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1 Dopisz wyrażenia typu nieprawdaż do poniższych zdań. (15 punktów)

1. You've got my English textbook, __________________________?

2. They haven't arrived yet, ____________________________?

3. She speaks Spanish very well, ____________________________?

4. You didn't call yesterday, ____________________________?

5. He can use this program, ____________________________?

6. You were having a party last night, ____________________________?

7. They will agree, ____________________________?

8. She isn't going to stay long, ____________________________?

9. We've been here before, ____________________________?

10. They don't know about this place, ____________________________?

11. She borrowed it last week, ____________________________?

12. It's very cold today, ____________________________?

13. You can't answer this question, ____________________________?

14. They won't be angry with us, ____________________________?

15. She was quite scared, ____________________________?

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Task 1. Rewrite questions in indirect speech:                                                           1. When can I start?               Can you tell me.....                                                       2. Is any experience necessary?          I'd like to know....                                            3. Is this work part-time?         I'd be interested to know ......                           4. What time do you open?        I wonder .....                                                      5.When does the job start?                Could you tell me...                                        6. Are we required to wear smart clothes?       Do you know ...                      7. How long does it take to get to work?      I'd like to know ....                 8. Is there a canteen in the main building?        Have you got any idea 

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Task 1. Rewrite questions in indirect speech:                                                           1. When can I start?               Can you tell me.....                                                       2. Is any experience necessary?          I'd like to know....                                            3. Is this work part-time?         I'd be interested to know ......                           4. What time do you open?        I wonder .....                                                      5.When does the job start?                Could you tell me...                                        6. Are we required to wear smart clothes?       Do you know ...                      7. How long does it take to get to work?      I'd like to know ....                 8. Is there a canteen in the main building?        Have you got any idea 

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Task 2. Find and correct a mistake in each sentence:

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Task 2. Find and correct a mistake in each sentence:

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1. I wonder how much will I earn in this job.
2. My boss would like to know where did I learn to speak English.
3. Could you tell me where is Reception?
4. I was wondering what are you working on now.
5. I have no idea why aren't we allowed to leave earlier.
6. Do you happen to know can we drink coffee at the desk.
7. I'd like to know how many times have you changed jobs.

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1. Zapytaj o godziny pracy.
2. Zapytaj o nazwisko szefa.
3. zapytaj o przerwę na lunch.
4. Dowiedz się o wysokość pensji.
5. Dowiedz się jakie kwalifikacje są wymagane.
6. Zapytaj rozmówcę czy jest na diecie.
7. Dowiedz się jak dotrzeć na dworzec kolejowy.

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the link to the BBC article

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Malnourished, sanctimonious, hemp-clad, sandal-wearing, bearded, animal-cuddling, lentil-munching hippies. This has been the image of vegans for a long time, but a new generation is challenging the stereotypes. How has social media taken such a maligned movement and helped make 2017 the year veganism went mainstream?

It's the word that has launched millions upon millions of hashtagged Instagram photos - vegan.

Yet there were just a few people present when woodwork teacher Donald Watson, a member of the Leicester Vegetarian Society, called a meeting in 1944 and settled on the term.

They took the first three and last two letters of "vegetarian" to make "veg-an" because it marked, in Mr Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian".

If they had opted for one of the other suggestions then countless Instagrammers could now be hashtagging their photos with #benevore #vitan #dairyban #sanivore or #beaumangeur.

Others had abstained from eating and using animal products before the term vegan was coined, but giving the movement a name and founding the Vegan Society helped it to spread.

Back then, decades before the invention of home computers, Mr Watson produced newsletters called "Vegan News", laboriously running pages through a duplicating machine by hand and stapling them together.

He told an interviewer: "I'd limited the number of people, who subscribed their five shillings a year, to 500, because I couldn't cope with a bigger number."

What impact has the internet had?

Now, of course, vegans like Monami Frost can reach thousands and even millions of people in a few seconds, by uploading a photo or video from their phone.

"I started my YouTube channel as just another way to connect more with the people that follow me," says the 23-year-old, who already had a popular Instagram account before she became a YouTuber.

"I always wanted to show that I am just like everyone else, just a young mum that loves tattoos, loves her family, loves her vegan lifestyle and wants to share that with everyone and share some cooking videos."

Monami has 1.4 million followers on Instagram and more than 570,000 subscribers on YouTube. Her most popular video about veganism features her daughter Gabriela talking about what she eats in a day and has attracted more than 800,000 views.

She is originally from Riga in Latvia but moved to Liverpool when she was 16, and has been rated as the second most influential vegan creator in the UK by Tubular, which analyses data about videos posted on social media platforms.

Every day she gets messages from people telling her how she inspired them to go vegan, or people walking up to her in the street.

"It is just mind blowing for me, that I have helped someone change their life and at the same time save so many animals' lives," she says.

In the past, vegans abstained from animal products mainly for ethical reasons but people are increasingly making the switch for health reasons, including many vegan athletes.

Monami admits that she too was motivated by health when she and her husband became vegan almost four years ago.

"We were really concentrating on eating only plant-based whole foods and making everything from scratch," she says.

"Right after a week or two we noticed so many positive changes."

However, as they did more research into animal agriculture they became "ethical vegans".

"Once we learned more about what animals go through then we realised how important it is to fight for the animals and educate some people and help them open their eyes to the reality," she says.

"Now I can say that I am vegan for the animals. I am trying to be the voice for the voiceless."

Who watches vegan videos on YouTube?

Monami's gender and age reflect the typical audience that engages with vegan content on YouTube - namely young women.

"The core audience on YouTube engaging with vegan content are women aged 18-26, making up 36% of all engagements globally," says Denis Crushell, vice president of Europe for Tubular.

"Audiences who watch veganism videos also tend to watch videos related to health, nutrition, dieting and fitness as well as channels which publish food and drink, beauty and entertainment content."

Monami is also typical of influential vegan YouTubers in that her channel is not just about veganism.

"Many of the most influential vegan creators don't create content solely about veganism - they have built a large audience from publishing other types of content," says Mr Crushell.

"For example, robinbirrell mostly publishes entertainment content."

The US is the biggest consumer of veganism content but the UK also has a large vegan audience. In the past 90 days on YouTube, 6% of all veganism content globally was consumed by audiences located in the UK.

Is veganism growing in real life?

The Vegan Society thinks the rise of veganism online is mirrored in the real world, and describes veganism as "the fastest growing lifestyle movement".

In 2016 it commissioned research by Ipsos Mori which suggested there were at least 542,000 people - or 1.05% of the 15 and over population in England, Scotland and Wales - following a vegan diet.

Ten years before the estimated number of vegans was just 150,000.

Close to half - 42% - of all vegans were in the 15-34 age category, compared to just 14% of people who were over 65, so the Vegan Society predicts veganism will continue to grow in future as it continues to be adopted by younger generations.

"We did a survey where we asked people about their perceptions of veganism and found that non-vegans actually often said that they admired vegans," says Samantha Calvert from the Vegan Society.

"That wouldn't have been the case 20 or 30 years ago. People would have described vegans as extreme and unnecessary. 'Taking it too far' would have been the expression.

"Now we're a group of people that people feel are something to admire and I think there's been a cultural shift in that sense."

She believes celebrities like Beyoncé and Jay Z - who have dabbled with plant-based diets - and Miley Cyrus - who has the Vegan Society's trademark tattooed on her left arm - helped kickstart this change in perception.

"It was suddenly being associated with the celebrities, with the successful people, with the beautiful people," she says.

"There are other things that are also having an impact as well. The availability of more vegan food in restaurants, the fact that food is more clearly labelled, all the beautiful photographs of vegan food on Instagram.

"A lot of young people are very aware of environmental issues and are making the change for that reason. I think people are more aware there are so many reasons to be vegan now."

Veganism as a new year resolution

January is traditionally a time for new beginnings and resolutions and the Veganuary campaign taps into this.

It challenges people to try veganism for one month in the hope they will either give up or reduce their consumption of animal products permanently once January is over.

The idea was thought up by vegan couple Jane Land and Matthew Glover in autumn 2013, while having a wine-fuelled discussion about Movember and how a similar campaign could reduce animal suffering.

Jane thought Matthew was slurring his words when he said "Ve-gan-u-ary".

"Maybe he was," says Jane, "but it actually made sense."

Within a couple of months they had created the brand and a website, and 3,300 people signed up for Veganuary 2014.

By 2017 this had grown to 59,500, and due to "the number of vegans rising exponentially" Jane expects 150,000 people to participate in Veganuary 2018.

Surprisingly, Veganuary survey results suggest that many meat eaters are converting straight to veganism, whereas in the past, vegetarianism was the traditional route into veganism.

Of the 59,500 people who signed up for 2017, the majority - 44% - were meat eaters, while 38% were vegetarian and 18% were pescetarian.

At the end of the month, 77% said they had eaten only vegan food in January, and 67% said they intended to stay vegan.

"We know that people who change a behaviour for a month find it easier to change habits in the long term," says Matthew.

"January seemed like the logical choice for us, with people committing to new year's resolutions and wanting to improve their lives and help others."

Is it easier to be vegan now?

More vegans means more demand for vegan products in shops and restaurants.

In the past, vegans had to turn to smaller, specialist and often independent businesses, but now big companies are supplying the demand too.

2017 was the year that Pizza Express introduced a vegan mozzarella alternative on its menu, Ben and Jerry's brought its range of non-dairy ice cream to the UK and even Bailey's introduced a vegan-friendly variety made from almond milk.

"Having been vegan for coming up to 20 years, I can tell you I feel as though I'm living in some futuristic dreamscape as far as availability of vegan products goes," says Sean O'Callaghan, also known as blogger Fat Gay Vegan.

"The most noticeable change would definitely be the extreme commodification of veganism by major retailers who have seen the profits to be made by selling plant-based foods on a large scale.

"Of course the ease with which you can buy plant milks and vegan cheese means life in the UK for vegans is less hassle. Even mainstream restaurant chains are falling over themselves to offer vegan menus."

Marks & Spencer says that vegan products are one of the biggest requests it receives from its customers.

"We have expanded our vegan selection due to an increased demand from our customers, who have been telling us that they are interested in trying more vegan food and drink," said James Newton Brown, head of product development.

M&S has changed its labelling so that vegetarian products suitable for vegans are now specifically labelled as vegan.

So has Sainsbury's, which also expanded its range of own-label vegan cheese, temporarily renamed "Gary" after a Facebook rant by a "real cheese fan" went viral.

"At one time vegan food had this reputation for being rather expensive specialist stuff, whereas you can buy mince pies for 89p or something in Asda that carry our trademark," says Samantha Calvert.

"One of the barriers still is that people feel the change will be difficult for them, and the easier we make that I think the more people will become vegan.

"The easier it gets, the more people will feel that they can become vegan."

Is veganism a fad or a permanent shift?

Fat Gay Vegan blogger Sean describes 2017 as "the year veganism broke through to the broader mainstream in ways we have never seen before".

"I'm not sure a day went by during the year where at least one mainstream newspaper wasn't reporting on vegan advancements," he says.

But while veganism seems to have exploded in 2017, Samantha from the Vegan Society said this followed a steady growth over more than five years.

"If you had asked me in 2012 I would have thought that maybe by now it would be calming down, that people would have moved on to another trend," she says.

"You tend to expect these things to ebb and flow but they don't usually last this long and that's been the interesting thing."

The Vegan Society has been running something called the Vegan Pledge since 2008, where it helps people become vegan in 30 days.

Their statistics show that most people who complete the pledge remain vegan; for example 82% of people who did so in 2014 are still vegan now and 14% are trying to be vegan.

"It feels more like it might be here to stay, that this is something that's sticking rather than just being something that's trendy for a few years and then people move on to the next new thing," says Samantha.

Sean agrees with her.

"2017 was the year where veganism was cemented as a permanent aspect of our society," he says.

"Veganism is here to stay. I meet thousands of people every year who have committed themselves to the lifestyle and this number is not going to slow down.

"The more aware we are of how our consumer actions affect the world around us, the more of us will make the switch."

Vegan Society founder Donald Watson died at the age of 95 in 2005 but his legacy lives on.

"He always said that he outlived all of his critics because when he was told that veganism would be the end of him," says Samantha.

"Every time anyone uses the word vegan, and any time someone decides to call something vegan on their menu or whatever, that's that group of 25 people who founded the Vegan Society.

"It seems incredible really that something so small can have so much of an impact."

Recipes and resources

Get advice on how to go vegan from the Vegan Society

Read reviews of vegan products on the Veganuary website

Discover "Accidentally Vegan" convenience foods on Instagram

Create vegan 'fish' and chips with rising star vegan chef Gaz Oakley

Whizz up a chocolate and peanut butter 'freakshake' from the Veganuary website

Cook king oyster mushroom 'scallops' from the Wicked Healthy website

Make vegan gingerbread cookies with Monami Frost

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Malnourished, sanctimonious, hemp-clad, sandal-wearing, bearded, animal-cuddling, lentil-munching hippies. This has been the image of vegans for a long time, but a new generation is challenging the stereotypes. How has social media taken such a maligned movement and helped make 2017 the year veganism went mainstream?

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Is veganism a fad or a permanent shift?

Do you think people make conscious decisions when they decide to go vegan or they just follow the mainstream trend?

Is it reasonable not to eat meat? Express your opinion on this issue.

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Match the words to form collocations from the text and check their meaning:

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Match the words to form collocations from the text and check their meaning:

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1.Challenge             a. blowing

2.Cultural                b. the stereotypes

3.Mind                     c. the demand

4.Supply                   d. over oneself

5.Fall                         e. a term

6. settle on               f. shift

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malign

mainstream

sanctimonious

hemp

clad

munch

abstain from

aspirational

to coin

hassle

to hassle

malnourished

legacy

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Susceptible

bulking agent

primary role

nutrient

human gut

inflammation

produced industrially

implications

outnumber

intestine

decimate

constipation

mucus (layer)

Read the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:

1. Fiber has recently become less important in our diets.

2. Animals are born without microbe community, they gain them with age.

3. Microbes have no impact on human’s health and immune system.

4. Any abnormalities concerning microbes result in disorders.

5. The thinner the mucus  layer, the better for our health.

6. Industrially produced fiber is as efficient as natural fibre.

7. What do these numbers refer to in the text?

100 trillion

17

14

25-30

40%

If you click on this link you will find the text to read.

READING TASK:

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"Eat your bran even if it tastes horrible - its good for you!" Many of us remember this advice from decades ago. While fibre has been a good cure as a bulking agent for exciting disorders like constipation, it has a dull image and has faded into the background behind trendier (and more commercial) food messages like gluten, cholesterol, saturated fat and sugar. Often it can be the hardest item to find on the food label.

But fibre's fortunes may now be on the turn. New research in the journal Cell sheds light on how fibre works to protect the gut.

An international team used special mice born and raised in sterile conditions with no gut microbes of their own. Normally, all animals from birth have a massive microbe community living mainly in the lower intestine (colon). In humans, this reaches 100 trillion microbes - outnumbering our own cells.

These microbes (mainly bacteria but also viruses and fungi) have co-evolved with us and produce many of our vitamins, hormones and chemicals. They are also key to regulating our immune systems, weight and mood. Abnormalities have been linked to many disorders. Humans have around 17 digestive enzymes and microbes have thousands - the primary role of microbes is digesting high fibre foods (that we can't) to extract the key nutrients.

In the experiment, the sterile mice received a transplant of 14 well-known bacteria that normally grow in the human gut. They were then starved of fibre, which led the microbes to change their normal eating habits and instead feed on the natural layer of mucus (made up of tasty carbs) that lines the gut. This would be fine for short periods of time, when the body has time to regenerate the layer, but when it is prolonged - as in people on long-term junk food diets - the mucus layer becomes dangerously thin.

The new study showed that when the mucus layer is thinner because of a lack of fibre the gut is much more susceptible to infections. Microbes more easily cross the gut wall into the blood stream. As well as infections this also causes irritation and inflammation of the colon - called colitis. This is believed to be the basis of many common modern gut problems. The team tried to rectify the problem by feeding the mice with prebiotics. They found that while real unprocessed fibre did the trick, when the mice were fed processed, supplement fibre, like inulin powder, it didn't work nearly as well.

What about humans?

What are the lessons we can learn for our own diets? It underlines first how crucial fibre is to our health. Our own TwinsUK study has recently shown that low fibre eaters gain weight more quickly and have less microbial diversity. Most of us are eating far below the minimum recommendation of 25-30g per day causing a deficiency which could explain modern epidemics like food allergies and irritable bowel syndrome, which have been related to the ill defined and hard to measure problem of "leaky gut".

If we ate more fibre and increased the diversity and health of our microbes this could prevent many diseases. It also suggests that real plant food as a source of fibre is better than processed or refined fibre produced industrially. This has implications for the food industry - and as with vitamin supplements reinforces the view that (although we don't yet know why) natural is best.

The new study also helps us understand why people on permanent junk food diets do so badly. As I reported previously, ten days of an intensive burger and fries diet can decimate the number (and diversity) of healthy microbes by up to 40%.

This new work confirms that fibre starvation is the major factor affecting the microbes - not just fat and sugar overload. The clear message is that we need to eat regular real plant fibre to keep our microbes happy and prevent them devouring our guts from the inside. Food for thought indeed.

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

Tim Spector is a co-founder of British Gut and MapmyGut Ltd and receives funding from many sources including NIHR, EU, Wellcome Trust and MRC. He is author of "The Diet Myth"- the real science behind what we eat - Orion 2016

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Eat your fibre or face the flesh-eating microbe cannibals

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"Eat your bran even if it tastes horrible - its good for you!" Many of us remember this advice from decades ago. While fibre has been a good cure as a bulking agent for exciting disorders like constipation, it has a dull image and has faded into the background behind trendier (and more commercial) food messages like gluten, cholesterol, saturated fat and sugar.

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Comprehension questions:                                                                              1.	When was the term veganism settled on?                                           2.	Why wasn’t veganism so popular in the past decades?                    3.	Why do people make the switch and follow a vegan diet?  Find reasons in the text.                                                                                           4.	What impact has the internet and social media on the popularity of veganism?                                                                                                         5.	What is the role of celebrities in spreading plant-based diets and vegan lifestyle?                                                                                                 6.	Why is it easier to go vegan nowadays?

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Comprehension questions:                                                                              1.	When was the term veganism settled on?                                           2.	Why wasn’t veganism so popular in the past decades?                    3.	Why do people make the switch and follow a vegan diet?  Find reasons in the text.                                                                                           4.	What impact has the internet and social media on the popularity of veganism?                                                                                                         5.	What is the role of celebrities in spreading plant-based diets and vegan lifestyle?                                                                                                 6.	Why is it easier to go vegan nowadays?

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QUESTIONS TO DISCUSS                                                                                1.	What are the advantages and disadvantages of a vegan diet?        2.	What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-vegan diet?

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QUESTIONS TO DISCUSS                                                                                1.	What are the advantages and disadvantages of a vegan diet?        2.	What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-vegan diet?