act Popular Sovereignty John Brown South Carolina Secedes Anaconda Plan Plessy V.

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The Lecompton Constitution was a proposed state constitution for Kansas. This was still part of the battle to control Kansas as the anti-slavery already proposed a their constitution (Topeka constitution). The only real differences between the constitutions was that one would allow slavery and one wouldn't. The Lecompton constitution was endorsed by democrats including Stephen Douglas and president James Buchanan.

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Dred Scott Fugitive Slave Act Lincoln-Douglas Debates Dred Scott V.

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Franklin Pierce was unpopular because of the civil war in Kansas so the DNC nominated Buchanan for president. Scraps from the Whigs, free soil, Know Nothing, and abolitionists formed the Republican Party which was the new and primary opposition to the Democrats. The RNC nominated John C Fremont, a Mexican American war veteran. The Democrats continued to endorse popular sovereignty as the method to determine slavery’s legality for newly admitted states. Fremont was against the expansion of slavery, while Buchanan warned that the Republicans were extremists whose victory would lead to civil war. The Know Nothings attempted to present themselves as the party capable of bridging the sectional divides. Even though the democrats won, they did not get a majority which was scary to them as the Republicans, even though a new party, showed that they were a serious threat and attributed to future southern panic. At this point, the country seemed to be just on the edge of staying together and it seemed that anything would upset the balance

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The American Presidential Election of 1856

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The republican party was founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, Whigs, and Free soilers. The Republican Party became the main opposition to the dominant Democrats and the Know Nothing Party. The main cause was opposition to the Kansas Nebraska Act, which undid the Missouri compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil and nominated Lincoln for presidency in 1860.

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Radical Republicans Radical Republican Agenda Democrats and Republicans Democratic Republicans in the 1800s Thomas Jefferson Republican Who Was a Democratic Republican 1794 First Republican Party Meeting Democratic- Republican Party Republican Tea Party Birthplace of the Republican Party Federalist and Republican Parties Geographic Birthplace of Republican Party Thomas Jefferson Democratic Party

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The Know-Nothing Party, aka the  American Party was a 3rd party 1850s. The American Party was made up of nativists and originated in 1849 and it strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church. The Know-Nothings feared that the Catholics were more loyal to the Pope than to the United States and more radical members believed that the Catholics intended to take over the US. The Know-Nothing Party intended to prevent Catholics and immigrants from being elected to political offices. Its members also hoped to deny these people jobs in the private sector, arguing that the nation's business owners needed to employ true Americans. They got the name "Know Nothing" because when asked about their beliefs' they said "I know Nothing." The party was popular in the North because of all the Immigrants moving to work with the market revolution.

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Know Nothing Party Political Cartoon Cartoon Know Nothing Party Know Nothing Party Symbol Know Nothing Party Logo Know Nothing Party Flag Know Nothing Party Slogan Know Nothing Party Tea Party Nativists Know Nothing Party Transcendentalism Temperance Movement Nativist Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln Liberty Party American Party Bull Moose Party

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Congressman Charles Sumner (Republican) of Massachusetts gave a speech on the floor of the United States Senate that fiercely criticized slavery and slave holders following Bleeding Kansas. He called the Kansas-Nebraska act a "Crime against Kansas" and went on to attack Senator Brooks and People of South Carolina personally.. Two days later, Preston Brooks attacked Sumner with his walking cane and beat him nearly to death on the floor of the senate. Sumner survived and received first aid and Brooks was arrested. In the south, Books was praised as a hero and Several people send him new canes. The North praised Sumner for his bravery to attack the South and overlooked the fact that he made fun of Brooks and singled him out in his speech. This shows the tension between the North and south and the end of civil discourse between the north and south.

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Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent confrontations between Pro and Anti slavery settlers in Kansas when the territory was applying for statehood. Popular sovereignty allowed for the people of the territory to chose to have or not have slavery. settlers from both sides moved to Kansas to influence the vote and this bitter disagreement lead to violence. The lead to the civil war as it foreshadows more violence to come from the issue of slavery. The arguments were the pro-slavery people arguing that every settler had the right to bring his own property, including slaves, into the territory while anti-slavery (free soil) proponents argued not only that slavery was wrong, but that permitting slavery in Kansas would allow rich slaveholders to control the land to the exclusion of non-slaveholders. In 1861 Kansas was admitted to the union as a free state but fighting there still continued.

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Bleeding Kansas Cartoon Bleeding Kansas Political Cartoon Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott Fugitive Slave Act Lecompton Constitution Emancipation Proclamation Kansas- Nebraska Act Bloody Kansas Map John Brown Kansas Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854 Map of Kansas John Brown Election of 1860 Compromise of 1850 Missouri Compromise Battle of Gettysburg Wilmot

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The Kansas–Nebraska Act created the territories Kansas and Nebraska and was made by Democrats like President Franklin Pierce. The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to open up thousands of new farms and make room for a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. The popular sovereignty attitude of people led pro and anti-slavery elements to flood into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, resulting in later conflict like bleeding Kansas. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of the 36 30 line.

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Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act Cartoon Kansas-Nebraska Act Political Cartoon Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Compromise of 1850 Missouri Compromise Election of 1860 Popular Sovereignty Lincoln-Douglas Debates John Brown Dred Scott Case Dred Scott V.

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The election of 1852 was another election of a dark horse candidate where Democrat Franklin Pierce won against The Whig Mexican American war hero, Winfield Scott. The election of 1852 was a contested election following the compromise of 1850 and was similar to the election of 1844. The election campaigns clearly showed the division over slavery between the two parties which further divided the county (even after the compromise of 1850). This was the last time the Whig party participated In an election. Democrats had several good candidates and had a hard time nominating one so they agreed on Franklin Pierce, a dark horse candidate (Was kind of a nobody to the public eye) The Whigs had a similar problem with rallying majority of their support onto one person and were divided (Shows potential collapse of the party) They choose Winfield Scott because he was a war hero. The free soil party also ran John Hale but didn't get any electoral votes.

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The American Presidential Election of 1852

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George Fitzhugh was a pro slavery writer in the south. He was the leading intellectual in the defense of slavery and was the voice for many plantation owners. His goal was to justify slavery and argued that slaves were not fit to live as free men and slavery protected them from the dangers of a competitive economy where they were sure to lose. He believed that Negros were in need of civilizing and slavery was just practice and even called it moral. To get his message out, he wrote pamphlets and books. George helped bring about the civil war by adding to the polarization in the country and his writings could have added to Southern panic.

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"Impending crisis of the south" was a book that strongly attacked slavery as inefficient and a barrier to the economic advancement of whites. The book was widely distributed by Horace Greely and other antislavery leaders, and infuriated Southern leaders. The book condemned slavery but not on the whole slavery is evil moral terms but rather by pointing out how slavery isn't economically smart and doesn't help white people. The book argued that the south was not industrializing like the north because of slavery and was falling behind. the point was to appeal to the majority of lower class white people and rationalize self interest. This book helped bring on the civil war by furthering the divide between north and south.

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impending crisis of the south - Bing images

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Uncle Tom's Cabin was a best selling abolitionist book with millions of copies sold worldwide. The book uncovered the brutality of slavery and increased support for abolitionists in the North. The book helped to change attitudes in society about the institution of slavery. Northern criticism on the South likely increased but more importantly, the South saw that a book that negatively portrayed slavery in the north was popular and therefor, the North would likely encroach on the Southern way of life which would mean conflict. Furthermore, Stowe was supported by Lincoln showing that Lincoln was an abolitionist which upset southern slave owners.

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The underground railroad was a secret organization of abolitionists who worked to traffic escaped slaves from slaves states to free states for a chance of freedom. The railroad consisted of safe houses and routes for slaves to use. Anybody who worked to helped slaves escape was considered part of the railroad. Harriet Tubman was a prominent figure in the railroad and helped contribute to over 100,000 slaves escape the south. The underground railroad contributed to the civil war by frustrating the south as they believed that the north was complacent and sympathetic to the railroad (which they probably were), thus they were of violating Fugitive Slave Laws.

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America the Story of Us: Harriet Tubman | History

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Were laws that dictated that escaped slaves that were caught in other states were to returned to their original slave states, even if the slave escaped to a free state. The justification of this was that it was part of states rights and if slavery was a right in a state, then the slave must be returned. In response to the weakening of the original fugitive slave act (1789), the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 were much stricter. As part of the Compromise of 1850, The fugitive slave act of 1850 became a specific point of conflict. It required Northern states to strongly support efforts of Southern slave owners who came to claim runaways which they strongly opposed which greatly helped contribute to the civil war.

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The Compromise of 1850 was made by Henry Clay (Whig) and came about as a result of a conflict of interest between the Free and Slave states regarding western territory gained in the Mexican American war. The compromise was a relief to the sectional tension between the North and South but both sides disapproved some parts of it which in the end, only delayed future conflict. The compromise called affected 5 things;

1. California admitted as a free state with current boundaries.

2. Texas be admitted but surrender its claims to New Mexico in return for debt relief from the US.

3. Slave trade in DC was banned

4. The Wilmot Proviso would not be applied to western territories and The Utah and New Mexican territory could use popular sovereignty to decide if they wanted slavery or not. (Note: Utah and New Mexico sucked for plantation farming so the settlers didn't really care)

5. A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law was enacted.

Taylor didn't want to extend slavery out to western territories so when he died suddenly, Whig leader Henry Clay designed the compromise.

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After the Mexican American war, Zachary Taylor (Whig) won in the presidential race between Lewis Cass (Democrat) and Martin Van Buren (Free Soil, 3rd party). The Whigs ran Taylor because of his popularity and not necessarily because of his beliefs, but it was still better to ensure that Cass didn't get the presidency. Buren was a strong 3rd party candidate, getting 10% of the popular vote showing the support of anti-slavery continuing to rise. The election led to the civil war because it revived intense and heated debate about the expansion of slavery in the West and expansion of slavery remained the hot topic in the election.

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The American Presidential Election of 1848

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Popular sovereignty was the democratic idea that the people decide for themselves how they will govern. In context, this was supported by Southern democrats who believed it to be a compromise on the decision to let in western territories as new states. The idea was to let the people of those territories make the decision of whether to allow slavery or not. Cass himself was the leading supporter of this idea. The idea was highly criticized by anti-slavery democrats who would break off to the Free soil party. This kind of polarization over disagreements helped contribute in the escalation which lead to the civil war.

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The Free Soil party was a party  that opposed the extension of slavery into US territories and the admission of slave states into the Union. They came about over the disagreement with popular sovereignty idea for the western territories. They believed that a free man on free soil in the west was a morally and economically superior system to slavery. Also, they distanced themselves from the abolitionists as they emphasized the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and Northern businessmen in the new Western territories. They were influential in the election of 1848 by running martin Van Buren for President as a 3rd party candidate even though he didn't win. The free soil movement helped to polarize the country and bring the civil war faster since they didn't "Kick the can down the road" and wanted to end slavery and not let the problem continue. Their most important impact is eventually combining with other parties to become the republicans.

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The Missouri Compromise was a conflict of Missouri becoming a state since it would upset the free/slave state balance and it was  north of the 36th parallel. Congress passed a bill granting Missouri statehood as a slave state under the condition that slavery was to be forever prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36th parallel, which runs approximately along the southern border of Missouri. This event helps lead to the civil war by once more bringing up the question of the balance of slavery. The compromise prevented further territorial expansion of slavery while strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act.