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World Mysteries- egypit, assinment 2.docx

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By: Danielle Battams (working alone)

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This website talks about how the stones for the pyramids were not moved, but cast on the spot so they didn't have to lug those large brings into place. This uses the belief of simplicity, because the idea that the stones of the pyramids where so perfectly placed because the were cast in place are easier to believe. The red flag is confirmation bias, because most people who didn't think that Egyptians could move those large blocks will looks at this and say, yes this just confirms my theory.

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Professor Michel Barsoum stands before one of the Egyptian pyramids for which he has found evidence suggesting some of the stone blocks were cast, not quarried.

Credit: Michel Barsoum, Drexel University

This Behind the Scenes article was provided to LiveScience in partnership with the National Science Foundation.

"This is not my day job," begins Michel Barsoum as he recounts his foray into the mysteries of the Great Pyramids of Egypt. As a well respected researcher in the field of ceramics, Barsoum never expected his career to take him down a path of history, archaeology, and "political" science, with materials research mixed in.

As a distinguished professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University, his daily routine consists mainly of teaching students about ceramics, or performing research on a new class of materials, the so-called MAX Phases, that he and his colleagues discovered in the 1990s. These modern ceramics are machinable, thermal-shock resistant, and are better conductors of heat and electricity than many metals - making them potential candidates for use in nuclear power plants, the automotive industry, jet engines, and a range of other high-demand systems.

Then Barsoum received an unexpected phone call from Michael Carrell, a friend of a retired colleague of Barsoum, who called to chat with the Egyptian-born Barsoum about how much he knew of the mysteries surrounding the building of the Great Pyramids of Giza, the only remaining of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

The widely accepted theory - that the pyramids were crafted of carved-out giant limestone blocks that workers carried up ramps - had not only not been embraced by everyone, but as important had quite a number of holes.

Burst out laughing

According to the caller, the mysteries had actually been solved by Joseph Davidovits, Director of the Geopolymer Institute in St. Quentin, France, more than two decades ago. Davidovits claimed that the stones of the pyramids were actually made of a very early form of concrete created using a mixture of limestone, clay, lime, and water.

"It was at this point in the conversation that I burst out laughing," Barsoum said. If the pyramids were indeed cast, he said, someone should have proven it beyond a doubt by now, in this day and age, with just a few hours of electron microscopy.

It turned out that nobody had completely proven the theory ... yet.

"What started as a two-hour project turned into a five-year odyssey that I undertook with one of my graduate students, Adrish Ganguly, and a colleague in France, Gilles Hug," Barsoum said.

A year and a half later, after extensive scanning electron microscope observations and other testing, Barsoum and his research group finally began to draw some conclusions about the pyramids. They found that the tiniest structures within the inner and outer casing stones were indeed consistent with a reconstituted limestone. The cement binding the limestone aggregate was either silicon dioxide (the building block of quartz) or a calcium and magnesium-rich silicate mineral.

The stones also had a high water content - unusual for the normally dry, natural limestone found on the Giza plateau - and the cementing phases, in both the inner and outer casing stones, were amorphous, in other words, their atoms were not arranged in a regular and periodic array. Sedimentary rocks such as limestone are seldom, if ever, amorphous.

The sample chemistries the researchers found do not exist anywhere in nature. "Therefore," Barsoum said, "it's very improbable that the outer and inner casing stones that we examined were chiseled from a natural limestone block."

More startlingly, Barsoum and another of his graduate students, Aaron Sakulich, recently discovered the presence of silicon dioxide nanoscale spheres (with diameters only billionths of a meter across) in one of the samples. This discovery further confirms that these blocks are not natural limestone.

Generations misled

At the end of their most recent paper reporting these findings, the researchers reflect that it is "ironic, sublime and truly humbling" that this 4,500-year-old limestone is so true to the original that it has misled generations of Egyptologists and geologists and, "because the ancient Egyptians were the original - albeit unknowing - nanotechnologists."

As if the scientific evidence isn't enough, Barsoum has pointed out a number of common sense reasons why the pyramids were not likely constructed entirely of chiseled limestone blocks.

Egyptologists are consistently confronted by unanswered questions: How is it possible that some of the blocks are so perfectly matched that not even a human hair can be inserted between them? Why, despite the existence of millions of tons of stone, carved presumably with copper chisels, has not one copper chisel ever been found on the Giza Plateau?

Although Barsoum's research has not answered all of these questions, his work provides insight into some of the key questions. For example, it is now more likely than not that the tops of the pyramids are cast, as it would have been increasingly difficult to drag the stones to the summit.

Also, casting would explain why some of the stones fit so closely together. Still, as with all great mysteries, not every aspect of the pyramids can be explained. How the Egyptians hoisted 70-ton granite slabs halfway up the great pyramid remains as mysterious as ever.

Why do the results of Barsoum's research matter most today? Two words: earth cements.

"How energy intensive and/or complicated can a 4,500 year old technology really be? The answer to both questions is not very," Barsoum explains. "The basic raw materials used for this early form of concrete - limestone, lime, and diatomaceous earth - can be found virtually anywhere in the world," he adds. "Replicating this method of construction would be cost effective, long lasting, and much more environmentally friendly than the current building material of choice: Portland cement that alone pumps roughly 6 billion tons of CO2 annually into the atmosphere when it's manufactured."

"Ironically," Barsoum said, "this study of 4,500 year old rocks is not about the past, but about the future."

More to Explore

Editor's Note: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, the federal agency charged with funding basic research and education across all fields of science and engineering.

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The Surprising Truth About How the Great Pyramids Were Built

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This Behind the Scenes article was provided to LiveScience in partnership with the National Science Foundation. "This is not my day job," begins Michel Barsoum as he recounts his foray into the mysteries of the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

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[Post #3] Website 2 - Ancient Battery's in Egypt 

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[Post #3] Website 2 - Ancient Battery's in Egypt 

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The article talks about the idea that Egypt had electricity and light bulbs that were powered by "Baghdad Battery's". These batteries were found around the world (first in Baghdad as the name shows) and are a clay jar with a lid with a copper cylinder which houses an iron rod. These battery has a red flag of suppression by authority because there is clearly 'proof' that the ancient Egyptians had electricity, yet no one is talking about it and its all hidden behind a great big conspiracy. One reason for belief is simplicity, because if these jars could hold electricity then they must mean that the Ancient Egyptians had a use for it, therefore the had things like light bulbs.

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Today, we take for granted nightly city skylines, streetlights, and the overall power that drives our modern convenience. But, could the wise-men of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia have had knowledge of electricity, even electric illumination, or even electric-based technology? Within the framework of some archaeological evidence, the answer seems affirmative.

The most widely cited evidence that the ancient Egyptians used electricity is a relief beneath the Temple of Hathor at Dendera, Egypt that depicts figures standing around a large light-bulb-like object.

An Ancient Light Bulb?

The socket is represented by what appears to be a lotus flower with a stem that runs like a cable along the bottom of the "device." Inside the "bulb" is a snake-like line winding its way out of the lotus flower "socket." According to supporters of the hypothesis that this depicts an electrical light, such as Erich Von Däniken who wrote "Chariot of the Gods," the snake represents the filament of the bulb.
MORE: 4,000-Year-Old Elite Tomb Unearthed in Luxor, Egypt
Von Däniken created a working model of the bulb in the laboratory which works, emitting an eerie, purplish light.

He used the same measurements, including two metal beams that look like arms stretched into the big end of the bulb, and a wire connecting those beams with the "socket" at the other end.

But where did the power come from to light the bulb in ancient Egypt?

An Ancient Battery?

An artifact found a ways away from Egypt, outside of modern-day Baghdad, shows some electricity production was possible in the Middle East thousands of years ago. This artifact is known as the Baghdad Battery.
MORE: 2,000-Year-Old Battery Has Puzzled Archaeologists for Decades
The Baghdad Battery is simple in comparison with today's batteries. It consists of a clay jar with a stopper made of asphalt. Through the stopper is an iron rod surrounded by a copper cylinder. It is believed that the jar would have been filled with a common acidic substance such as vinegar that would allow it to produce about 1.1 volts of electricity. Replicas of the battery have shown it works.

1.1 volts may not seem like much, but if you string several of these batteries together, the voltage increases. The battery was dated from 250 B.C. to 250 A.D. The current belief is that these batteries were used in early electroplating (bonding a layer of one type of metal onto the surface of another).

These batteries aren't the only theoretical power source.

Some claim that one of the most iconic structures in Egypt is in fact the most misunderstood device on the planet. Specifically, supporters of the ancient Egyptian electricity hypothesis say the Great Pyramid of Giza was actually used as a power plant.

An Ancient Power Plant?

This idea was first championed by author and researcher Christopher Dunn in his books "The Giza Power Plant" and "Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt."

Dunn said the "Kings Chamber" located in the heart of the Great Pyramid was once the central power generating apparatus of the super structure. It is constructed primarily of pink granite, a material rich in micro-quartz-crystals.

In fact, the Great Pyramid is mostly granite, and granite is made up of many tiny quartz crystals that, when exposed to pressure and/or energy vibrations, generate electricity. This is known in the scientific community as the piezoelectric effect. This effect is used in many modern technologies, such as loud speakers, signal transducers, and it has some applications in the automotive industry.
MORE: 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time?
According to Dunn and other supporters of this theory, the granite sarcophagus in the King's Chamber (also intricately carved in solid pink granite) could have been instrumental in transmuting the low-frequency vibrations emitted by the earth into electrical energy. Additionally, Dunn said, the supporting beams in the ceiling of the king's chamber all seem to have been precisely tuned, or cut to size, to perfectly resonate with this frequency.
Visit the Epoch Times Beyond Science page on Facebook, and subscribe to the Beyond Science newsletter to continue exploring the new frontiers of science!
*Images of pyramids and electricity via Shutterstock

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Ancient Egypt Illuminated by Electricity?

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Today, we take for granted nightly city skylines, streetlights, and the overall power that drives our modern convenience. But, could the wise-men of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia have had knowledge of electricity, even electric illumination, or even electric-based technology? Within the framework of some archaeological evidence, the answer seems affirmative.

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[Post #2] Website 1 - Sound Biased Levitation 

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[Post #2] Website 1 - Sound Biased Levitation 

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The follow article talked about several different theory about how the pyramids where 'actually built', but the main one is the idea that the stones for the pyramids where moved using sound waves. The red flag here is ancient wisdom, because its the idea that the Egyptians found some way to harness sound to levitate objects that has been 'lost' in time. Mystical energy is also a red flag, because the idea that someone can lift large stone's with the use of sound waves sounds very 'mystical'.
the reasons for belief is simplicity, because it seems 'simple' for the idea that the Egyptians had some advance technique that could make moving the block easier then the idea that the lugged those stones around with pulleys and logs.

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Alternate Theories of Pyramid Construction

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[Post #7] Picture 3 - Collective Consciousnesses: how nearly identical pyramids were built around the world

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[Post #7] Picture 3 - Collective Consciousnesses: how nearly identical pyramids were built around the world

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The image below shows three different pyramids, including one in Egypt, that are almost identical from different parts of the world. the theory in this picture is about the collective consciousnesses, because how else would it be possible for all these separate civilizations to make almost the exact same buildings? This uses mystical energy for the red flag because the idea that everyone's minds can tap into the same 'super brain' and share ideas involves a lot of mystical talk about spiritualism. The reason for belief is paternity because people see these buildings and think 'there must be some reason why there the same, these things just don't happen!" even though there is not connection between these structures.

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01 mexico egypt indonesia pyramids connection atlantis.jpg

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[Post #6] Picture 2 - Pyramids Were Used To Store Grain

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[Post #6] Picture 2 - Pyramids Were Used To Store Grain

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The image below shows the pyramids of Egypt being used to store grain in this segment of a 12th century mosaic of from the St. Mark's Basilica in Venice. These 'Joseph's Granaries' are from an interpretation from the bibles Old Testament where Joseph's dream meant that there was going to be a famine and that they needed to start storing grains if they wanted to survive.
The reason for belief comes from simplicity, because it make far more sense that the pyramids might have been built to by people to store food then aliens making them. The red flag for this theory is Ideological Support, because the idea is 'support' by the bible and those that follow the bible teaching might be willing to take this as total proof without any further research.

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[Post #5] Picture 1 - Pyramids Aline with Orion

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[Post #5] Picture 1 - Pyramids Aline with Orion

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The image below is about the idea that the pyramids alien with the constellation Orion. This reason for belief is paternity because pepole tend to see patterns where there are none.
The red flag is ancient wisdom because some how the ancient Egyptians knew more about the world with their 'ancient wisdom' and understanding about how the stars and the universe works.

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[ Post #10] Video 3 - Mysterious Black Boxes

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[ Post #10] Video 3 - Mysterious Black Boxes

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This video is about the mysterious black boxes the found in Egypt that they believed was cut with something closes to a diamond tipped blade. Reason for belief in the mysterious black boxes is the unexplained, because too this day we have no idea how they even made them, or what they were used for and that makes people come up with crazy ideas to support these unexplained phenomena. Ideological support is the red flag,  because people think that the black boxes were made with tools beyond the ancient Egyptians ability and think they might have gotten help from aliens so that supports the ideology of people who believe in aliens.

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[Post # 9] Video 2 - 5 Mysteries of the pyramids never heard of before

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[Post # 9] Video 2 - 5 Mysteries of the pyramids never heard of before

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In the video below it talks about several different theory about the pyramids, but the one I want to talk about is the eight-sided pyramid theory. This phenomena can only be seen from above on the spring and autumn equinoxes. The reason for belief paternity because the illusions might just be a quiescence and not something purposely done that people re seeing a connection with. The red flag is ancient wisdom because some how the Egyptians where able to make this optical illusion that can only be seen from above and they must be done to tap into some ancient 'magic'.

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5 BIGGEST Mysteries of the Pyramids You've Never Heard Of

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This video talks about how the pyramids where built by aliens. They talk about how the proof of aliens has been suppressed by authority, which is a reason for main red flag. Its also odd to thing that aliens building the pyramids is a 'simple' answer, yes its such a common theory because no one believes that the technology should have existed to completed them, that a red flag is the simplicity of the idea.