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- All written text
- may not have worked with a multimodal framework
- not much difference between operational due to all same text type

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- All written texts
- Censorship
- Diversity
- Different points of view
- Respect for Indigenous culture and traditional education system

- Taking into account the unique backgrounds and viewpoints of students within the classroom

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Operational -

English, and requires a computer to read

Cultural -

You would need the prior knowledge that literacy is a concern in the indigenous culture

You would need to understand the historical levels of respect for indigenous spaces and culture

Critical -

Potential donors, students, teachers

The aim is to inform

Racists would not agree.

Aboriginal Literacy Foundation made it to garner support and have a vested interest in literacy and the aboriginal communities

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The 'White Australia' policy describes Australia's approach to immigration from federation until the latter part of the 20th century, which favoured applicants from certain countries.

The abolition of the policy took place over a period of 25 years.

Following the election of a coalition of the Liberal and Country parties in 1949, Immigration Minister Harold Holt allowed 800 non-European refugees to remain in Australia and Japanese war brides to enter Australia.

Over subsequent years Australian governments gradually dismantled the policy with the final vestiges being removed in 1973 by the new Labor government.

...

Australia's current Migration Program allows people from any country to apply to migrate to Australia, regardless of their ethnicity, culture, religion or language, provided that they meet the criteria set out in law.

At the time of the 2011 Census of Population and Housing (August 2011), the resident population of Australia was 21.5 million people. Over a quarter of Australia’s population was born overseas. Around 46 per cent of Australian residents were either born overseas or have at least one parent born overseas.

Australians identify with some 300 ancestries and practise a range of religions. Australians also speak about 300 languages including indigenous languages. After English, the most common languages spoken are Mandarin, Italian, Arabic, Cantonese and Greek.

The government views Australia's cultural diversity as a source of both social and economic wealth.

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Operational -

English skills to read the text

Digital literacy to find the poem

Understanding of poem grammar to read it as it was intended

Cultural -

Referencing historical events and place names

Mentioning people that were impacted by these events

Understand the socio-political context of all of the events

Understand what the other versions of the "Australian story" might be

Critical -

Criticism of the events that occurred to indigenous people

Criticism of the alternative "Australian story" and that it prevails in peoples opinions

White guilt - confronting imagery

Aimed at white Australians - aimed at the "other". Written in English.

Produced by Jack Davis - who has a cultural history that has been destroyed

Racists would have a problem with this. People who prefer the alternate "Australian story"

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To the Others
You once smiled a friendly smile,
Said we were kin to one another,
Thus with guile for a short while
Became to me a brother.
Then you swamped my way of gladness,
Took my children from my side,
Snapped shut the law book, oh my sadness
At Yirrakalas' plea denied.
So, I remember Lake George hills,
The thin stick bones of people.
Sudden death, and greed that kills,
That gave you church and steeple.
I cry again for Warrarra men,
Gone from kith and kind,
And I wondered when I would find a pen
To probe your freckled mind.
I mourned again for the Murray tribe,
Gone too without a trace.
I thought of the soldier's diatribe,
The smile on the governor's face.
You murdered me with rope, with gun
The massacre of my enclave,
You buried me deep on McLarty's run
Flung into a common grave.
You propped me up with Christ, red tape,
Tobacco, grog and fears,
Then disease and lordly rape
Through the brutish years.
Now you primly say you're justified,
And sing of a nation's glory,
But I think of a people crucified -
The real Australian story.

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Aboriginal Australia Poem by Jack Davis - Poem Hunter

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To the Others You once smiled a friendly smile,Said we were kin to one another, Thus with guile for a short while Became to me a brother. Then you swamped my way of gladness, Took my children from my side, Snapped shut the law book, oh my sadness At Yirrakalas' plea denied.

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On this page

The 'White Australia' policy describes Australia's approach to immigration from federation until the latter part of the 20th century, which favoured applicants from certain countries.

The abolition of the policy took place over a period of 25 years.

Following the election of a coalition of the Liberal and Country parties in 1949, Immigration Minister Harold Holt allowed 800 non-European refugees to remain in Australia and Japanese war brides to enter Australia.

Over subsequent years Australian governments gradually dismantled the policy with the final vestiges being removed in 1973 by the new Labor government.

The history

The origins of the 'White Australia' policy can be traced to the 1850s. White miners' resentment towards industrious Chinese diggers culminated in violence on the Buckland River in Victoria, and at Lambing Flat (now Young) in New South Wales. The governments of these two colonies introduced restrictions on Chinese immigration.

Later, it was the turn of hard-working indentured labourers from the South Sea Islands of the Pacific (known as 'Kanakas') in northern Queensland. Factory workers in the south became vehemently opposed to all forms of immigration which might threaten their jobs; particularly by non-white people who they thought would accept a lower standard of living and work for lower wages.

Some influential Queenslanders felt that the colony would be excluded from the forthcoming Federation if the 'Kanaka' trade did not cease. Leading NSW and Victorian politicians warned there would be no place for 'Asiatics' or 'coloureds' in the Australia of the future.

In 1901, the new federal government passed an Act ending the employment of Pacific Islanders. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 received royal assent on 23 December 1901. It was described as an Act 'to place certain restrictions on immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of prohibited immigrants'.

The Act prohibited from immigration those considered to be insane, anyone likely to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable institution. It also included any person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease 'of a loathsome or dangerous character'.

The Act also prohibited prostitutes, criminals and anyone under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within Australia (with some limited exceptions).

Other restrictions included a dictation test which was used to exclude certain applicants by requiring them to pass a written test. Often tests were conducted in a language the applicant was not familiar with and had been nominated by an immigration officer.

With these severe measures the implementation of the 'White Australia' policy was warmly applauded in most sections of the community.

In 1919 the Prime Minister, William Morris Hughes, hailed it as 'the greatest thing we have achieved'.

Second World War

After the outbreak of hostilities with Japan, Prime Minister John Curtin reinforced the philosophy of the 'White Australia' policy, saying 'This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race'.

During World War II, many non-white refugees entered Australia. Most left voluntarily at the end of the war, but many had married Australians and wanted to stay. Arthur Calwell, the first immigration minister, sought to deport them, arousing much protest.

Minister Holt's decision in 1949 to allow 800 non-European refugees to stay, and Japanese war brides to be admitted, was the first step towards a non-discriminatory immigration policy.

The next major step

The next major step was in 1957 when non-Europeans with 15 years residence in Australia were allowed to become Australian citizens.

The revised Migration Act 1958 introduced a simpler system of entry permits and abolished the controversial dictation test.

The revised Act avoided references to questions of race. Indeed, it was in this context that the Minister for Immigration, Sir Alexander Downer, stated that 'distinguished and highly qualified Asians' might immigrate.

After a review of the non-European policy in March 1966, Immigration Minister Hubert Opperman announced applications for migration would be accepted from well-qualified people on the basis of their suitability as settlers, their ability to integrate readily and their possession of qualifications positively useful to Australia.

At the same time, the government decided a number of 'temporary resident' non-Europeans, who were not required to leave Australia, could become permanent residents and citizens after five years (the same as for Europeans).

The government also eased restrictions on immigration of non-Europeans. The criterion of 'distinguished and highly qualified' was replaced by the criterion of 'well qualified' non-Europeans, and the number of non-Europeans allowed to immigrate would be 'somewhat greater than previously'.

A watershed

The March 1966 announcement was the watershed in abolishing the 'White Australia' policy, and non-European migration began to increase. Yearly non-European settler arrivals rose from 746 in 1966 to 2,696 in 1971, while yearly part-European settler arrivals rose from 1498 to 6054.

In 1973 the Whitlam Labor government took three further steps in the gradual process to remove race as a factor in Australia's immigration policies.

These were to:

legislate that all migrants, of whatever origin, be eligible to obtain citizenship after three years of permanent residence

issue policy instructions to overseas posts to totally disregard race as a factor in the selection of migrants

ratify all international agreements relating to immigration and race.

Because the Whitlam government reduced the overall immigration intake the reform steps that it took had very little impact on the number of migrants from non-European countries.

An increase in the number and percentage of migrants from non-European countries did not take place until after the Fraser government came into office in 1975.

Continuing the trend

In 1978 the government commissioned a comprehensive review of immigration in Australia. Far-reaching new policies and programs were adopted as a framework for Australia's population development.

They included three-year rolling programs to replace the annual immigration targets of the past, a renewed commitment to apply immigration policy without racial discrimination, a more consistent and structured approach to migrant selection and an emphasis on attracting people who would represent a positive gain to Australia.

The present

Australia's current Migration Program allows people from any country to apply to migrate to Australia, regardless of their ethnicity, culture, religion or language, provided that they meet the criteria set out in law.
See: Fact Sheet - Migration Program Planning Levels ​

At the time of the 2011 Census of Population and Housing (August 2011), the resident population of Australia was 21.5 million people. Over a quarter of Australia's population was born overseas. Around 46 per cent of Australian residents were either born overseas or have at least one parent born overseas.

Australians identify with some 300 ancestries and practise a range of religions. Australians also speak about 300 languages including indigenous languages. After English, the most common languages spoken are Mandarin, Italian, Arabic, Cantonese and Greek.

The government views Australia's cultural diversity as a source of both social and economic wealth.

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Fact sheet - Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy

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On this page The 'White Australia' policy describes Australia's approach to immigration from federation until the latter part of the 20th century, which favoured applicants from certain countries. The abolition of the policy took place over a period of 25 years.

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Vision

The Aboriginal Literacy Foundation believes that positive and practical change to closing the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous young people starts with literacy and numeracy. Our vision is for a future where all Indigenous children can pursue quality education, reach their full potential and contribute to their community and the country.

Mission Statement

The Aboriginal Literacy Foundation seeks to transform the lives of Indigenous children by focusing on literacy and numeracy education. Working in collaboration with local communities and partners, we develop literacy skills with Indigenous children so that they can succeed in school and beyond.

The Aboriginal Literacy Foundation is an independent, not-for-profit, charitable organisation that relies on the generous support of the community to achieve its work.

Our Values

Through our programs the Aboriginal Literacy Foundation enacts the following core values:

Passion and commitment for the rights of Indigenous children so they can have the same opportunities as non-Indigenous children

A belief in the power of literacy as the most powerful tool we have to unlocking doors and conquering poverty

A spirit of belonging, community, cooperation and active participation in the delivery of all activities

A belief in the ability of Indigenous culture to inspire and guide Indigenous learning

Empowerment of others so that they have the confidence and self determination to make choices and achieve their personal goals

A belief in the importance of parent and community adult engagement in learning as a pathway to improving school outcomes

A belief that all learning must be tailored to suit the environment and circumstances of regional communities

A belief that all activities must be delivered in a manner that promotes learning in an enjoyable, engaging and safe environment

A respect for Indigenous culture and the traditional Indigenous education system

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Aboriginal Literacy Foundation believes that positive and practical change to closing the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous young people starts with literacy and numeracy. Our vision is for a future where all Indigenous children can pursue quality education, reach their full potential and contribute to their community and the country.

# data[].attributes.body
Vision

The Aboriginal Literacy Foundation believes that positive and practical change to closing the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous young people starts with literacy and numeracy. Our vision is for a future where all Indigenous children can pursue quality education, reach their full potential and contribute to their community and the country.

Mission Statement

The Aboriginal Literacy Foundation seeks to transform the lives of Indigenous children by focusing on literacy and numeracy education. Working in collaboration with local communities and partners, we develop literacy skills with Indigenous children so that they can succeed in school and beyond.

The Aboriginal Literacy Foundation is an independent, not-for-profit, charitable organisation that relies on the generous support of the community to achieve its work.

Our Values

Through our programs the Aboriginal Literacy Foundation enacts the following core values:

Passion and commitment for the rights of Indigenous children so they can have the same opportunities as non-Indigenous children

A belief in the power of literacy as the most powerful tool we have to unlocking doors and conquering poverty

A spirit of belonging, community, cooperation and active participation in the delivery of all activities

A belief in the ability of Indigenous culture to inspire and guide Indigenous learning

Empowerment of others so that they have the confidence and self determination to make choices and achieve their personal goals

A belief in the importance of parent and community adult engagement in learning as a pathway to improving school outcomes

A belief that all learning must be tailored to suit the environment and circumstances of regional communities

A belief that all activities must be delivered in a manner that promotes learning in an enjoyable, engaging and safe environment

A respect for Indigenous culture and the traditional Indigenous education system

# data[].attributes.body
To the Others

You once smiled a friendly smile,

Said we were kin to one another,

Thus with guile for a short while

Became to me a brother.

Then you swamped my way of gladness,

Took my children from my side,

Snapped shut the law book, oh my sadness

At Yirrakalas’ plea denied.

So, I remember Lake George hills,

The thin stick bones of people.

Sudden death, and greed that kills,

That gave you church and steeple.

I cry again for Warrarra men,

Gone from kith and kind,

And I wondered when I would find a pen

To probe your freckled mind.

I mourned again for the Murray tribe,

Gone too without a trace.

I thought of the soldier’s diatribe,

The smile on the governor’s face.

You murdered me with rope, with gun

The massacre of my enclave,

You buried me deep on McLarty’s run

Flung into a common grave.

You propped me up with Christ, red tape,

Tobacco, grog and fears,

Then disease and lordly rape

Through the brutish years.

Now you primly say you’re justified,

And sing of a nation’s glory,

But I think of a people crucified -

The real Australian story