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Ditigital Interfaces photosensitive, reacts to light.

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Too much light - Too much reaction- White.
* Lots of light - Big Reaction
* Some Light - Some Reaction
* Not enough light - Black Picture
* Balanced -When length of light is stable.

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We control the time of light hitting sensor.

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The first photographic process — heliography — was invented around 1824 by Nicéphore Niépce. Images were obtained with bitumen of Judea spread on a silver plate after an exposure time of several days.
In 1829, Niépce associated Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre to his research.
In 1832, they put the last touches, using a residue of lavender oil distillation, by means of a second process producing images in a one day exposure time.

A natural phenomenon, known as camera obscura or pinhole image, can project a (reversed) image through a small opening onto an opposite surface. This principle may have been known and used in prehistoric times. The earliest known written record of the camera obscura is to be found in Chinese writings called Mozi, dated to the 4th century BCE. Until the 16th century the camera obscura was mainly used to study optics and astronomy, especially to safely watch solar eclipses without damaging the eyes. In the later half of the 16th century some technical improvements were developed: a (biconvex) lens in the opening (first described by Gerolamo Cardano in 1550) and a diaphragm restricting the aperture (Daniel Barbaro in 1568) gave a brighter and sharper image. In 1558 Giambattista della Porta advised using the camera obscura as a drawing aid in his popular and influential books. Della Porta's advice was widely adopted by artists and since the 17th century portable versions of the camera obscura were commonly used - first as a tent, later as boxes. The box type camera obscura was the basis for the earliest photographic cameras when photography was developed in the early 19th century.

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In 1833, Niépce died, and Daguerre invented, in 1838, on his own the daguerreotype, the first process including a development stage. A silver plate coated with a very thin silver iodide layer was exposed in a camera obscura, then exposed to mercury vapors that induced the apparition of the invisible latent image that had been formed during the exposure to light. This development was in fact such an amplification of the effect of light that the exposure time was hardly more than 30 minutes. Fixing was done by immersing the plate in sea salted water.

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The history of photography has roots in remote antiquity with the discovery of two critical principles, that of the camera obscura image projection and the fact that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light, as discovered by observation. Apart from a very uncertain process used on the Turin Shroud there are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate that anyone even imagined capturing images with light sensitive materials before the 18th century. Around 1717 Johann Heinrich Schulze captured cut-out letters on a bottle of a light-sensitive slurry, but he apparently never thought of making the results durable. Around 1800 Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented, although unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images in permanent form. His experiments did produce detailed photograms, but Wedgwood and his associate Humphry Davy found no way to fix these images.

In the mid-1820s, Nicéphore Niépce first managed to fix an image that was captured with a camera, but at least eight hours or even several days of exposure in the camera were required and the earliest results were very crude. Niépce's associate Louis Daguerre went on to develop the daguerreotype process, the first publicly announced and commercially viable photographic process. The daguerreotype required only minutes of exposure in the camera, and produced clear, finely detailed results. The details were introduced as a gift to the world in 1839, a date generally accepted as the birth year of practical photography.[1][2] The metal-based daguerreotype process soon had some competition from the paper-based calotype negative and salt print processes invented by William Henry Fox Talbot. Subsequent innovations made photography easier and more versatile. New materials reduced the required camera exposure time from minutes to seconds, and eventually to a small fraction of a second; new photographic media were more economical, sensitive or convenient, including roll films for casual use by amateurs. In the mid-20th century, developments made it possible for amateurs to take pictures in natural color as well as in black-and-white.

The commercial introduction of computer-based electronic digital cameras in the 1990s soon revolutionized photography. During the first decade of the 21st century, traditional film-based photochemical methods were increasingly marginalized as the practical advantages of the new technology became widely appreciated and the image quality of moderately priced digital cameras was continually improved. Especially since cameras became a standard feature on smartphones, taking pictures (and instantly publishing them online) has become an ubiquitous everyday practice around the world.

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Such a world existed in 1973, when Steven Sasson, a young engineer, went to work for Eastman Kodak. Two years later he invented digital photography and made the first digital camera. ... Mr. Sasson wanted to capture an image with it, but the C.C.D. couldn't hold it because the electrical pulses quickly dissipated

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Key dates in the history of digital photography from 1960 to 1989:

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Key dates in the history of digital photography from 1960 to 1989:

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1961: Eugene F. Lally of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory began working on a way to use a mosaic photo sensor to capture digital images.

1969: Was particularly important in the history of digital photography because George Smith and Willard Boyle of Bell Laboratories developed the CCD (charge-coupled-device) and demonstrated it on October 17, 1969. This CCD image sensor is the heart the digital camera development because it is the solid-state device that converts light into electric signals. This major breakthrough in 1969 provided the key piece of technology to begin the digital photography revolution. CCD image sensors are still widely used today. While today’s CCD image sensors often have 12-14 megapixels the first one in 1969 was only 100 x 100 pixels. From 1969 to 1978 CCD technology continued to be developed and in 1978 Bell Laboratories successfully created an image sensor with 500 x 500 pixel array.

1970: George Smith and Willard Boyle of Bell Laboratories built the first solid-state video camera.

1972: A Texas Instrument employee, Willis Adcock patented a film-less camera however the technology was still not available to make it a viable concept.

1973: Fairchild Imaging produced the first commercial CCD imager. This 10,000 pixel sensor (100 x 100 pixels) would become the foundation for the rapidly developing world of digital imaging.

1975: Eastman Kodak engineer Steven Sasson patented a prototype digital camera using the recently invented Fairchild CCD image sensor and a lens from a Kodak movie camera. This camera was about the size of a large toaster and weighed almost nine pounds. The black and white digital image was stored on a cassette tape and in order to view the images the Kodak engineers had to develop a special screen. It was able to capture a .01 megapixel image (10,000 pixels) and took 23 seconds to record an image to the tape.

1975: Bell Laboratories demonstrated the first CCD video camera with enough resolution to use for broadcast television. The CCD technology first developed by Bell Labs is found in all kinds of digital imaging devices today, including High-Definition television and video cameras. Other common technology that use CCD imagers are: web cameras, medical scopes, fax machines, copy machines, image scanners, digital cameras and bar code readers.

1975: Another milestone in the history of digital photography was when Bryce Bayer invented the Bayer Color Filter Array that enabled a single CCD or CMOS image sensor to capture color images. Without this filter capturing color images would require three separate sensors attached to a color beam splitter which would be both large and expensive. Bayer Color Filter Arrays are used in almost every digital camera made today.

1977: Konica introduces the point-and-shoot Konica C35 AF the first mass-produced camera with autofocus.

1978: Leica demonstrates the first SLR with fully operational autofocus at the Photokina photography show.

1981: The first true working digital camera was built by the University of Calgary Canada ASI Science Team. Their All-Sky camera was designed to photograph auroras and used one of the 100 x 100 pixel Fairchild CCD image sensors.

1981: Sony Electronics introduced the Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera), a video camera which recorded images on a floppy disk. This early electronic camera had a resolution of 720,000 pixels (.72 megapixels) and was able to store up to 50 images on a single 2.0” video floppy disk. Described as having beginning “a new era in photography” the Sony Mavica was a single lens reflex camera with three interchangeable lenses capable of capturing images to the floppy disk and displaying them back on a TV. While an important milestone in the history of digital photography this was essentially a video camera that took still images and not a true digital camera. Nevertheless the development of this camera is a very important event along the digital photography timeline.

1981: The Pentax ME-F becomes the first autofocus 35mm SLR. It uses in body focus sensor coupled with a motorized lens.

1985: Fuji makes the ES-1 a SVC (still video camera) with a 640 x480 pixel CCD imager. This camera was an SLR with a 50-150mm manual zoom.

1985: Minolta releases the Minolta Maxxum 7000 the first 35mm This camera as well as all Minolota AF SLR's to follow incorporated both the autofocus sensor and the drive motor in the camera body.

1986: Canon began manufacturing and distributing digital cameras with the release of the RC-701 a SVC (still video camera) that had four interchangeable lenses and sold for about $3,000.

1986: Kodak introduced a 1.4 megapixel sensor making it the first megapixel sensor small enough to fit in a handheld camera. This sensor was used in the Videk Megaplus camera designed for scientific and industrial use. These cameras sold between $10,000 and $40,000 and were essentially the first camera with enough resolution to produce a 5x7 photo quality print.

1988: Fuji developed the DS-1P which is considered to be the first fully digital consumer camera to be sold. This camera recorded images digitally on a 16MB internal memory card and had 16mm F/5.6 lens with shutter speeds from 1/60/ to 1/200 of a second.Nikon_D90Nikon_D90

1988: Sony introduces the MVC-C1 the first consumer model of their MAVICA line of electronic still video cameras. This MAVICA was described as “a still video camera that records pictures magnetically without the use of film.” Like other MAVICA models this was not a true digital camera but was a very important step in the evolution of digital cameras.

1988: Digital Darkroom was released becoming the first image editing software for the Macintosh computer. 1988 saw another key event in the history of digital photography when the first JPEG and MPEG standards were set. These standards set in place a universal format which allowed images (JPEG) and video (MPEG) to be stored in a compressed format.

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The First Mobile Phone Call Was Made 40 Years Ago Today. On April 3, 1973, Motorola employee Martin Cooper stood in midtown Manhattan and placed a call to the headquarters of Bell Labs in New Jersey.

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The use of photographic film was pioneered by George Eastman, who started manufacturing paper film in 1885 before switching to celluloid in 1888-1889. His first camera, which he called the "Kodak," was first offered for sale in 1888.

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1960's – First digital camera signals used in cameras over analog by NASA. 1961 – First “film-less” digital camera concept is credited to Eugene F. Lally. 1975 – First digital camera invented by Steven J. Sasson. 1996 – First IP camera was released in 1996 by Axis Communications.

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Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on April 4, 1973. This is a reenactment in 2007.

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Motorola was the first company to produce a handheldmobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorolaresearcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.

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The person generally credited with the invention of the paper plate is Martin Keyes. In the late 19th century, Keyes is believed to have witnessed workers at a veneer plant in New York eating their lunches on thin waste pieces of maple veneer.

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Shutter speed exists because of something known as your camera shutter – which, simply put, is a curtain in front of the camera sensor that stays closed until the camera fires. When the camera fires, the shutter opens and fully exposes the camera sensor to the light that has passed through your lens. After the sensor is done collecting the light, the shutter closes immediately, stopping the light from hitting the sensor. The button that fires the camera is also called “shutter” or “shutter button,” because it triggers the shutter to open and close.

In photography and digital photography the shutter speed is the unit of measurement which determines how long shutter remains open as the picture is taken. The slower the shutter speed, the longer the exposure time. The shutter speed and aperture together control the total amount of light reaching the sensor.

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Shutter speed can have a dramatic impact on the appearance and quality of photographs, especially when moving objects are involved. ... Slow shutter speedcombined with panning the camera can achieve a motion blur for moving objects.

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Slow shutter speeds allow more light into the camera sensor and are used for low-light and night photography, while fast shutter speeds help to freeze motion. Examples of shutter speeds: 1/15 (1/15th of a second), 1/30, 1/60, 1/125. Aperture – a hole within a lens, through which light travels into the camera body.

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The average camera speed is usually 1/60. Speeds slower than this are hard to manage as they almost always lead to blurry photographs. The most common shutter speed settings available on cameras are usually 1/500, 1/250, 1/125, 1/60, 1/30, 1/15, 1/8 etc.

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Just as the aperture affects the exposure as well as the depth-of field, the shutter affects more than just the exposure. The shutter speed is also principally responsible for controlling the amount of blur in a picture.

Shutter speed is the length of time your camera shutter is open, exposing light onto the camera sensor. Essentially, it’s how long your camera spends taking a photo. This has a few important effects in how your images will appear.

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If the motion is slow, like someone waving his hand, you probably can freeze that motion with a 1/100th second shutter speed. But if the speed of the motion is fast, like someone swinging a baseball bat, you may need 1/1000th second to freeze the action.

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International Standards Organisation

What are ISO camera settings and what does ISO mean? ISO stands forInternational Standards Organisation. It refers to the industry norm for sensitivity of emulsion based film, with: 100 ISO being not so sensitive (and the standard ISO used by most people) to: 1600 ISO which is extremely sensitive to light.

ISO in Digital Photography. In Digital Photography ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The same principles apply as in film photography – the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain.

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The same principles apply as in film photography – the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain. Higher numbers mean your sensor becomes more sensitive to light which allows you to use your camera in darker situations.

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ISO speed is one of three things that determine photo quality. ... The ISO speedcontrols the sensitivity of the film or the sensor that absorbs the light. The higher theISO speed, the more sensitive the film or sensor is to light. The word ISO isn't exclusive to photography.

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ISO is one of three determining factors of the exposure of a photo, along with aperture and shutter speed. These two affect the lens and exposure time respectively, with the ISO affecting the sensor (or film). To be more specific, the ISOdetermines how well exposed a photo will be by changing the sensitivity.