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DNA cloning uses living cells to mass-produce particular DNA fragments. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments, then DNA ligase seals the fragments into cloning vectors. Recombinant DNA molecules result. A cloning vector that holds foreign DNA can be introduced into a living cell. When the host cell divides, it gives rise to huge populations of genetically identical cells (clones), each with a copy of the foreign DNA.

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~excitement over discovery of DNA’s structure became to frustration
~no one could determine order of nucleotides in DNA
~identifying single base among lots turned was huge technical challenge

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~eukaryotic DNA contains introns
~not easy to determine which parts of eukaryotic DNA encode gene products
~start with mature mRNA, because introns are removed during post-transcriptional processing

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type of enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

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set of methods that uses living cells to make many identical copies of a DNA fragment

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enzyme that uses mRNA as a template to make a strand of cDNA

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DNA molecule that contains genetic material from more than one organism

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DNA molecule that can accept foreign DNA and be replicated inside a host cell

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~discovered how some bacteria resist infection by bacteriophage
~have enzymes that chop up injected viral DNA before it integrates into bacterial chromosome
~discovery of restriction enzymes helped researchers:
1) cut chromosomal DNA into manageable chunks
2) combine DNA fragments from different organisms
How? Many restriction enzymes leave single-stranded tails on DNA fragments