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Changes to a women’s body during pregnancy 

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Changes to a women’s body during pregnancy 

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Common and significantly changes:

Abdomen swells
Breasts grow
Morning sickness
Back aches
Respitory rate rises
Ankle swells

Abdomen swells
The abdomen swells to accomodate for the baby growing

Morning sickness
Morning sickness is caused by a sudden increase of hormones during the first trimester

Breasts grow
During pregnancy hormones are released by the placenta that boost estrogen causing the mammary glands to swell

Women feel extremely tired during pregnancy and can simply be out of breath by walking a short distance. This is because of a lack energy because of the baby taking so much. This is an extreme inconvenience for almost every part of a woman’s life.

Appetite Changes

During pregnancy a woman’s appetite can skyrocket. While it may seem necessary to eat more for the baby, it doesn’t mean you need to eat more. A pregnant woman’s diet only needs to increase by about 200 calories. While a positive change is that more nutrients are going to the baby, it can be very negative. Increased appetite and “eating for two” can make women gain unnecessary weight. This can put even more pressure on the woman’s body, taking even more of her strength.

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A mother/father/caregiver will usually spent at least 18 hours with a newborn baby looking after it. It is very important for a baby to spent more than half the day asleep. Diapers have to be constantly changed and they have to be fed at least every time they wake up from their sleep or every 5 hours. It is estimated that more than 66% of babies death is caused by not being fed so it is very important that babies are constantly fed as well.

7:30-8:00 am – Wake up and feed the baby
8:30 am – Put down for a nap
10:30 am – Feed, change diaper, play
11:10 am – Down for a nap
1:00 pm – Feed, change diaper, play
1:40 pm – Down for a nap
3:30 pm – Feed, change diaper, play
4:10 pm – Down for a nap
6:00 pm – Feed, change diaper, play, bath
6:30 pm – Down for a nap
7:30-8:00 pm – Change diaper, put to bed for the night
10:30-11:00 pm – Dream feed swaddled, put back to bed

If they wake up during the night feed them, and this is usually every 3 hours.

I think the hardest part about looking after babies is the the fact that we have to constantly have to keep an eye on them. We could be doing something else and all of sudden the baby is crying and needs your attention and needs to get fed and to get it’s diaper changed. Also being like older you could also be very busy with business like work etc and having to keep an eye on them as well will probably get stressful. I have experience of babies though and that I know of is very adorable and cute and love being around them but can understand having one could get hard.

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Twins (Fraternal) - Task 1

Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Fraternal twins mean that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell.

Flowchart

1. The woman’s ovaries release two eggs.

2. Each eggs is fertilized by two separate sperm cells therefore giving us a two independent simultaneous fertilisation.

3. Both eggs then travel to the womb and implants separately ready for labour.

Twins (Identical) - Task 1

Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Identical twins mean that they develop from one sperm cell, which splits and forms two embryos.

Flowchart

1. One egg is released from the ovary and is fertilised by one sperm cell.

2. Forms the embryo then travels to the womb.

3. The embryo splits into two before implanting in the womb therefore making twims

4. The embryo are implanted in the womb ready for labour.

Twin pregnancy is not just risky for the babies but also to Twin pregnancy is not just risky for the babies but also to the mother. Many of the risks to the mother are also risks to the unborn babies, since they can lead to premature labor, complications or even fetal death. Pregnancy induced hypertension or also know as PIH, is high blood pressure during pregnancy. As many as 37% of twin pregnancies involve PIH, it can lead to premature labor or a baby who doesn't grow well. It can also be a serious threat to the mother's health, especially if it develops into preeclampsia, (high blood pressure).

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Contraception: “the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse. The major forms of artificial contraception are: barrier methods, of which the commonest is the condom or sheath; the contraceptive pill, which contains synthetic sex hormones which prevent ovulation in the female; intrauterine devices, such as the coil, which prevent the fertilized ovum from implanting in the uterus; and male or female sterilization.”

Methods used years ago

Pessaries

A pessary in this context is a way of blocking the cervix. The gap allows a rod to be placed into the cervix to hold the pessary in place. While it could remain in place during intercourse, such intercourse could be painful.

Richard Richter IUD

Dr. Richard Richter of Poland claimed success in preventing conception with an intrauterine ring. He fashioned the flexible ring with suture material and inserted it into the uterus with a notched instrument.

Acacia Paste

Starting around the 16th century BCE, Egyptian and Mesopotamian women enlisted the help of acacia (a type of tree) in their contraception efforts. Women mixed unripe acacia fruit with honey and ground dates. They soaked a piece of cotton or other plant fiber in the paste and inserted it in their vagina, like a tampon. Acacia gum ferments into lactic acid which can act as a spermicide.

Modern Methods

The most common and effective method of preventing pregnancy is condoms.

The condom is commonly made of latex or synthetic substitutes.  It is extremely successful for preventing pregnancy and STIs and is available for both men and women. The male version is wrapped around the penis when erect, and the female version is inserted in the vagina before intercourse.

Another common method is birth control pills. Birth control pills are effective for preventing pregnancy, however offer no protection against STIs. Birth control pills release a mix of hormones that prevent ovulation. A birth control pill can only be taken by women and should be taken for the first time at least 1 week before sex. After 1 week the pills should come into effect. If the pills are discontinued for a long time, this week long process may need to be repeated.

IUD (intrauterine device) is a  small device implanted into the uterus. They are typically made of copper. They work by preventing semen from reaching the eggs. Occasionally, Sperm can pass through to the egg, however the IUD then prevents the egg from moving. The IUD needs to be inserted by a doctor in a quick procedure and can be left up to five years I did the vagina. A woman is capable of being impregnated immediately after it is removed.

Sources:

IUD

Acacia Paste

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STD: “STDs are sexually transmitted diseases. This means they are most often -- but not exclusively -- spread by sexual intercourse. HIV, chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, some forms of hepatitis, syphilis, and trichomoniasis are STDs. STDs used to be called venereal diseases or VD.”

It’s important to know if you have an STI because if you don’t get it treated it could lead to infertility in both men and women.

Chlamydia:

Organism: Chlamydia, a genus of bacterial parasites that cause several different diseases in humans. The genus is composed of three species: C. psittaci, which causes psittacosis; Chlamydia trachomatis, various strains of which cause chlamydia, trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, and conjunctivitis; and C. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory-tract infections.

Symptoms

For females:

vaginal discharge

bleeding between periods

lower abdominal pain

pain when urinating

pain during sex

For males:

pain when urinating

discharge from penis

Gonorrhoea:

Organism: Gonorrhea is an infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It not only affects the reproductive tract, but can also affect the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, eyes, and rectum.

Symptoms:

Men:

white, yellow, or green urethral discharge, resembling pus

pain in the testicles or scrotum

painful or frequent urination

anal discharge, itching, pain, bleeding, or pain when passing stools

itching, difficulty swallowing, or swollen neck lymph nodes

eye pain, light sensitivity, or eye discharge resembling pus

red, swollen, warm, painful joints

Women:

painful sexual intercourse

fever

yellow or green vaginal discharge

vulvar swelling

bleeding in-between periods

heavier periods

bleeding after intercourse

vomiting and abdominal or pelvic pain

painful or frequent urination

anal discharge, itching, pain, bleeding, or pain with passing bowel movements

sore throat, itching, difficulty swallowing, or swollen neck lymph nodes

eye pain, light sensitivity, and eye discharge resembling pus

red, swollen, warm, painful joints

Genital Warts:

Cause and Symptoms: The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmissible infection (STI) in the world. Most people will get HPV at some point in their lives, but most won’t know because they have no symptoms. For most people HPV will usually go away on its own and without the need for any treatment. There are many different types of HPV. Some forms of HPV can cause health problems such as genital warts or changes to your cells that can lead to cancer, such as cancer of the cervix, vulva, penis, anus or throat. You can get HPV or genital warts through close skin to skin contact, usually during sex. Genital warts might take weeks or months to appear after having sex, or they might never appear.

Genital warts look like small skin-coloured lumps on your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum or anus. They might be itchy. They may also be very small and hard to see. A nurse or doctor will be able to check more closely for you.

How to prevent getting genital warts:

1. Get the HPV vaccine. The vaccine is free for New Zealand residents aged between 9 and 26 and will help protect you from HPV and genital warts.

2. Use condoms each time you have sex, especially if you are having sex with someone new or with different partners.

3. Cervical screening every three years from age 20 to 70 will pick up any changes in the cells in your cervix, so you can get treatment if you need it.

Sources:

Chlamydia

Gonorrhoea

Genital Warts