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these are the traits you receive from parents that lay on the sex chromosomes. This is a punnett square is showing the sex linked traits of offsprings in the boxes

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This is when there is no dominant trait they blend together instead of one showing and one being carried. Is this Punnett square there are 50% normal and 50% half muscular

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Dominate traits are the showing trait, Recessive traits are the hiding traits that only show if there are two alleles. This Punnett square shows that 3 will be dominant and one will be recessive no mixxing is possible in these traits.

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a genotype is the genetic code in cells. While phenotype is the showing trait based on your genotype. In the flies I studied the genotype for males were XrY and females were XRXR and XRXr so for males the phenotype was white eyes and for females it was red eyes

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Homozygous is a type of genotype were the traits are the same Ex)BB or bb. Heterozygous is when the genotype is different letters Ex) Bb. This can be for co dominance, incomplete dominance, regular, and sex liked traits in our flies we had homozygous males XbY and females of both XBXB and XBxb

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Genetic variation is the DNA sequence in each of our genomes, it's what makes us all and flies unique. Independent Assortment is how genes separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. This is like the dominate and recessive traits are separated in the flies or in you.

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Mitosis is the replication of cells to heal and grow it does goes through this process in these steps IPMAT Meiosis is the replication of sex cells it goes through these steps IPMATP2M2A2T2  This is how not only humans but flies make cells

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mutations are permanent changes in DNA. A mutation cannot be noticed so a mutation cannot be fixed. mutation are caused by environmental factors like ultraviolet radiation, or it can occur while DNA replicates. curly wings, short wings, yellow body are some of the mutations you see in fruit flies

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it is the hereditary material in organisms., nearly every cell has the same DNA. It is a double helix made up of sugar, phosphate, and the four bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine). humans DNA replicates through mitosis and flies' DNA replicates through mitosis but only have 8 chromosomes

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this is a genus of flies called small fruit flies. Males are the smaller of the species with dark abdomen and sex cones. fruit flies can live about 40 to 50 days, females can lay 2000 eggs in a lifetime, and they molt twice before they turn into pupa

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there is the egg, three larva stages, prepupa, pupa and the adult stage in the life cycle. Fruit flies live about 40 to 50 days but all depends on the temperature

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a pedigree is a representation of a family and their traits. the generation 1 flies died and all their off springs are red eyed