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KS3 Geography Learning Support - Spring 2020.
BLUE - YEAR 7
YELLOW - YEAR 8
Keep scrolling down!

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Topic learning journey:
+What is Geography?
+Population Geography
+Coastal Environments
+River Basins
+Dynamic Cities
+Geography of Brazil

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Geography is the study of the world around us. Geographer's study the interactions of people and places around them.

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The UK's population is set to exceed 70 million before the end of the next decade, according to the Office for National Statistics.

The UK population was estimated to stand at 65.6 million in 2016.

The ONS projections are now for a 3.6 million, or 5.5%, increase over the 10 years to 2026, with the 70m mark being passed in the middle of 2029.

This is two years later than the ONS's 2014 projection that the UK population would pass the 70m barrier in mid-2027.

The reason for the change is that since the 2014 study the assumption of net migration of 185,000 a year has been cut to 165,000 a year, while the expected number of children per woman has been cut from 1.89 to 1.84 - with growth in life expectancy trimmed for men from 84.3 to 83.4 and for women from 87.1 to 86.2.

Andrew Nash, of the ONS Population Projections Unit, said: "Over that period 54% of growth is projected to result directly from net international migration. The other 46% is because there will be more births than deaths."

Over the decade from mid-2016 projected growth in England's population is put at 5.9%, for Northern Ireland the figure is 4.2% while for Scotland and Wales the percentages are 3.2% and 3.1% respectively.

The figures, which do not take into account any Brexit impact, puts projected UK population growth between 2015 and 2040 at 16%, compared with 10% growth for France and 4% for Germany, while Italy's population is projected to see a slight decline.

The study also says that the numbers of people aged 85 and over with have doubled to from 1.6m in 2016 to 3.2m in 2041.

Analysis, by BBC Home Affairs Editor Mark Easton

The Brexit vote has made calculating the growth of the UK's population much more difficult. The level of net migration and, indeed, the potential emigration of young, fertile residents are dependent on the kind of post-Brexit agreement that emerges.

Nevertheless, the Office for National Statistics has had a stab at it and concluded that the UK population will not grow as fast as previously thought.

In 25 years' time, it believes there will be close to 73m people in the UK - some 2m fewer than they had thought before the EU referendum. Net migration will be lower and so will the fertility rate with fewer young foreign-born women coming to live in the UK.

They also expect a slower rate of increased life expectancy than previously assumed. The impact of Brexit is dependent on the kind of deal that emerges and what happens to the UK economy as a result. Those factors will affect the numbers who wish to come and wish to leave.

The ONS thinks, annually over the next 25 years, net migration will fall by about 20,000 compared with previous forecasts. But the uncertain nature of our politics makes these kind of projections fraught - particularly for those who use the data to make decisions about building roads and houses and transport infrastructure.

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UK population to pass 70m in 2029, ONS projections say

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The UK's population is set to exceed 70 million before the end of the next decade, according to the Office for National Statistics. The UK population was estimated to stand at 65.6 million in 2016. The ONS projections are now for a 3.6 million, or 5.5%, increase over the 10 years to 2026, with the 70m mark being passed in the middle of 2029.

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Coastal erosion has left some cliff-top homes in Hemsby, Norfolk uninhabitable.

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London's population will rise by one million in the next decade, it has been claimed.

Sustainability charity, Population Matters, warned transport, housing and health services could face crippling pressure as a result of the rise.

London is already home to over 8.5 million people - and that figure is growing rapidly.

Simon Ross, Chief Executive of Population Matters said: "Our vision is of a sustainable future with decent living standards, a healthy environment and a stable population size."

The campaign aims to promote "sustainable family size and mindful consumption" in order to reduce the impact on the planet.

The world's population currently stands at over 7 billion people and increases by over 10,000 people every hour.

The charity believes if the increasing global population follows the current trend there could be 10 billion people by 2050.

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London's population 'to rise by one million in next 10 years'

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London's population will rise by one million in the next decade, it has been claimed. Sustainability charity, Population Matters, warned transport, housing and health services could face crippling pressure as a result of the rise. London is already home to over 8.5 million people - and that figure is growing rapidly.

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Parts of the upper River Teme in north Herefordshire have completely dried out in the space of just a few days.

More than 500 salmon and trout have been rescued by the Environment Agency, which has worked on sections of the river for more than a week.

The agency said it was continuing to rescue fish on Thursday as further sections had dried out.
Midlands Live: Woman's body found in park; Hundreds of grass fires 'deliberately started'
Sections of the river's upper reaches are prone to drying out during hot weather and this happens on average about once every three years, the Environment Agency said.

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Parts of the upper River Teme in north Herefordshire have completely dried out in the space of just a few days. More than 500 salmon and trout have been rescued by the Environment Agency, which has worked on sections of the river for more than a week.

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Aerial film shows caravans on brink after landslip

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Only one of the caravans at the holiday park was in use at the time.

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As an early-evening rain begins to pour, a family of four peer through the fence at Rio's darkened Olympic park. Four months after the Games ended, there are few signs of life.

Leonardo Pasta, 40, an IT technician, and his family are Brazilian but live in Stoke-on-Trent, so their experience of the Games - like most people's - was confined to television. "I thought they were really good," Pasta says, as he leads his children into a new bus rapid transit (BRT) line station. "There is always the question of corruption, but they left a good image." His wife, Danielle Santos, who works in retail, agrees. "With all the worry we had before, the result was more positive than we expected," she says.

The mood before the games was so gloomy that Brazilians generally had low expectations; for many in Rio, the post-Olympic scenario is even darker. In the months before the Olympics began, an enormous graft scam at the state-run oil company, Petrobras, brought hundreds of thousands on to the streets to call for the impeachment of Brazil's president, Dilma Rousseff. Although not directly accused, she was ousted for breaking budget laws a week after the Games ended.

Related: After the party: Rio wakes up to an Olympic hangover

The state of Rio declared it was broke and was rescued with a R$2.9bn (£700m) government bailout. To add to that, there was the Zika epidemic, rising crime and Brazil's worst recession in decades. No wonder Brazilians were hoping things wouldn't deteriorate to the point that Rio would be shamed in front of the world.

In the end, the Olympics were a success - at least on television, and here in Barra de Tijuca, an upscale west Rio suburb of condominiums, malls and freeways, many saw them as a boon. Barra's Olympic hub benefited from a new metro line and BRT routes connecting it to the rest of the city. "The transport works really well," says Walfredo Heringer, 68, as security buzzes him into the gated condominium opposite the Olympic park, where he lives. "It improved the real-estate market."

But working-class Brazilians commuting from far-flung, lower-income areas to work in Barra say the Olympics brought them few tangible benefits. Vagner de Santana, 39, waiting for a bus outside the Olympic park, says the construction company he works for is so cash-strapped it hasn't paid his salary for two months, even though it worked on Olympic contracts. Brazil's chronic unemployment levels mean its workers are scared to quit, his colleague, Fabio Lobo, says. "That is why we have to accept it."

The Olympic legacy is also clouded by corruption allegations. Rio state's former governor Sérgio Cabral is in jail, accused of leading a gang that pocked R$217m in bribes on public works during his eight-year rule, including the renovation of Rio's Maracanã stadium, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held. The companies involved are also embroiled in the Petrobras scandal.

Cabral denies the charges. But the state government is running a R$17bn annual deficit, which his successor, Luiz de Souza, blames on falling oil tax revenues. De Souza is trying to introduce austerity measures that state employees, including firemen, police, teachers and prison guards, have angrily protested against.

On 6 December, these protests descended into violence when riot police fired rubber bullets, tear gas and percussion grenades at protesters threatening to invade the state assembly. Rio's city centre was turned into a riot zone as some protesters threw rocks and others burned barricades, vandalised an empty office block and torched a small digger.

"I have never seen anything like this," says David Sampaio, a police officer, who took part in the demonstration. Officers say the state's financial crisis has led to late salaries and shortages of everything from toilet paper to ammunition. Attacks on police bases installed in favelas - low-income, improvised communities - by armed drug gangs have increased. And with them, say some favela residents, so have police abuses.

"It is total chaos. [There is] war between police and drug gangs," says Eduardo Lima, a PE teacher who lives in Fallet, a favela in central Rio. "Unfortunately we are paying the price."

Following the murder of an Italian tourist in a neighbouring favela, five people were killed in a police operation in Fallet on 9 November. Fallet is near the Marina da Glória, where Olympic sailing races were held, and Santa Teresa, a district popular with tourists. But there are no resources for the sport classes Lima holds for children who idolise Brazilian gold medallists such as judoka Rafaela Silva and footballer Neymar. "They said they would leave a legacy. They left no legacy at all," he says.

Aside from the new transport links, Rio does have one other concrete legacy - a renovated port area with a tram service, where a waterfront walkway leads to the new Museum of Tomorrow and a pedestrianised square. This big, safe public space has proved hugely popular with all social classes.

On a sunny Saturday afternoon, Jonatan Silva and his young family take pictures in front of the new museum. They say that security, health and education are all precarious in the city, which has seen precious little Olympic benefit. "Just this here," Silva says. "The rest is all shit."

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As an early-evening rain begins to pour, a family of four peer through the fence at Rio's darkened Olympic park. Four months after the Games ended, there are few signs of life. Leonardo Pasta, 40, an IT technician, and his family are Brazilian but live in Stoke-on-Trent, so their experience of the Games - like most people's - was confined to television.

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By Cindi John
BBC News community affairs reporter

As the government sets out its ideas on moving forward with its sustainable communities plan at a summit in Manchester, groups with a stake in the process explain their visions of the government's latest buzzword.

PENNY SHEPHERD, LONDON SUSTAINABILITY EXCHANGE

A sustainable community is one that delivers a high quality of life, now and in the long-term, in a way that takes account of both the needs of everybody in the community but also their impact on the rest of the world.

Energy-efficient housing is a key part of the BedZED project

It means people having both the physical infrastructure - the homes, the public transport, the schools and so on - but also the means of having a social and economic infrastructure and access to green spaces.

But they should be developed in a way which, both in terms of their construction and how people live there, means that people are only using their fair share of the planet's resources.

For me a classic example of a successful sustainable community is the BedZED development in south London.

It is a small, mixed-use community that has been developed with very energy-efficient housing with access to social facilities, public transport and so on.

But it is a very small example, what we need to do now is scale it up in places like the Thames Gateway.

GRAHAM DUXBURY, GROUNDWORK

We have a vision as an organisation which is about communities which are cleaner, safer and greener and where people respect the local and global environment.

A sustainable community for us is something that connects together people, the places where they live and the prosperity of that locality.

Groundwork encourages people to improve their own environment

There are building blocks for sustainable communities all around. I think you can see elements in all sorts of different places.

There are lots of community projects going on, people have really bought into the message and feel that change is possible and within their own grasp.

Whether there's any single idealised version of a sustainable community that everybody's working towards, that's obviously a bit more debatable but there's certainly elements of it happening already.

The task is to try and connect more of these things together so that all of those agencies and organisations whose job is to fund this work.

ANDREW SHIPLEY, DISABILITY RIGHTS COMMISSION

What we see as fundamental to a sustainable community would be what we term an "inclusive community"; that is one where disabled people within that community have easy access to essential services and equal opportunities for employment.

Homes designed to the "Lifetime" standard are wheelchair-accessible

We support the principle of "lifetime homes" which is housing designed to be easily adapted as people's needs change. That in itself will reduce the demand on resources because they'll require less materials and land to adapt the property.
So, for example, if the entrance is level than you don't need to take up more space by having to build a ramp to gain wheelchair access to it.

The Mayor of London's plan actually specifies that all new housing should be designed to the "lifetime" standard. And the government is committed to review building regulations which would perhaps see the introduction of the "lifetime" standard but that is some time away yet.

It could be achievable, it's just a case of greater priority being placed on the concept of community and the necessity of infrastructure and housing being available to everyone within that community.

There is a housing crisis at the moment where 300,000 disabled households are looking for somewhere to live and there isn't really much in the pipeline that will address that.

HENRY OLIVER, CAMPAIGN TO PROTECT RURAL ENGLAND

A sustainable community manages to meet people's needs for housing and employment and services as well as other things which go towards the quality of life like culture and films and recreation.

But it does so in a way which minimises the impact on the environment particularly long-term.

It should be trying to make sure that town and country are completely distinguishable in that you don't have urban sprawl into the countryside.

But it should be inter-related so that people who live in urban areas can see and enjoy and use the countryside

I don't think there's anywhere you could point to and say 'this is the perfect sustainable community'.

One of the problems with this is that the government talks about sustainable communities sometimes as though they are going to be created 'ex nihilo'. But most of the places where the vast majority of people live and will continue to live for the next century are already here, with us.

So it's just as much about managing the existing places we have as it is about creating new ones.

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BBC NEWS | UK | 'My ideal sustainable community'

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By Cindi John BBC News community affairs reporter As the government sets out its ideas on moving forward with its sustainable communities plan at a summit in Manchester, groups with a stake in the process explain their visions of the government's latest buzzword.

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Everything you need to know about planet Earth!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGXi_9A__Vc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F14cbBNdGJs

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Topic learning journey:
+Natural Environments
+Environmental Issues
+Wild Weather
+Hazardous Earth
+Global Development
+Challenges of Urbanisation

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Barack Obama has warned Americans to take Hurricane Sandy seriously as authorities started shutting down the eastern seaboard ahead of its arrival.

Several states have declared emergencies, with tens of millions of people affected as schools are closed and transport services suspended.

Experts fear Sandy may become a super-storm when it makes landfall later.

Some election rallies have been called off, with Mr Obama warning affected citizens to take precautions.

International travel has been badly affected. Air France, British Airways and Virgin Atlantic grounded Monday's transatlantic flights to and from East Coast cities, including New York, Baltimore, Newark, Washington DC, Boston and Philadelphia.

Sandy has already killed 60 people as it swept through the Caribbean during the past week.

At 05:00 EDT (09:00 GMT), the storm was swirling about 385 miles (615km) south-east of New York City, according to the National Hurricane Center.

Worryingly, forecasters said its maximum sustained winds had increased to 85mph (140km/h) from 75mph recorded hours earlier.

Hurricane Sandy, dubbed "Frankenstorm", is expected to bring a "life-threatening" surge flood to the mid-Atlantic coast, including Long Island Sound and New York Harbour.

The winds are expected to strengthen when Sandy makes landfall anywhere between Virginia and southern New England on Monday.

It is expected to collide with a wintry storm from the west and a cold front from the north.

Sandy is some 520 miles (835km) across. It is also very slow, moving north-east at just 15mph, and could linger over as many as 12 states for 24-36 hours, bringing up to 25cm of rain, 60cm of snow, extreme storm surges and power cuts.

States of emergency have been declared in Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington DC and parts of North Carolina.

This gives Barack Obama a chance to appear above politics and to look presidential - but any failure would be magnified, and problems tend to get blamed on the president

The two presidential election contenders have modified their campaign engagements, with Mitt Romney pulling out of an event in Virginia and Mr Obama cancelling rallies in Virginia and Colorado.

The president has pulled out of a Monday event in Ohio - considered a key swing state - in order to return to Washington to monitor the storm - although he is still set to attend a rally with former President Bill Clinton in Florida earlier in the day.

Visiting the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema) in Washington on Sunday, Mr Obama vowed his government would "respond big and respond fast" after Sandy had passed.

Liberty delayed

Amtrak has started suspending passenger train services across the north-eastern US and air travel has been badly hit, with some 6,800 flights cancelled.

New York City's subway, bus and train services were suspended from 19:00 (23:00 GMT) on Sunday, and schools will be shut on Monday.

With predicted storm surges of up to 11ft, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg ordered 375,000 people in the city's vulnerable low-lying areas to leave their homes.

Evacuation shelters have been set up at 76 public schools.

"If you don't evacuate you're not just putting your own life in danger, you are also endangering lives of our first responders who would have to rescue you," he said.

The Statue of Liberty was reopened on Sunday after a year of renovation, but only a group of army cadets got a tour before it was shut again until at least Wednesday.

Some 200 National Guardsmen will patrol Manhattan and 300 more will be deployed in Long Island.

The New York Stock Exchange will be fully closed on Monday, its operator said, and possibly on Tuesday as well.

It had earlier said electronic transactions would be possible but on Sunday announced it was closing fully because "the dangerous conditions developing as a result of Hurricane Sandy will make it extremely difficult to ensure the safety of our people and communities".

Similar precautions were taken last year as Hurricane Irene approached the East Coast. It killed more than 40 people from North Carolina to Maine and caused an estimated $10bn (£6bn) worth of damage.

'Get out'

Fema has warned that the threat extends well inland, and has issued safety tips on how to cope with the hurricane.

Romney's enforced absence from the Atlantic coast has been turned by his team to his best advantage

Blustery winds were already being felt in New York on Sunday night and the anxiety felt on the streets indicated that residents were taking city orders seriously and with haste, says the BBC's Matt Danzico in Manhattan.

In New Jersey, Governor Chris Christie confirmed a swathe of mandatory evacuations, told civil servants to stay at home on Monday and said the casinos in Atlantic City had closed.

"The weather will turn ugly [on Monday] and we want everyone off the roads," he said.

"Don't be stupid. Get out. Don't try to be a hero and act as if nothing is going on here."

New Jersey authorities expect very significant flooding, with three increasingly high tides on Monday, possibly creating surges of 13-14ft - the worst since 1903, authorities said.

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Barack Obama has warned Americans to take Hurricane Sandy seriously as authorities started shutting down the eastern seaboard ahead of its arrival. Several states have declared emergencies, with tens of millions of people affected as schools are closed and transport services suspended. Experts fear Sandy may become a super-storm when it makes landfall later.

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"Made in Morocco" says the label on the pink Zara shirt dress.

While this may be where the garment was finally sewn together, it has already been to several other countries.

In fact, it's quite possible this piece of clothing is better travelled than you. If it was human, it would have certainly journeyed far enough to have earned itself some decent air miles.

The material used to create it came from lyocell - a sustainable alternative to cotton. The trees used to make this fibre come mainly from Europe, according to Lenzing, the Austrian supplier that Zara-owner Inditex uses.

These fibres were shipped to Egypt, where they were spun into yarn. This yarn was then sent to China where it was woven into a fabric. This fabric was then sent to Spain where it was dyed, in this case pink. The fabric was then shipped to Morocco to be cut into the various parts of the dress and then sewn together.

After this, it was sent back to Spain where it was packaged and then sent to the UK, the US or any one of the 93 countries where Inditex has shops.

From dresses to t-shirts and trousers, most items of clothing sold around the world will have had similarly complicated journeys.

In fact, they're likely to be even more convoluted.

Most Inditex garments are made close to its Spanish headquarters or in nearby countries such as Portugal, Morocco and Turkey.

This is what helps the firm achieve its famously fast reaction times to new trends.

Most of its rivals' supply chains are far less local.

Regardless of where they're based, most factories are not owned by the fashion brands that use them. Instead, they're selected as official suppliers. Often these suppliers subcontract work to other factories for certain tasks, or in order to meet tight deadlines.

This system can make tracking the specific origins of a single item difficult. I contacted several big clothing brands including H&M, Marks and Spencer, Gap and Arcadia Group last week to give me a sample example of the journey of a t-shirt in their basic range from seed to finished product.

Only Inditex was able to respond in time to meet the deadline for this article.

"I imagine companies don't want to respond because they have no clue where the materials they buy come from," says Tim Hunt, a researcher at Ethical Consumer, which researches the social, ethical and environmental behaviour of firms.

The difficulties were highlighted devastatingly by the 2013 Rana Plaza disaster where more than 1,100 people were killed and 2,500 injured when the Bangladesh garment factory collapsed.

In some cases, brands weren't even aware their clothes were being produced there.

According to the "Behind the Barcode" report by Christian Aid and development organisation Baptist World Aid Australia, only 16% of the 87 biggest fashion brands publish a full list of the factories where their clothes are sewn, and less than a fifth of brands know where all of their zips, buttons, thread and fabric come from.

Non-profit group Fashion Revolution, formed after the Rana Plaza factory collapse, is leading a campaign to try to force firms to be more transparent about their supply chains.

Every year, around the time of the disaster it runs a #whomademyclothes campaign encouraging customers to push firms on this issue.

Fashion Revolution co-founder and creative director Orsola de Castro says the mass production demands of the fashion industry and the tight timescales required to get products from the catwalks on to the shelves as quickly as possible means the manufacturing processes have become "very, very chaotic".

"The amount of manpower which goes into the production of a t-shirt - even at the sewing level, it goes through so many different hands. On their standard products most brands wouldn't know the journey from seed to store," she says.

While newer and smaller fashion brands are creating products with 100% traceability, she says it's a lot harder for the established giants.

"It's a big and complex issue to turn around and would require a massive shift in attitude."

Yet just over a decade ago, Pietra Rivoli had no problems tracking the journey of a single $6 cotton t-shirt she'd picked out of a sale bin in a Walmart in Florida.

Starting with the tag at the back of the t-shirt, she tracked its journey backwards from the US "step by step along the supply chain".

"A shoe leather project," is how Prof Rivoli describes her journey, which resulted in a book, The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy.

As a teacher of finance and international business at Georgetown University in Washington, Prof Rivoli wanted to investigate her assumption that free trade benefited all countries.

Her travels took her from the cotton-growing region of Lubbock in Texas to China, where the t-shirt was sewn together. Eventually, she ended up in Tanzania on the east coast of Africa, which has a thriving second-hand clothing market.

Her assumption was that the complicated supply chain was driven by cost and market forces.

She concluded that a lot of brands' decisions about where to buy supplies and make their clothing was actually driven by politics. She cites US agricultural subsidies for cotton growers and China's migration policies encouraging workers to move from the countryside as examples.

"Rather than a story of how people were competing - how do I make a faster T-shirt, a better T-shirt, a cheaper T-shirt - what I found is that the story of the T-shirt and why its life turned out the way it did was really about how people were using political power," she says.

The current backlash against global trade is a direct result of this kind of political interference, she believes.

This kind of consumer anger could eventually drive change among fashion firms, she says. Prof Rivoli notes that many firms now list all their direct suppliers and she says there is a move towards developing fewer, longer term supplier relationships.

"There might be a little less hopping around," she laughs.

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Has this dress been to more countries than you?

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"Made in Morocco" says the label on the pink Zara shirt dress. While this may be where the garment was finally sewn together, it has already been to several other countries. In fact, it's quite possible this piece of clothing is better travelled than you.

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Four Spheres Part 1 (Geo and Bio): Crash Course Kids #6.1

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Many countries around the world will face severe water shortages by 2040, according to a new report by the World Resource Institute.

As climate change takes hold around the world, water will become even more scarce in dry areas - while wet areas become even wetter.

The report's authors found 33 countries that would face "extremely high water stress" by 2040.

14 of these were in the Middle East - nine of which had a maximum score of five. These were Bahrain, Kuwait, Palestine, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Lebanon.

These countries, it says, are among the least water-secure in the world. They mainly rely on groundwater withwaters and desalinated seawater - while Saudi Arabia is planning on surviving almost entirely on imported wheat by 2016, due to fears over its water supply.

Top 10 most water-stressed countries by 2040

Others countries most likely to face "severe and continuous water shortages" by 2040 include Spain and Chile.

The report said that, while Chile currently experiences medium water stress, it will have extremely high water stress in 2040.

This is due to a reduction in the water supply caused by rising temperatures and shifting rain patterns.

The UN has already warned that, by 2030, half of the world's population will face water shortages.

Now, the WRI has claimed that many densely populated areas are under threat of serious water stress - potentially leading to thirst, strife and civil unrest.

It calculates its water stress score by calculating the ratio of local water withdrawals over renewable supply.

Demand is based on population growth or economic growth, while supply is influenced on climate change and rainfall.

Between 2020 and 2040, Botswana, Estonia and Albania are expected to see the biggest increases in water shortages.

Such surges are due to place unprecented levels of pressure on their industrial, domestic and agricultural sectors.

Other countries - including Taiwan, Eritrea and Madagascar - will see their water stress fall.

The countries facing the biggest drop in water security between 2020 and 2040

The report's authors conclude: "Extremely high water stress creates an environment in which companies, farms and residents are highly dependent on limited amounts of water and vulnerable to the slightest change in supply. Such situations severely threaten national water security and economic growth.

They call on governments to "bring forward strong national climate action plans and support a strong international climate agreement".

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which countries will have water shortages

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which country is most likely to experience drought

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Mapped: The countries that will face the biggest water shortages by 2040

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Many countries around the world will face severe water shortages by 2040, according to a new report by the World Resource Institute. As climate change takes hold around the world, water will become even more scarce in dry areas - while wet areas become even wetter.

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The eruption of the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii has destroyed a total of 35 structures - mostly homes - and is threatening hundreds more.

Nearly 2,000 people have so far been evacuated. Some residents were allowed home to rescue pets, but authorities said it was not safe to stay.

New fissures and vents opened overnight in the Leilani Estates area, where lava leapt up to 230ft (70m) into the air.

The island was hit by a powerful 6.9 magnitude earthquake on Friday.

"When I evacuated on Thursday, I pretty much said goodbye because I have lived here a long time and seen what the lava does," local resident Ikaika Marzo told the BBC.

"I think it's just important for everybody just to be realistic."

Brenton Awa, another resident, said: "Knowing that these pets are still in cages, or in fences, or in chains without food makes my heart sore a little bit.

"That's one of the reasons we went in to feed some of the pets. It is just sad."

Kilauea is one of the world's most active volcanoes and has been in constant eruption for 35 years.

More than $35,000 (£26,000) has been raised for a primary school teacher who has "lost everything" in the Leilani Estates lava flow.

Amber Makuakane, a single mother-of-two evacuated on Friday carrying rubbish bags full of clothing and important documents, according to the fundraiser set up by her colleagues at Pahoa Elementary School.

"We are asking for donations to help her rebuild. If you know Amber, you know that she has the biggest heart and is always willing to help," the page said.

"She is not one who will ask for help, but we feel that she needs our support in this tragic time."

The Hawaii State Teachers Association confirmed her employment, and said a lava fissure opened up directly below her home, where she had lived for nine years.

"I honestly don't know where to begin or what to say, other than... MAHALO! MAHALO MAHALO!," Ms Makuakane said on GoFundMe, using a Hawaiian word meaning thanks.

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The eruption of the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii has destroyed a total of 35 structures - mostly homes - and is threatening hundreds more. Nearly 2,000 people have so far been evacuated. Some residents were allowed home to rescue pets, but authorities said it was not safe to stay.

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Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano - Behind the News

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Our population is growing

There are now more than 7,500,000,000 people on planet Earth. ( UN)

It took until the early 1800s for the world population to reach one billion. Now we add a billion every 12-15 years. ( UN)
The UN estimates a population of nearly 9.8bn by 2050 - 30% higher than it is today. It also projects a possible population of 11bn by then, at which rate our numbers could reach 16bn by 2100. (UN)
(For more information about global population, visit the Our numbers page.)

10,000 years ago, humans made up 1% of the weight of vertebrate land animals: the rest were all wild. Today, wild animals make up just 1%. The other 99% is humans, our farmed animals and our pets. ( Vaclav Smil)

The Earth cannot provide for us all

The natural world is paying the price

Solutions

A little less makes a lot of difference

The UN's projections are estimates based on assumptions. It also calculates that if, on average, there is just half-a-child less per family in the future than it has assumed, there will be one billion fewer of us by 2050 than it expects - and four billion fewer by the end of the century (within the lifetimes of many children born today). Billions less mouths to feed, land to use and greenhouse gases to be produced.

We can bring birth rates down

Countries have had dramatic success in reducing their birth rates. Thailand, for instance, reduced its fertility rate by more than a third in just two generations with a targeted, creative and ethical family planning programme.

One less rich person helps slows the warming of the planet

Because consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are so much greater in the developed world, fewer people being born there has a far greater effect on global warming than many people not being born in poorer countries.

Choosing a smaller family is the most effective way of cutting your carbon emissions

A study by the Universities of Lund and British Columbia in 2017 found that not having a child was 25-times more effective in reducing a person's carbon footprint than any other measure an individual in the developed world can take.

Smaller families help countries escape poverty

Individuals, communities and nations can be trapped in a cycle of poverty by the need to provide for large numbers of children and a growing population. Marie Stopes International has calculated that with a five per cent increase in the number of women with access to contraception, a small country in sub-Saharan Africa could expect an increase in GDP per capita of 35 per cent.

Family planning is a great investment of overseas aid

Approximately 200 million women worldwide have an unmet need for contraception. When people are able to control and reduce the number of children they have, that reduces the demand for other services, such as health, education and sanitation. An international expert panel calculated that $1 of overseas aid spent on family planning in a developing country can be "worth" $120 of other aid.

Smaller families save lives

In countries with high levels of maternal and child illness, spacing children (which helps to reduce overall family size) is a vital health protection measure. A child in Kenya born 36 months after the last child is a third less likely to die than one born 18 months after.

Women's empowerment reduces family size

Where women and girls have economic empowerment, education and freedom, they choose to have smaller families. African women with no education have, on average, 5.4 children; women who have completed secondary school have 2.7 and those who have a college education have 2.2. When family sizes are smaller, that also empowers women to gain education, take work and improve their economic opportunities.

Learn more about the solutions to population growth

See the Key Facts about UK population

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Key Facts | Population Matters - for a sustainable future

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Did you know there are more than 7,500,000,000 people living on planet Earth? This number keeps on growing with an additional billion people being added every 20-15 years. The UN estimates that if there is just half a child less per family, there will be a billion fewer humans by 2050.

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Antarctica is shedding ice at an accelerating rate.

Satellites monitoring the state of the White Continent indicate some 200 billion tonnes a year are now being lost to the ocean as a result of melting.

This is pushing up global sea levels by 0.6mm annually - a three-fold increase since 2012 when the last such assessment was undertaken.

Scientists report the new numbers in the journal Nature.

Governments will need to take account of the information and its accelerating trend as they plan future defences to protect low-lying coastal communities.

The researchers say the losses are occurring predominantly in the West of the continent, where warm waters are getting under and melting the fronts of glaciers that terminate in the ocean.

"We can't say when it started - we didn't collect measurements in the sea back then," explained Prof Andrew Shepherd, who leads the Ice sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (Imbie).

"But what we can say is that it's too warm for Antarctica today. It's about half a degree Celsius warmer than the continent can withstand and it's melting about five metres of ice from its base each year, and that's what's triggering the sea-level contribution that we're seeing," he told BBC News.

Space agencies have been flying satellites over Antarctica since the early 1990s. Europe, in particular, has an unbroken observation record going back to 1992.

These spacecraft can tell how much ice is present by measuring changes in the height of the ice sheet and the speed at which it moves towards the sea. Specific missions also have the ability to weigh the ice sheet by sensing changes in the pull of gravity as they pass overhead.

Imbie's job has been to condense all this information into a single narrative that best describes what is happening on the White Continent.

Glaciologists usually talk of three distinct regions because they behave slightly differently from each other. In West Antarctica, which is dominated by those marine-terminating glaciers, the assessed losses have climbed from 53 billion to 159 billion tonnes per year over the full period from 1992 to 2017.

On the Antarctic Peninsula, the finger of land that points up to South America, the losses have risen from seven billion to 33 billion tonnes annually. This is largely, say scientists, because the floating ice platforms sitting in front of some glaciers have collapsed, allowing the ice behind to flow faster.

East Antarctica, the greater part of the continent, is the only region to have shown some growth. Much of this region essentially sits out of the ocean and collects its snows over time and is not subject to the same melting forces seen elsewhere. But the gains are likely quite small, running at about five billion tonnes per year.

And the Imbie team stresses that the growth cannot counterbalance what is happening in the West and on the Peninsula. Indeed, it is probable that an unusually big dump of snow in the East just before the last assessment in 2012 made Antarctica as a whole look less negative than the reality.

Globally, sea levels are rising by about 3mm a year. This figure is driven by several factors, including the expansion of the oceans as they warm. But what is clear from the latest Imbie assessment is that Antarctica is becoming a significant player.

"A three-fold increase now puts Antarctica in the frame as one of the largest contributors to sea-level rise," said Prof Shepherd, who is affiliated to Leeds University, UK.

"The last time we looked at the polar ice sheets, Greenland was the dominant contributor. That's no longer the case."

In total, Antarctica has shed some 2.7 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, corresponding to an increase in global sea level of more than 7.5mm.

The latest edition of the journal Nature has a number of studies looking at the state of the continent and how it might change in a warming world.

One of these papers, led by US and German scientists, examines the possible reaction of the bedrock as the great mass of ice above it thins. It should lift up - something scientists call isostatic readjustment.

New evidence suggests where this process has occurred in the past, it can actually constrain ice losses - as the land rises, it snags on the floating fronts of marine-terminating glaciers.

"It's like applying the brakes on a bike," said Dr Pippa Whitehouse from Durham University. "Friction on the bottom of the ice, which was floating but has now grounded again, slows everything and changes the whole dynamic upstream. We do think the rebound (in the future) will be fast, but not fast enough to stop the retreat we've kicked off with today's warming.

"Ocean warming is going to make the ice too thin for this process to help."

In Imbie's last assessment, the contribution of Antarctica to global sea-levels was considered to be tracking at the lower end of the projections that computer simulations had made of the possible height of the oceans at the end of the century. The new assessment sees the contribution track the upper end of these projections.

"At the moment, we have projections going through to 2100, which is sort of on a lifetime of what we can envisage, and actually the sea-level rise we will see is 50/60cm," said Dr Whitehouse. "And that is not only going to impact people who live close to the coast, but actually when we have storms - the repeat time of major storms and flooding events is going to be exacerbated," she told BBC News.

Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos

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Antarctica is shedding ice at an accelerating rate. Satellites monitoring the state of the White Continent indicate some 200 billion tonnes a year are now being lost to the ocean as a result of melting. This is pushing up global sea levels by 0.6mm annually - a three-fold increase since 2012 when the last such assessment was undertaken.

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5 Human Impacts on the Environment: Crash Course Ecology #10

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At KS3 you will have a 'taster' of fieldwork in Geography. During Geography GCSE you will complete two geographical investigations.

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General Advice - FSC Geography Fieldwork

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Geographical investigations. GCSE Geography. This section gives general advice about fieldwork in GCSE Geography.

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Enhance your understanding by reading the news articles based on real life events from each topic of your learning journey.
Summarise your learning by creating a news synopsis. Include the following information in your synopsis:
* Describe the location and general human and physical characteristics of the place in the news article
* Explain what is happening by providing reasons for the events shown in the news article
* Make predictions by suggesting how the place may change in the future, try to give reasons for these changes
Show your work to your Geography teacher when you're next in Geography, alternatively email your work to your teacher
teachersschoolcode @woodlandsschool.essex.sch.uk

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The following websites will help your geographical understanding. Your teacher may direct you to these websites during your Year 7 and 8 learning journey to help you prepare for assessments. During home learning, you may find some time to check out these websites! Be a great Geographer!
https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography/geographical_enquiry/geographical_skills/revision/6/
https://kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/
https://www.bbc.com/education/subjects/zrw76sg
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/ks3/index.html
https://www.3dgeography.co.uk/define-geography
https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/
http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ks3_geography.htm

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Young people like you, tell us they worry about things like bullying, friendships, feeling safe at home, and more. We help you by listening to these worries and finding ways together, to manage them. We can share ideas about what you can do to feel better and braver.

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Young people like you, tell us they worry about things like bullying, friendships, feeling safe at home, and more. We help you by listening to these worries and finding ways together, to manage them. We can share ideas about what you can do to feel better and braver.

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Choosing your options? Check out the GCSE syllabus followed by the Geography Department at Woodlands.....

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Enhance your learning by watching the film clips based on your current topic of work in your Geography lessons.
Summarise your learning by creating your own flashcard for each topic of the KS3 learning journey. Include the following:
* Writing three key points and concepts shown in the film(s)
* Create two pictures to represent your learning from watching the film(s)
* Think of one word that represents what the film(s) is about
Show your work to your Geography teacher when you are next in your Geography lesson.

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As a suggestion, here are some books you may want to SEARCH OUT. It is not compulsory for you to purchase these books.
https://global.oup.com/education/content/secondary/series/geog-123-fourth-edition/?region=uk
https://global.oup.com/education/content/secondary/series/nelson-key-geography/?region=uk
https://www.educationumbrella.com/gcse-9-1-geography-specification-b-investigating-geographical-issues/9781446927762/2/1?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI_auAk8C63AIVCrvtCh3kNwiTEAQYAiABEgKqZvD_BwE
https://www.educationumbrella.com/gcse-geography-edexcel-b-student-book/9780198366577/2/1?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI-POnt8C63AIVxLHtCh2dAAiVEAQYBSABEgJqDfD_BwE
https://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2/258-2146542-8161834?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=geography+gcse+textbook+edexcel+b&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Ageography+gcse+textbook+edexcel+b

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The following weblinks are recent news events linked to Geography

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jul/24/why-is-europe-going-through-a-heatwave
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/27/heatwave-made-more-than-twice-as-likely-by-climate-change-scientists-find
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/swedens-highest-point-set-to-lose-title-as-glacier-melts
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/04/seven-things-to-know-about-climate-change/
https://bbc.in/2OTRhxU