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Phonology is the study of how sounds in language are organized and constructed in speech. A phonologist might study the way certain phonemes sound and are produced by the body to form words. An exampled of this might be when a parent is teaching their baby to say "momma" of "dadda." This parent might repeat the sound, "M, m, m" or "da, da, da" in order to say the word "momma" or "dadda." /M/ is an example of phoneme (p.153).

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Pragmatics is language appropriately depending on the context. This displays an understanding of culture and appropriate social skills. An example might be using professional language when talking to your boss.

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Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and phrases. Phrases we say might be structurally correct, or syntactically correct, but not semantically correct. I think of this as the reason we can understand what Yoda is saying even though his sentences are structured incorrectly according to english grammar.

Example: “Found someone, you have, I would say, hmmm?” Even though this sentence structure is not correct, we understand the semantics, or meaning, of the vocabulary he uses when he was talking to Luke. Therefore we can easily interpret the meaning of Yoda's sentence.

Michael Scott, however, does not usually understand the phrases he uses... and therefore often uses them out of context

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Syntax is the way words are structured to form sentences. This includes all those countless grammar rules we all learned throughout grade school. For example, the way Yoda speaks in Star Wars would not be syntactically correct in the english language. Rather than speaking subject, verb, object, Yoda speaks with the structure of object, subject, verb. Another example of something that wouldn't be correct in the english language would be the use of double negatives (p. 153).

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- Crying as an infant
- cooing at 2-4 months
- understanding words at 5 months
- babbling begins at 6 months
- language specific listener at 7 to 11 months
- using gestures at 8 to 12 months
- first spoken word at 13 months
- vocabulary spurt at 18 months
- two- word utterance at 18-24 months

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Morphology is the study of units in a word that are important to the word's meaning. This includes things like suffixes, prefixes, roots, stems, and other parts of the word. A morpheme is a unit of the word that can not be broken down into a smaller unit. A morpheme is important to the overall meaning of the word. An example could be the word "teacher." The two morphemes would be "teach" and "er." When the root word "teach," is combined with "er" this now changes the meaning of the word to "one who teaches" (p.153).