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Viruses and Bacteria                                                                                    The Adenovirus, infection and defence.

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Viruses and Bacteria                                                                                    The Adenovirus, infection and defence.

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This viral pathogen is responsible for a range of symptoms, anything from the common cold, respiratory illness, diarrhoea and pinkeye/ conjunctivitis. It can be responsible for severe illness in infants and people with weakened immune systems.

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Millions of Adenovirus can be contained in the water molecules of a sneeze. It can also be transported via the faecal/oral route. Hand to the eye, touching an infected individual and exposure to infected tissue or blood.

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Our body has developed various lines of defense to try to stop the virus.

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Our body has developed various lines of defense to try to stop the virus.

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Antibodies patrol the interstitial area around the cell. When an invader is detected. The Y-shaped antibodies bind to the virus and its projections. This alerts the white blood cells to the presence of an intrusion. Some viruses manage evade being engulfed by the white blood cells. Not all of the viral projections are covered in antibodies. Some are free from antibodies entirely. The Viral pathogens move towards the cellular membrane.

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Viral Evolutionary development means many strategies

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Viral Evolutionary development means many strategies

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Viruses have developed an amazing strategy to enter the cellular membrane.
The Adenovirus has evolved and developed the ability to mimic the substrate that allows for the cellular membrane lock and key mechanism activation.The virus Fool our membrane into treating the virus as an important required nutrient.

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The Virus is transported into the cell by a process of endocytosis. Specialised proteins have formed a coating around the virus and utilising the cellular membrane it is pulled into the cell. Another specialised protein helps the coated vesicle to bud off inside the cell.

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Inside the cell the battle for survival continues

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Inside the cell the battle for survival continues

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The Endosomes are like the sorting station and they break down larger molecules into smaller more manageable components to be utilised by the cell. The Virus is about to be digested. The finger-like projections are the first parts to break away from the virus at the start of cellular digestion. A protein is released from the virus which targets the wall of the endosome. Adenovirus is released. Some of the viruses with tightly bound antibodies do not survive this stage as the protein allowing escape cannot be released.

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Navigating the intracellular cellular skeleton 

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Navigating the intracellular cellular skeleton 

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The Adenovirus have no mode of motility. Our own motor proteins are used to aid the journey of the virus. Motor proteins only travel in one direction. However, a second motor protein coded to travel in the opposite direction is used to help the virus navigate any obstacle. Via the motor proteins, the virus now has access to ATP.

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Another obsticle. Trim 21 A tagging Protein Marks the virus for destruction.

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Another obsticle. Trim 21 A tagging Protein Marks the virus for destruction.

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Along the internal transport network are tagging proteins. They attach to the virus and mark them for destruction. The proteasome destroys the virus. Yet only one Adenovirus is needed to make it to the nucleus achieve the ultimate goal.

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The Adenovirus needs another disguise is needed to enter the nuclear pores. 

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The Adenovirus needs another disguise is needed to enter the nuclear pores. 

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Again the protein capsule of the virus contains information to mimic and disguise itself as important chemical information needed inside the nucleus. Projections on the surface of the nucleus attach to the virus to pull this information through the nuclear pore. The virus is much too big. Meanwhile, the motor protein attached to the virus, (the hijacked mode of transport) is fooled into thinking that virus has hit an obstacle and begins to pull in the opposite direction.
The virus is pulled apart releasing the small segment of viral DNA which is now free to enter the nuclear pore.

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The Ribosomes cannot distinguish between our own DNA and viral DNA. Once the viral DNA has been decoded and transcribed. The blueprints for the cellular destruction is in the final stages. The Ribosomes float freely outside the nucleus quickly and accurately follow instruction from the blueprints and providing the viral protein molecules needed to build the next viral army within the nucleus, only the functions needed for viral replication are left switched on inside the nucleus. The nucleus quickly decays, as the newly formed copies of the virus are formed filling up all available space within. Each multilayered protein capsule finally receives the single strand of DNA needed for future replication.

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The process of infection is near completion. The Cell sends out a final SOS as it is decaying before it is lysed open and the newly-formed viruses escape on the never-ending quest to invade more cells. 

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The process of infection is near completion. The Cell sends out a final SOS as it is decaying before it is lysed open and the newly-formed viruses escape on the never-ending quest to invade more cells. 

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A flagged fragment of the viral pathogen is transported to the surface of the cell as a final distress call.

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Our bodies defence system is fully prepared for the battle.  

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Our bodies defence system is fully prepared for the battle.  

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Up to 10,000 new Adenovirus can be harboured in the nucleus ready for release. The chemical distress signal sent from the nucleus was picked up by the white blood cells. As the decaying cell is lysed open and the virus escapes to continue the spread. White blood cells arrive in large numbers. They are fully prepared to engulf the decayed infected cell its contents. They also engulf healthy cells adjacent to the infected cell as a further precaution. Any escaped viruses are quickly picked up by the now more receptive antibodies that flood the interstitial fluid. Healthy cells surrounding the inhabited cell destroy themselves as a means to stop the spread of infection. Our bodies will keep a copy of the information relating to that particular virus in the bone marrow forever, and if the body has a further encounter, the antibodies can quickly respond avoiding future infection and illness from that particular virus.
This battle goes on all the time and we are mostly unaware. It only takes one successful virus to enable the spread.

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Bacterial pathogen and the process of infection.
Cholera Vibrio is transmitted via the faecal-oral route it is prevalent in areas of severe overcrowding and poor sanitation.
Environmental disasters in poor countries often result in devastating outbreaks of this bacterial infection.
This infection causes diarrhoea, severe dehydration and death.

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Is a gram-negative bacteria with a flagellum for motility and appears red in colour under a microscope. By drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food these bacteria are ingested. They cant survive in high acidity but a smaller number make it through to the small intestine. Once in the lumen of the small intestine, secretes a toxin-carrying an (a) and (b) subunits. They bind to a G-protein. Once bound the (a) unit moves into the epithelial cell via endocytosis. The (a) molecule keeps the G alpha protein in its active state continually stimulating the formation of cAMP. This activity via a number of processes creates the loss of sodium ions from the epithelial cell and also blocks the cells innate reuptake mechanism for sodium.
Ion channels are opened in the Lumen and chlorine is drawn out of the epithelial cells and into the lumen of the small intestine. Due to the negative nature of the lumen caused by the flow of chlorine, and the high sodium content in the lumen water is drawn out of the epithelial cells via osmosis as the water follows down the electrochemical gradient. The cells of the epithelium are left severely dehydrated. And the individual will experience a large amount of watery diarrhoea. This water will be lost quickly and the individual will be left severely dehydrated quickly and have an electrolyte imbalance. Without sufficient treatment relatively quickly the infection could result in death, as the blood thickens due to dehydration essential blood supply is slow to reach vital organs.

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Sepsis and the process of infection via the blood related route.

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Sepsis and the process of infection via the blood related route.

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Sepsis can occur from a number of different bacterial infections. Which can enter the body orifices and via breaks in the skin. Bacteria entering the bloodstream causes serious symptoms.

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The bacteria enters the blood stream and releases an endotoxins.

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The bacteria enters the blood stream and releases an endotoxins.

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White blood cells react to the presence of the bacteria in the bloodstream. They release an inflammatory substance. The combination of the Endotoxin release alongside the inflammatory substance release is called Sepsis.
When the bacterium causes the extreme inflammatory response inside the blood vessel. Vasodilation causes low blood pressure. Even with fluid replacements, severe effects can occur in the major organs. Sepsis can cause fluid to leak into the lungs drastically reducing oxygen capacity. Sepsis also causes small blood clots in the vessels cutting off the oxygen supply to the affected tissues. A severe build-up of lactic acid occurs due to the lack of oxygen in the tissues. This causes septic shock and can be fatal.

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A very small capsid that contains double-stranded DNA. It is acquired via blood to blood or another bodily fluid virus. Holds its own RNA polymerase also. When it infects the blood it travels to the liver where it infects the hepatic cells of the liver. When the virus enters the liver cell, using the microtubules the capsid migrates toward the nucleus. On reaching the nucleus the core or the capsid dissolves releasing its DNA into the host cell. Once inside the nucleus, the DNA Coils up inside the host nucleus. The viral RNA produces many viral mRNA. This provides the instructions for the ribosomes to produce complex viral molecules. Reentering the cell reverse transcription occurs whilst maintaining a small section of RNA so creates a DNA RNA hybrid. The small remaining section of RNA is able to replicate another strand of DNA. The copies DNA and remaining strand of RNA are packaged in a capsid and ready to emerge as a progeny virus

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Alberts, B. (2017). Molecular biology of the cell. Garland science.
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon, and Katja Hoehn. Human anatomy & physiology. Pearson Education, 2007.
Bhattacharjee, s. ( 2014). Shomu's Biology. Retrieved from https://www.shomusbiology.com/.