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-These are lipids used for energy storage
-They are composed of one glycerol molecule  and three fatty acids
-The bond between hydroxyl group on a glycerol molecule and carboxyl group on a fatty acid is called an ester linkage  because it results in the formation of an ester functional group

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-Is a biological macromolecule composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms .
-Three common polysaccharides are ;-starch
-glycogen
-cellulose
-Different functions of these polysaccharides depends on how glucose is linked together in these molecules.

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e.g sucrose

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-when two monosaccharides combine together they form a molecule named a disaccharide. meaning two sugars.
-common examples of disaccharides are;

sucrose = glucose + fructose

lactose=glucose + galactose

maltose= glucose + glucose

-the bond that forms when two monosaccharides condense together is called a glycosidic linkage.

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-the alpha glucose
-beta glucose
the difference between these two isomers is the position of the hydroxyl group on carbon number one

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these are simple sugars containing carbon atoms between 3 and 7.

Molecular formular C6H12O6

examples of monosaccharides;

-glucose
-fructose
-galactose

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is a component of cell membrane present in the blood of animals and is the precursor of several other steroids, such as sex hormones testosterone and estrogen.

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-a macromolecule composed by amino acid monomers linked by covalent bonds.

the bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.

amino acid contains a central carbon atom that is bonded to hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl and R group.

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-Biological macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms with a high proportion of non- polar carbon hydrogen bonds as a result they are hydrophobic.
-they have fewer oxygen atoms compared to carbohydrates.

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-This is the main component of cell membrane
-the basic structure is similar to that of a glyceride except that a phosphate group replaces the third fatty acid of a glyceride .
-The R-group attached to the phosphate defines the tye of the phospholipid
-The "head "portion of a phospholipid molecule is polar hence hydrophilic,while the "tail"portion has only non-polar C-C and C-H bonds hence hydrophobic.
-In aqueous environments , phospholipids form lipid bilayer where the hydrophilic head faces the aqueous solution on either side of the bilayer, and the tail forms a hydrophobic interior.

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1. carbohydrates are a type of biological molecule that always contain carbon,hydrogen and oxygen nearly in the ratio of 1:2:1.

2. General formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. n is the number of carbon atoms.

3. a good example of carbohydrates is sugar and starch.

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-these are group of lipids composed of four carbon-based rings attached to each other
-steroids are used to reduce inflammation

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-hydrocarbon chain that ends with an acidic carboxyl group
-fatty acids are either;-saturated
- unsaturated
-saturated fatty acids has no double bonds between carbon atoms while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
-A diet high in saturated fats is linked with heart disease in humans .However,unsaturated fatty acids are known to reduce the risk of heart disease .
-Hydrogenation -chemical addition of hydrogen to saturated fatty acids to produce saturated fats

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other lipids include ;-steroids
-cholestrol
-waxes

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-insulate against heat loss
-form a protective around major organs like eye balls
-they are a major component of cell membranes
>in non-human organisms, lipids provide water-repelling coatings for fur,feathers and leaves.

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-These are proteins with multiple polypeptide chains forming a compact structure.
-a very example of a Quaternary protein is a hemoglobin molecule.
, as the figure shows below;

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This kind of protein is a result of a complex process of protein folding forming 3D structure

there are are 4 things that contribute to this complex structure in the polypeptide namely, polar interactions(hydrogen bonds), ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, hydophobic interactions and covalent bonds

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a polysaccharide stored in animals.

glycogen can be broken down for energy much more rapidly than starch.

-This is because they are more branches in glycogen molecule compared to amylose or amylopectin.

In animals, glycogen is usually stored more in liver and muscle cells because these are the areas with high metabolic rates.

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-a polypeptide that form a coil like shape called alpha helix or a fan like shape called a beta pleated sheet.

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It's a linear sequence of amino acids bonded together to form a polypeptide chain.

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-Divided into 4 levels

1. Primary structure

2. Secondary structure

3. Tertiary structure

4. Quaternary structure

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- provide structural support
-catalyze chemical reactions
-transports substances in the body
-regulate cellular processes
-provide defense from diseases
-enables movement in organisms

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-it's a polymer of beta glucose .
-it provides structural support in plant's cell wall.
-we can't digest cellulose because because we lack the enzyme that recognises the glycosidic bonds in it.

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amylose- is made of a thousand alpha glucose residues condensed together forming a linear chain.
amylopectin- the structure of amylopectin is similar to that of amylose but amylose branches out.

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-a polysaccharide stored in plants.
-plants store starch in two forms namely;

1. amylose

2. amylopectin